Table of Contents

Rwendo rwokuenda kumutemo nderumwe rwomuitiro wakaoma zvikurusa wekutamba kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uhwo hunosanorongwa naMadzibaba Anoumbwa nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kugadzira mitemo mitsva kunoda kurangarira, kubvumirana pane, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda. Nepo makirasi ehurumende achidzidzisa rondedzero huru, mutemo unobatanidza kuronga kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nguva yakatanhamariswa, uye makore mazhinji okunzvera uko mabhuku anowanzobata.

Kunzwisisa muitiro wemitemo haisati iri zivo yedzidzo bedzi. Izvo zvinoshanda. Paunoziva kuti zvikwereti zvinofamba sei nomuCongress, unogona kuziva mativi edzvinyiriro nokuda kwevagari vemo, unogona kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mitemo yakati ichimira, uye kuziva apo mutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika unozivisa mirau yehoro yemitambo. Iyi nhungamiro ine revo inozivisa zvose zviri zviviri nhano dzakarongwa nezvokwadi dzamasanga dze [ nzira iyo zvikwereti zvinova nayo mitemo [, zvinokupa simba kuti upinde muchadenga.

Hwaro: Uko Mitemo Inobva uye Nei Zvichikosha Kuronga

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza gadziriro huru yemitemo muChikamu I, richipa Congress simba rokuita mitemo nepo ichida kubvumirana pakati pedzimba mbiri .Imba yavamiriri neDare(*Plus) inoratidzira kuzvipira kwaVavambi kudzivisa kuita mutemo kwokukurumidzira kupfurikidza neizvo James Madison akadana kuti "kuwirirana kwefungidziro."

Gadziriro yebidaral inovimbisa kuti mutemo unotarisana nokunzverwa kunobva kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa panhambo dzakasiana - siana (makore maviri eImba, matanhatu eDare) uye kumirira macontituence akasiana - siana (magariro anorwisana). Iyi gadziriro sezvinofungidzirwa inodzikamisa mirangariro yakakurumbira nouchenjeri hunobvisa pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kuganhurirwa kwapasi kwazvino uno kuchishandura iyi chiyero kuva giradhi.

Chikonzero Nei Kuitwa Kwacho Kwakaoma Kunzwisisa Kuripo

Kuoma kunzwisisa kunobatira madonzo akawanda:

Kutanga Tyranny[[FLT: 1] mativi anoverengeka anodzivisa pfundo ripi neripi kudzongonyedza kupfurikidza nemitemo. Vavambi vakatya zvose zviri zviviri utongi hwenyongori nesimba rakamanikidzirwa, vachigadzira tsika inoda bvumirano huru nokuda kwechinjo huru.

[[FLT: 0] Kuisa mufudzi: gakava rakawedzerwa nehwirudzuro yedare sezvinorondedzerwa zvinovandudza rudzi rwemitemo. Mifungo yakashata inotarisana nemikana yakawanda yokufumurwa nokukundwa.

Kudzivirira Minodity Rights[[FLT: 1]: mitemo yeDare zvikurukuru inodzivirira mapoka maduku ezvematongerwe enyika pakupetwa kwepfuti huru, kunyange zvazvo iyi dziviriro pane dzimwe nguva ichigonesa kudzongonyedzwa.

[ Kubvumiranisa Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira: Nhanharo dzakawanda dzinoparira mikana yekurukurirano, kuchibvumira fariro dzinokwikwidzana kuwana nharaunda inowirirana(*) murondedzero.

[[FLT: 0] Mugari wemo anobhejera Anoita Chiito: Muitiro murefu unogovera miuyo mizhinji yokupindira nokuda kwepesvedzero yavose kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera, kunyunyuta, uye dzvinyiriro yechisarudzo.

Nhano 1: Genesi Yomutemo - Uko Mabhiri Anovamba

Manyuko Epfungwa Dzomutemo

Pasinei zvapo nemurangariro unozivikanwa navose wokuti Congress inovamba mutemo mukurusa, bhiribhu dzinobva mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana

Mitemo yeBazu yeProto yeProto yeProsando yeProto yeProsando yeProjekita[FOL:1]: Mapurezidhendi anoronga zvokutanga zvomutemo muHurumende yeAUNICEF ndokupa zvikarakadzo zvine udzame kupfurikidza namadhipatimendi edare reAffordicable Care Act anowanzobva munhimberi dzapurezidhendi nezvitoro zvemiitiro yeNzvishapeyi.

Mapoka eIntellivence neLobbyst : Sangano dzemabhizimisi, masangano okunyoresa, uye nyanzvi dzezvokukumbira kunyora mutemo womuenzaniso ndokuutenga kuvagadziri vemitemo vanonzwira tsitsi. American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) yakagovera matsivi ezviuru zvehurumende nezvikwereti zvehurumende.

Matank naProgue Institutes: Masangano mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika anotanga zvikarakadzo zvine udzame. The Heritage Foundation, Brookings Institution, uye Center for American Progress anogovera nguva dzose mapurani emitemo anova zvikwereti.

Constuent Consues[[FLT: 1]: Vamiririri vanotaura navamiriri pamusoro pezvinetso zvinoda zvigadzikiso zvomutemo. Nhau inogombedzera inogona kunyandura mutemo, kunyange zvazvo vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vasingawanzorongedzeri mutauro wemitemo.

zviitiko naCriss zvazvino[[FLT: 1]: Njodzi, njodzi, uye kutyaira kwekurumidziro mutemo wewirirano. PARITIOT Act yakatevera 9/11; Dodd-Frad yakatevera njodzi yemari ya2008. Dambudziko rinoparira chido chezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwerimwe mutemo usingabviri.

[ .Cregional Staff: Vashandi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, kazhinji kazhinji vane unyanzvi chaihwo, vanoziva zvinetso nezvigadzikiso zvokunyora. Vanopiwa marusando akazadzwa emitezo, vashandi vanoita kukura kukuru kwemitemo.

Mutemo wapamberi[[FLT: 1]: Mapepa mazhinji anodzoserwa pashure perusando kutozosvikira migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yabvumira kupfuura. Medicare yakatora makumi amakore enhamburiko pamberi pokutevera muna 1965.

Kugadzira Zvinhu

[ Kushandura pfungwa kuva mabhiri kunoda ururami hwounyanzvi uhwo vanhu vazhinjisa vanorerutsa:

[ `Izano reRegious: Makamuri ose ari maviri anoshandisa magweta asiri apartistiki anoshandura zvinangwa zvemitemo mumutauro wakarurama wemitemo. Idzi nyanzvi dzinovimbisa mabhiri akabatanidzwa nomutemo uripo uye anotevera kokorodzano dzokunyora.

[ Zvinodikanwa zvemari[: Mabhureki anofanira kubatanidza zvinhu chaizvo:

  • Musoro unorondedzera chinangwa chemutemo wacho
  • Chikamu chemashoko chinoratidzira (" Chiitwe neDare neImba yavamiriri...)
  • Zvikamu zvinochinja mirau iripo kana kuti kugadzira itsva
  • Tsananguro dzemashoko makuru
  • Misi inoshanda uye zvinhu zvinochinjwa
  • Kushandisa mvumo kana zvichishanda

.Mapepa azvino uno anosiana kubva pamapeji mamwe kusvikira kuzviuru. Mutemo weAffordible Care Act wanopfuura mapeji 2 000; 2017 Poss Cuts neJobs Act yakaita mapeji 500+. Kuoma kwepfungwa kunoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kuronga nokuvhura mirauriro nemaune.

Kuwana Sponsors[[FLT: 1]: Mabhiri anoda vatsigiri vesangano. Vatsigiri vokutanga vanopa mazita avo nomukurumbira, nepo vatsigiri vamasangano vanoratidzira tsigiro huru. Kutsigira kweBpartisan kunovandudza zvikuru mikana yokupinda, kunyange zvazvo kukura kwenzvimbo kuchiita kuti ikoku kuve kusingawanzowaniki.

Nhano 2: Kutanga - tungamirira Dare Rinopinda Muungano

Kutanga Kwacho

[[[FO:0] Muimba yavamiriri[:

  • Mitezo inoisa zvikwereti muuriri hweimba
  • House Clerk inorowa nhamba (H.R. XXXX nokuda kwemabhiri, H.J.Res nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvinobatanidzwa)
  • Speimer anonongedzera zvikwereti kumatare akakodzera, pane dzimwe nguva matare akawanda nokuda kwomutemo wakaoma
  • Mabhiri anova anowanika pachena kupfurikidza neCongress.gov

[[[FRA:0] MuDare[:

  • Vatengi vanozivisa zvakajeka sumo mukati mezvirongwa zvouriri
  • Mabhiri anogamuchira nhamba (S. XXXXX) kubva kuMutarisiri weDare
  • Mutarisiri weParamende anonongedzera zvikwereti kumatare akavakirwa pahurumende
  • Vatarisiri vanogona kuramba kuratidzira dare, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzoitiki

Kufunga Kwakanaka Musumo

[[FFLT:0] Zvinhu [: Marusarudzo enguva anotanga misumo nokuda kwetapuro hurusa:

  • Kutanga kwepurogiramu kunopa nguva yakawanda yokufunga nezvayo
  • Sarudzo isati yagona kumanikidza vavhoti kuti vatore nzvimbo
  • Panguva dzinoshandiswa nhau dzinokosha dzinoshandiswa nevanhu vakawanda
  • Kubatanidza nedzimwe motokari dzemitemo kunowedzera mikana

[[FOL:0] Mabhiri eBoka [[FLT: 1]: Mitemo inowanzosuma zvikwereti zvakafanana mumakamuri ose ari maviri panguva imwe cheteyo, kuratidzira ukombi nokuchengeta nguva kana ose ari maviri apfuvura.

Mitengo inodzorwa : Mimwe mingava inotangwa bedzi nokuda kwokutumira mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika, pasina kariro yokupfuura. Idzi dzinomanikidza dzinoshora kuita mavhoti asina kunaka kana kuti nhau dzinosimbisa nhau dzenhimbe.

Committee Terry[[FLT: 1]: Vatengesi pane dzimwe nguva mari dzokugadzira zvinhu kuti varonge matare ane ushamwari, kunyange zvazvo vatarisiri veparamende vachiwanzodzivisa kudzorwa kuri pachena.

Danho 3: Dare Rinoita Chiito Kunogarwa Nemabhiri Anogara Kana Kuti Anofa

Simba Regadziriro yeDare

[ matare eIndaneti anoshandisa simba guru, achiwana zita rezita renyai "masangano maduku emitemo" Anenge 80-90% yemabhiri anofa mudare, aya matunhu anodzora nenzira inobudirira purogiramu yemitemo.

[[[FRANT:0] Types zveMatare[:

  • Mira Matare[: mitumbi yechigarire ine mativi akajeka (g., Nzira naMari yemitero)
  • Kusarudza/Matare eMitemo: Mitumbi yechinguvana nokuda kwenzvero dzakati kana kuti nhau
  • [ Matare eMadhaimani: Batanidza mitezo yomumakamuri ose ari maviri, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwokunzvera kana kuti kuchengetedza dzimba
  • [ Kuregererana Matare: Mitumbi inoyananisa misiyano yeNzvimbo neSeneta

Muitiro Wedare

.Referral and Mugove: zvigaro zvedare zvinosarudza kana zvikagona kuita chiito pamabhiri. Kupiwa zviuru zvesumo dzegore negore asi nguva yakaganhurirwa, zvikwereti zvizhinjisa hazvitongorangarirwi. Simba rinochengeta masuo rinoumba zvigaro zvedare pakati pemitezo ine simba zvikurusa yeDare.

SScostee Review[[FLT: 1]: Matare makuru ane madare makuru anokosha anoitisa hwirudzuro dzokutanga. House Energy and Commerce Committee ine zvikamu zvitanhatu zvinofukidza utano, mhoteredzo, kurukurirano, uye dzimwe nhau.

[ Kunzwa[: Matare ane marudzi anoverengeka okutonga:

  • [ Kunzwa kweMhedziso: Kunzvera zvikwereti chaizvo
  • Kunzwa[: Kuhwirudzura mabasa ehofisi yebazu
  • [[FFL:0] Kunzwa kwokuwedzera[: Utsotsi hunoparirwa kana kuti zvinetso
  • Kusimbisa Kunzwa: (Tesa) bedzi

Kunzwa kunobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: kuunganidza mashoko, kuparira ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, kubvumira mutezo kumira, uye kuparira dzvinyiriro yechiito.

Zvikamu zvemascroup: Mukupa, matare anokakavadzana pamusoro pezvikwereti, achigovera kugadziridzwa nedzokororo. Zvikamu izvi zvinosiyana kubva pakureruka kwemasero kusvikira kuhondo dzinotsiva. Shanduro yokupedzisira yedare inowanzosiyana zvikuru nomutezo watangwa.

Committee Vote: Mabhiri anoda tsigiro huru kufambisira mberi. Kuvhota kwakarongwa kunoitika(nhengo) dzingatsigira zvikwereti mudare zvavachashora pauriri, zvichibvumira kurukurirano apo vanenge vachichengeta chishoro.

Kushandisa Matare Nematongerwe Enyika

[ Zvigaro zvevhu [[[FL:1]: zvigaro zvedare zvinodzora miganhu, zvapupu zvinonzwa, uye miitiro yokugadziridza. Chigaro chine hasha chinogona kuuraya mutemo nokusaita chiito.

[ Bipartisan Bay[[FLT: 1]: Munhau, matare akaita zvinenge zvichingoitwa panzvimbo penharo dzouriri. Nepo nzanga yakatapukira matare, mamwe achiri kuchengeta ukama hunoshanda hunogonesa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

[ Frombysist From: Matare anoshandiswa sero kuti ape mvumo. Vamiriri vemaindasitiri, mapoka ezvokutengeserana, uye vamiriri vanofashamira namashoko, nharo, uye mipiro yenhimbe pamipiro mikuru.

Expertise Development[[FLT: 1]: mitezo yedare inobvumira kuva yakasiyana. Mitezo navashandi zvinokudziridza zivo huru, zvichiita kuti dzive nyanzvi dzomukati dzeCongress panhau dzakananga.

Nhano 4: Kurangarira Kukura Kwavanhu Vose

Midziyo Yepamba

Mitezo 435 yeimba inoda mitemo yorumano yokuchengeta nhevedzano:

Dare reMitemo: Iyi "traffic cop" inosarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinosvika pauriri uye mumamiriro ezvinhu api:

  • [ Mitemo yakavharwa: Hapana kugadziridzwa kunobvumirwa
  • vhura Mitemo: Zvikanganisika zvisina muganhu (zvisingawanzowanzowaniki)
  • [[[FT:0] Mitemo yakagadziriswa [: Kugadziridza chaiko kunobvumirwa
  • Mitemo yemitemo [: Miitiro yechienzi yezvimwe zvikwereti

Kudzora kwebato roruzhinji reDare reMitemo kunogovera betsero huru inoshanda.

[ Debate Extube: Imba inowanzobvumira awa imwe yekurukurirano yavose, kukamukana pakati pemativi. Mitezo haiwanzotaura nenzira isiri yomuzvarirwo; vazhinjisa vanorava tsinhiro dzakagadzirirwa kumakamuri asina chinhu apo makamera akapetwa eC-SPA anenge akapetwa.

Muitiro wokudzosa [: Zvichitsamira pamurayiro, mitezo inogona kupa gadziridzo. Idzi dzinovambira pavandudziko dzechokwadi kusvikira ku "pilisi dzepoison" dzakagadzirirwa kuuraya zvikwereti kana kuti kumanikidza vhoti dzisinganzwiri tsitsi.

[[[FRANT:0] Mitoo yokugovera [:

  • [[FOL:0] Voice Vote: Mitezo inodanidzira kuti "eye" kana kuti "no"
  • [[FOL:0] Dhivision Vote: Mitezo inomira kuverengwa
  • .Audified Vote: Kuvhota kwemagetsi kuri kuita marekodhi echigarire
  • [[FT:0] .Sangano reManitsi: Chikamu chakarongwa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvisiri zvemari

Mifambiro Yedare

Kudukusa kweDare kunobvumira miitiro inochinjika zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma, kupfurikidza nemiitiro:

Tsika yeNharo : Kusafanana neImba, vatenzi vanogona kutaura kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi kutoti kukumbira. Ikoku kunogonesa nhingi yakakurumbira, uko vashomanene vanononoka kana kuti kuuraya mutemo kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yakatambanudzwa.

.Kubvumirana kwechibvumirano [[FLT: 1]: Bhizimisi reDare rakawanda rinoshanda kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvakakurukurwa pamusoro penguva yekurukurirano nemiitiro yokururamisa. Chirambidzo chimwe chinogona kubvisa zvibvumirano zvakasanorongwa.

Filibuster neChinonyorwa: Kupedza kurukurirano kunoda mavhoti 60 nokuda kwokunzwa, kuchiita kuti ichi chive chipingamupinyi chikurusa cheDare. Mhindumupindu yeChinjo kubva kunzira isingawanzoitiki kusvikira kudzongonyedzo yetsika yakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo Dare rinoshanda nayo.

[[FOLT:0] Kudzosera Free- for-ll: Masangano anogona kupa gadziridzo dzisingaganhurirwi, kubatanidza dzisiri jimini. Ikoku kunobvumira kubatanidza gadziriro dzisina kufanana kumari inodikanwa kudarika + /itsika inonzi "muti weKrisimisi."

[[[Ntomba: 0] Kuisa nokupisa[[FT: 1]: Vanesitorendi vamwe navamwe vanogona kunonotsa kurangarira pachivande pakati penhare. Nenzira inopesana, zvikwereti zvisiri zvemari zvinopfuura nomuna "hotlining," apo zvikwereti zvinopfuura kana pasina zvinhu zvedare.

Danho 5: Kumwe Kudzokorora uye Kudhinda Kwepadare

Zviito Zvakafanana

Kana imwe imba ikapinda, basa racho rinotangazve:

[[[FOM:0] Kommittee rangarirazve[[FT:1]: Kamuri rokugamuchira rinonongedzera kumatare ayo, ayo anganzi:

  • Gamuchira shanduro yeimwe kamuri isina kuchinja
  • Gadzirisa zvirongwa zvishomanana
  • Kunyorazve mutemo wacho kusingashandisi pfungwa
  • Usingachioni chose chose, uchiuraya zvinobudirira mutengo wacho

[[FFL:0] Staregic Sequecing: Magweta anoverenga kuti inzvimbo ipi inofanira kutanga kuita chiito:

  • Mabhiri emari anofanira kutangira muImba paBumbiro Romutemo
  • Sekuru yeDare rinoiita mutsipa webhotoro
  • Masimba ezvematongerwe enyika angada kutanga apo ndima inoratidzika kuva iri nyore zvikuru

Misiyano Yezvakaimbwa

Mabhii akasiyana - siyana edzimba dzinonyorwa anotapura mutemo:

[[[FRAT:0] Zviratidzo zveImba[:

  • Vatungamiriri vakawanda uye vanobvisa vanhu mumapoka
  • Kukurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu pamapati okutanga
  • Vanobvuma mafungiro evoruzhinji vachichinjana
  • Mazano edare anoita kuti mashoko ose adzo ashande

[[[FRANT:0] Zviratidzo [:

  • Kuzvimirira Kwakawanda uye Kuzvidira
  • Resi, kunyatsofunga
  • Batira pamwe hurusa yebipartisan (mugamuchidzanwa)
  • Vasonganiri vamwe navamwe vanoshandisa simba guru zvikuru

Iyi misiano inoita kuti zvikwereti zvive nechokwadi chokunzverwa kwakasiyana - siyana, kunyange zvazvo kubatana kwemapoka kwazvino uno kwaderedza misiano yesangano.

Danho 6: Matare Anopindirana Nemasangano uye Kuridza Pombi

Kana matare Akarambana

Sezvo makamuri ose ari maviri achifanira kupfuura mutemo , misiano inoda kupedzwa:

[ Conference Matare okurevedza: Mutoo wegamuchidzanwa wezvikwereti zvikuru:

  • Vatungamiriri vanogadza vanhu vanomiririra vose vari vaviri
  • Misangano batanidza marusando enguva dzose nekurukurirano dzokuimba yokumashure
  • Vanhu vanoitirana nharo vanogona kungogadzirisa misiyano chete, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva vachitowedzera kupfuura kupopotedzana
  • Mishumo yokupedzisira yezvibvumirano dzokera kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota kwapashure

[ Ping-Ping: Kutsiva kunozivikanwa navose nenzira inowedzera:

  • Kuchinjana kwemakambani
  • Mavhoti mamwe namamwe pachinjo dzomumwe kutozosvikira pabvumirano
  • Inodzivisa kuoma kunzwisisa kwamatare emisangano
  • Inobvumira utungamiriri hwakawanda

Zvematongerwe Enyika Dzokuyananisa

Simba remichina [[FLT: 1]: Matare eMusangano anova maduku mahombe umo vakuru, unyanzvi, uye unyanzvi hwokutaurirana zvinosarudza miuyo. Dzimwe nguva vatsigiri havasi gadziriro dzinopfuudzwa nekamuri repaduku(8) mitemo inodzivisa ikoku.

Kupesana kusingabvumiki[[FLT: 1]: Madare pane dzimwe nguva anopfuudza namaune shanduro dzakasiana - siana kumanikidza kurukurirano apo gadziriro dzinodiwa dzingapukunyuka.

[ Dzvinyiriro yenguva[[FLT: 1]: Misi yemugumo weseshiti inoparira shandiro. Zvikwereti zvinofanira kupfuudza nguva zvakatarisana nekurukurirano dzokupedzisira dzinopererwa nezano nokubvumirana.

Nhano 7: Kuita kwaPurezidhendi - Chikamu Chinodzora Chinonzvera

Zvaungasarudza paPurezidhendi

Kana Congress yangopfuvura mutemo wakafanana, Purezidhendi ane zvisarudzo zvina[:

Chiratidzo muMutemo: Mapurezidhendi anowanzoita mhemberero dzokusaina nokuda kwomutemo mukuru, achishandisa chikuva kukumbira chikwereti nokutsanangura kuita zvinhu zvinokosha. Zvinyorero zvizhinji zvinogadzira zviyeuchidzo kuvatsigiri.

``: kudzosera mabhiri kuDare nezvirambidzo zvinoparira kuedza kukurira. Kutyisidzira mukati momuitiro wemitemo kunogona kuumba zvikwereti pamberi pokupfuura.

Pocket Veto: Kana Congress ichivimbisa mukati mamazuva 10 okutumira zvikwereti kuPurezidhendi, kusaita kunouraya mutemo. Ikoku kunodzivisa mavharo okunetsana apo inosvika muuyo mumwe chetewo.

Passassive Regino[[FLT: 1]]: Mapurezidhendi anogona kurega zvikwereti zvichiva mutemo pasina kusaina, anoratidzira kusatendera apo anenge achidzivisa kudzosa. Iyi mitoo isingawanzoitiki inozengurira kutaura.

Kuzvidzora Pamatongerwe Enyika uye Kushandisa Nzira Dzacho

[[NHAU]] tyisidziro seTyisidziro[[FT:1]: Mapurezidhendi anopesvedzera mutemo kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira vavhuro, achimanikidzira Congress kuisa zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende kana kuti ngozi kupambadza nhamburiko.

, Kunzwisisa nokusanzwisisa : Kuwana mativi makuru maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri kwakaoma zvikuru. Panhamba dzapurezidhendi dzinenge 3 000, Congress ine pasi pe120.

Kutaura kwokufananidzira[: Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kupa kutaura kunotsanangura mutemo kana kuratidza gadziriro dzaasati achizoshandisa. Nepo kupanikirika kwapamutemo, uku kuita kwechimiro.

Mutsetse-Mutemo weVito Nharo: Mapurezidhendi akatsvaka kwenguva refu simba rokupa gadziriro dzakati panzvimbo pezvikwereti zvose. Dare rapamusoro rakatonga iyi isina kukodzera muna 1998, ichichengeta simba reCongress.

Nhano 8: Kushandisa Mitemo Painozadzika

Pashure Pechibvumirano

A ruchiva mutemo[ kunongova mavambo:

[ Development yemitemo: Masangano anotungamirira anonyora mirau ine udzame inoshandisa mutauro wakafara. Iyi mirau inowanzosarudza tapuro inoshanda yemitemo.

[[[NHAU]] Kupa Appropria: Zvikwereti zvokupa mvumo zvinoparira mapurogiramu; mabhiri okupa mari. Zvirongwa zvinogona kubvumirwa asi zvisingabvumirwi, zvichizviita mabhii akafa zvinobudirira.

[[[NHAU]] Zvinetso zvemitemo: Matare anohwirudzura mitemo nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo ndokududzira gadziriro dzisina kujeka. Mutemo mukuru unowanzotarisana nemhosva dzapakarepo dzinogona kudzorwa kana kuti gadziriro dzisina maturo.

Ukuru hwehurumende: Masangano anoda vashandi, gadziriro, uye unyanzvi kuti aite mitemo mitsva. Affordicable Care Act yatambudzwa yakaratidzira ukoshi hwekushanda.

Chido chePromo: Vadzori venguva yemberi vangashandisa nembavarira, kumanikidzirwa zvishoma, kana kuti kusekesa mitemo inotsamira pakurongeka kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vatambi Vakavanzika: Mauto Anokanganisa Gadziriro Yomutemo

Mibato yeCongress

Apo mitezo inowana chikwereti, taff inoita basa chairoiro rakawanda:

IMFUNDO: Mutezo mumwe nomumwe unoshandisa 15-50 vanobata nyorerana, purogiramu, kusimudzirwa kwemiitiro, uye mabasa anoitwa navakuru kazhinji kazhinji vane unyanzvi hwakawanda hwemitemo kupfuura mitezo imene.

Committee Staff: Matare anoshandisa nyanzvi dzinopa mashoko dzinonyora idzo dzinoronga mutemo, dzinoronga kunzwa, uye dzinokurukura udzame. Idzi nyanzvi dzinogovera yeuko yesangano munhambo dzose dzinosarudzwa.

Staff yeIncitorian[[FLT: 1]: Congressional Research Research Service, Congregational Bactal Office, uye Office yeKuzvidavirira yeHurumende inogovera kunzvera kusina kuva neparatisti kunotsigira muitiro wemitemo.

Suo Riri Kupinda: vashandi vanowanzofamba pakati peCongress, masangano anotarisira, uye chikamu chavanhu, vachitanga mibatanidzwa inoita kuti basa rive rebhizimisi asi ichisimudzira funganyo.

Vanoda Zvokusagona Kuwana Namapoka Anofarira

[ Vagamuchiri vemibato [ mutemo une pesvedzero huru:

[ Gadziriro yeMazita: Vachengeti vanopa unyanzvi, mashoko, uye nharo kutsigira nzvimbo dzavo. Vashandi vakavhiringidzika vanovimba naaya mashoko, kunyange zvazvo kusarurana kwawo kuri pachena.

Coalition Building: Vatsigiri vanobudirira vanounganidza vatsigiri vakasiana-- siyana, vachiratidzira tsigiro yakafara nokuda kwemitemo. Mibatanidzwa yapakarepo inogona kuputsa urock.

Mipiro yeCampaign: Nepo kubvunza-pro-quo kwakananga kusiri kwapamutemo, mipiro inovimbisa kusvika nokuteerera. Mitezo inopedza maawa akawanda zuva nezuva ichipa mari yokushandisa, ichiumba rutsamiro pavapi vakuru.

Grasroots Mozillation: Dzvinyiriro yazvino uno yemibatanidzwa inoshandiswa kupfurikidza nokunyora tsamba, nhimbe dzefoni, uye zvinoitika zvoruwa zvinoratidza tsigiro yavose.

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Kushongedzwa kweMedia [[FL:1] zvimiro zvewirirano dzewirirano:

Agenda Set[[FLT: 1]: Nhepfenyuro yenhau inogona kusimudzira nhau kubva pachinhu chisingazivikanwi kusvikira panzvimbo yokutanga yenyika. Zvikoro zvinopfura zvinoparira nharo dzepfuti; mavhidhiyo ane utachiona anonyandura kurukurirano dzamapurisa dzokuchinja.

Nharo dzinotemesa muromo: kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvinopesvedzera sei mutemo kurangarira kwavanhu. "Imhondi" yakabetsera kuuraya gadziriro dzeAffordhable Care Act; "Mitero" inonzwika zviri nani kupfuura "mitero inocherwa vapfumi.

[ Kuderedza Dzvinyiriro[[FLT: 1]: Kubhadharwa kwakatsigiwa kunoparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yechiito. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inowedzera inowirirana nengwariro yemitemo.

[[FLT: 0] Kosherity Journalism[[FLT: 1]: Kushuma kwokufumura zvinetso kana kuti ushati kunogona kunyandura mhinduro dzemitemo, kunyange zvazvo kuderera kwemagazini omunzvimbomo kuchideredza iyi nzvero.

Nzvero Chaiyoiyo Yechaiyo yeCase World: Theory Meetings Practice

Mutongo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa 1964: Kukurira Kudzidzisa

Rwendo rwechiCivil Rights Act's runoratidzira simba remitemo nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kudzongonyedza nokushandura:

DZOUPENYU]: Purezidhendi Kennedy akakarakadza mutongo muna June 1963 pashure pezviratidziro zveBirmingham. Kuuraya kwake kwakakuita kuti ive nzvimbo yokutanga yaPurezidhendi Johnson.

Rwendo rweImba yeImba ye: Mutengo wakapedza mwedzi muDare reMitemo, ane sachigaro anoshora kodzero dzavagari vemo. Kutyisidzira kukumbira kumanikidzwa pakupedzisira. Imba yakaupfuudza 290- 130 muna February 1964.

[[FOLT:0] SANFIBUster: Southern Senators filbusters kwamazuva 60", ndiyo yakareba zvikurusa munhau. Bipartarisan batira pamwe pakati peDemocrats neRepublicans yakasvika pakuvhunika, kuputsa filibbuster.

Passage: Dare rakapfuura bhiri 73-27 muna June 1964. Purezidhendi Johnson akasaina mukati memaawa, achinzwisisa ukoshi hwaro hwenhau.

Nheyo dzemitemo [[FLT: 1]: Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act chinoratidza kuti mapoka maduku akatsunga anogona sei kuvhiringidza asi kuti dzvinyiriro yetsika nounyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogona sei kukurira mhinganidzo.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodhura: Hondo Yepanhambo Nenhambo

Chikamu chaACA chinoratidzira hondo yemitemo yazvino uno:

[ . : Purezidhendi Obama akaita kuti basa rake rokusaina rigadziriswe. Matare akawanda akatanga shanduro dzakasiyana- siyana kusvikira muna 2009.

[ Mutambo weIndari: Mutauri Pelosi akatongounganidza mavhoti 220 nokuda kwokupfuura, achirasikirwa na 39 Democrats. No Republicans akaitsigira.

[[FOLT:0] Kudzosa Manique: VaDemocrates vakashandisa bhajeti yeyananiso kudzivisa vanambuya kana varasikirwa ne 60 yemibato yavo mikuru. "Cornusker Kickckck" uye mamwe mabasa akasungirwa varendari vanodzivirira.

Passlam yechidhina: Imba yapfuura shanduro yeDare isina kuchinja kuti idzivise imwe dare rakasarudzwa. Purezidhendi Obama akaisaina muna March 2010.

[[FULT:0] Pashure: Republicans dzakaitirwa kurwisa "Obamacare," kuhwina imba muna 2010. Kuedza kwakawanda kwakatevera, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wakapukunyuka.

Njere: SAI inoratidza kuti kudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzinopesana kunoomesa sei mutemo mukuru uye kuti unyanzvi hwemiitiro inogona sei kukurira chishoro.

MUTEMO WAPAPRITI: Kushatiswa Kwomutemo

MUTEMO WEPUTRIOT Unoratidzira Kuitwa kwemitemo kunoparira njodzi:

.Project : yatangwa October 23, 2001-* mazuva 42 chete pashure pe 9/11. Mutengo wepaji 3422] wakanyoreswa zvikurukuru neBato reRuramisiro.

[[[FT:0] Kukakavadzana [[FLT: 1]: Nhengo zhinjisa dzakanga dzisina kurava mutemo. Imba yakabvumira awa imwe chete yokukakavara. Kutya kuoneka kwakaderera pamusoro pokurwisana nougandanga.

[[[NHAU: 0] Kupfuura pass transming: Imba yakaipfuvura 357-66; Dare 981. Inongova bedzi Mutongi Feingold akavhotera kuirwisa.

Panhambo nenhambo kuzvidemba[[FLT: 1]: Mitezo yakawanda gare gare yakademba mavhoti avo sezvo zvizaruro zvokungwarira zvakabuda. Kudzokerazve kwakaratidza gakava guru.

Nhevedzo[[FLT: 1] Act: PATRIOT inonyevera kuti njodzi dzinogona sei kurangarira kupfupi, kuchiparira vaiti vemitemo kuzvidemba gare gare.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Gadziriro Yomutemo Kuchikosha

Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa [[Nhengo]] nzira iyo zvikwereti zvinova nayo mitemo[ kunopa simba chipikirwa chehurumende:

Kushanda zvakanaka [: Kuziva muitiro kunozivisa kuti ndirini uye sei kungapesvedzera mutemo. Kurangarira kwedare kunopa mabanza okupindira ari nani kupfuura vhoti dzouriri.

Kariro dzechokwadi[[FLT: 1]: Kunzwisisa chinetso kunotsanangura chikonzero nei chinjo ichiitika zvishoma nezvishoma uye nei zvipikirwa zvenhimbe zvinowanzosazadzikwa.

Ubhadharo : Zivo yokuronga inobetsera kuyera kana vamiriri vachirwira zvomenemene zvinhu zvokutanga kana kuti chimirowo zvacho.

Kushandisa Kudzora: Miitiro yokunzwisisa inozivisa apo vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoshandisa gadziriro sepembedzo yokusaita chiito kana kuti kuvanza nzvimbo dzechokwadi.

Nokuda Kwoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Gadziriro yomutemo inoratidzira kusawirirana kukuru kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu:

utsi. Kukurumidza kusangana nenjodzi asi kunogonesa zvikanganiso. Kuzvidzora kunovandudza kunaka asi kunodzongonyedza zvinodikanwa zvokukurumidzira.

[ Kutonga kweMajeri neTreaty Rights: Utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hungagona kudzosa chiverengero chiduku. Kudzivirira kushomanene zvikuru kunogonesa kudzongonyedza.

. Kugadzira : miitiro yavose inovimbisa kuzvidavirira. Kutaurirana kwomunhu oga kunogonesa kubvumirana.

real vs. Fariro dzomunharaunda: Mitezo inodzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvoruwa nezvakanaka zvenyika, zvinoparira zvinetso zvechiito chakabatana.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Pagadziriro Yokudzika Mirayiro

Kuita Kuti Simba Rive Nemarara

Kuwedzera kwemapoka anoparadzanisa kunodenha zvikurukuru muitiro wemitemo:

Kuoneka pakati[: Mitezo ine mwero yakaita kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira yakanyangarika zvikuru, yakatsiviwa navanonzvera pfungwa.

Party Line Comment: Mabhiri anowedzera kupfuura pamitsetse yebato yorumano, achiita hurumende yakakamukana inodokuva isingashandi zvakanaka.

Rapanhimira [: Mitezo inonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru pasarudzo inotevera kupfuura kutonga, ichirangarira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira sekusavimbika.

Nhengo dzinova dzinoyera nhambo yetsika: Mitezo inosundwa zvikuru nokukurira vashori kupfuura kusvika nharidzano dzemiitiro.

Nhangemutange Yezvombo Zvenyika

Vose vari vaviri vanoshandisa nenzira inowedzera nzira dzokubetsera:

[ Evolution yepilibuster: Aichimbova marare filbuster zvino ava muitiro, zvinobudirira kuda mavhoti 60 eDare nokuda kwechinhu chipi nechipi chinomutsa nharo.

Kushandisa zvisina kufanira [: Ronga kuti udzore, kwakaitirwa nhau, zvino kunopfuudza chinjo huru dzemiitiro kudzivisa vanambuya.

[[FLT: 0] Omnibus Packing: Mabhiri okupfura anobatanidza nhau dzakawanda anodzivisa kurangarira kwokungwarira asi kupfavisa kupfuura.

[ Emotional Procedes: Vatungamiriri nenzira inowedzera vanorega kurayira nguva dzose kupfurikidza nemirairo yekurumidziro nedzvinyiriro yenguva.

Dzvinyiriro Dzokunze

Ruzivo rwazvino uno nesimba remitemo remari:

[ Sacial Media Transppect: Madutu anorovanya nenguva yevhairasi zvinoita zvirongwa zvemitemo kupfuura kuronga kwokuzvidzora.

[[[NHAU]] Mari yeDark Fromment: Kushandiswa kusina muganhu kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza namaPC makuru kunowedzera pesvedzero chaiyo.

Kuziva mamiriro ezvinhu: Kupinda kwazvino uno kunoisa mashoko makuru, kuendesa zvinhu zviduku, uye kudzongonyedza pfungwa.

Mashoko akawandisa: Kuwanda kwamashoko kunokurira simba romunhu rokugadzira zvinhu, kutapura avo vanodzora mashoko anofamba.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuita Mutemo

Kuchinja Kungaitwa

Kuchinja kwakasiyana - siyana kungagona kuvandudza muitiro wokuita mitemo:

FIBUster Reformation: Zvirongwa zvinovambira pakubviswa kusvikira kukuda kuti vanambuya vanotaura kuhesvureti mutemo wakati.

Kudzorerwa kweNhevedzo : Kudzokera kumiitiro yapakati yedare kungagona kuvandudza kurangarira uye bipartarishi.

.Campaign Reformation yeMali: Kuderedza pesvedzero yemari kungagona kudzoserazve mitezo pakutonga panzvimbo pokuisa mari.

[ Kuvandudza kwapakarepo: Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rungagona kuita kuti muitiro uvone zvikuru uye usvike kuvagari vemo.

[[[NHAU]] Kuronga Chinjo[: Mavhiki akareba ebasa reWashington aigona kupfavisa kuvaka ukama nokuvaka kwakakomba.

Chipikirwa Nengozi Zveruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rungagona kuchinja kugadzirwa kwemitemo:

[ Hurumende yeCheberi: Zvikuva zveUniversitive zvingagona kugonesa kutora rutivi rwakafara mukukudziridzwa kwomutemo.

AI Analy [: Kudzidza michina kungagona kunzvera miuyo yemitemo ingava miuyo nezvinokarirwa.

[ Isitchain Vont: Vaparidzi vaigona kuita marekodhi okuvhota asingachinjiki.

Kutora rutivi: Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kure rungagona kuderedza zvinodikanwa zvokufamba ndokugonesa kutora rutivi rwakafara.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runokonzerawo ngozi dzokushandisa zvisizvo, kuongorora, uye kuwedzera kubatana.

Mugumo: Runako Rwokuita Mutemo Wehurumende Usina Kukwana

Muitiro we unonzi mutemo unoshata, unokangaidza, uye kazhinji kazhinji unoratidzika kuva wakaputsika. Mabhiri anofa mumadhirowa edare. Mifungo yakanaka inowira kumigodhi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuda kwokukurumidzira kunosangana nemipikito. Mari inokurukura zvikuru kupfuura vagari vemo. Digeni inogadzira masoseji inoita kuti uipi hushatise.

Bva uyu muitiro wakajekeswa unobatanidzawo uchenjeri hukuru hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: chinjo huru dzinofanira kuraira bvumirano huru. Mifungo mizhinji iyo inovhiringidza vachinji inodzivisawo udzvinyiriri. Miitiro mimwe cheteyo inoita kuti kudzongonyedza kudzivirirewo vanhu vashoma. Kusakwanisa kunononotsa mutemo wakanaka kunogumisawo mifungo yakaipa.

Kunzwisisa izvi, kudarika mitemo yayo uye zvinhu zvisina kurongwa, zvinokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo. Kana ukaziva kuti mari yezvikwereti inoshanda sei paCongress, unogona kuichinja. Unogona kutsauranisa pakati pezvainyatsoitwa nemitemo uye nhandare yematongerwe enyika.

Vavambi vacho vakagadzira muitiro wemitemo unoita kuti pave nokusawirirana, unotarisira kusawirirana, uye unoda kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Munguva yedu inotonga nyika, kugadzirira ikoko kunotarisana nomuedzo mukuru. Kuchinja kwacho kuchaita kuti nyika dzeAmerica dzive nemamiriro ezvinhu adzo echisimba kana kuti dzisakwanisa kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu echinzvimbo chadzo.

Asi zvokwadi imwe inoramba iri yechigarire: muitiro wemitemo wakanaka bedzi sezvo vagari vemo vanoibatanidza. Mitemo haizviiti vamene. (_Vanhu vanoshanda nouyu muitiro usina kukwana vanozviita. Kunzwisisa kuti zvikwereti hazvisi dzidzo yehurumende yezvizvarwa zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu; kugadzirira nokuda kwebasa rinokosha rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mubvunzo hausati uri wokuti muitiro wacho wakakwana here. Mubvunzo ndewokuti tichabatanidzwa naro zvisinei, tichishandisa zivo yedu kumanikidza nokuda kwechinjo dzinodikanwa nenzanga dzedu.

Nemhaka yokuti pakupedzisira, muitiro wemitemo hausati uchingova bedzi pamusoro pokuti zvikwereti zvinova sei mitemo. Iko kuri pamusoro penzira iyo isu, vanhu, tinozvidzora timene nayo muzvinhu zvedu zvose zvakaoma zvehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inopesana, ine rukave, ine mbiri.

Mamwe Matura

  • Garaff.gov - Manyuko apamutemo emitemo yehurumende, kuronda zvikwereti nhano iri yose
  • GovTrack.us - Independent rusarudzo nedenderedzwa
  • C-SPAN - Nhamba yeMari nezvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvemisangano
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