Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1791)

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., pamwe chete kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights, kunomirira vimbiso yenheyo yerusununguko rwomunhu oga oga mukurwisana nemhizha. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, idzi dzodzo dzakava mugumisiro wakananga wezvinodikanwa zveAnti-Federaststrist. James Madison, pakutanga achipanikira ndaza yezvakaro zvakadaro, yakanyoresa bvumirano dzakavakirwa pahurumende pakuronga kokorodzano nezvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zveChirungu zvakafanana neChirungu cheChirungu cheGavhuri-nkulu. Bumbiro reMitesitation yapakuvamba rakanga ratova nedziviriro dzakafanana newriti yehabespus pazvikwereti zvemabhiri zvemadher", asi vatsoro avo vakazvipira vakataura kuti chisaiko kudzivirira zvirongwa chitsva pahurumende yorusununguko.

Kutsvaka Bhizi Rekodzero Dzakanaka

Mugore ra1787 Communion yePhiladelphia, vagadziri vemitsetse havana kubatanidza mutongo wekodzero, vachidavira kuti masimba eBumbiro reMitemo anorongwa akaganhurirwa chose chose. Uku kusiiwa kwakava nzvimbo inonyandura vashori vakadai saGeorge Mason naPatrick Henry. MuMassachusetts, Virginia, uye New York, kunama kwakaiswa bedzi nenzwisiso yokuti kugadziriswa kuchawedzerwa nokukurumidza. Madson, pashure pokushora pfungwa yacho, yachinjwa ndokutungamirira miganhuro kupfurikidza neChibvumirano Chokutanga. Pakasvika December 1791, vatatu, muna 4508 enyika vakanga vatendera magadziro gumi (kugoverwa kwemasangano maviri) akakarakadzwa (pamwe uye mumwe pagovero mukuru) haana kubhadharwa kusvikira paukwa kwechine chitsaru rwa1970791) kusvikira paMasGremendeki yeChiremende.

Dziviriro Dzemaruva

  • First Amendment: inodzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inodzivisa kutangwa kworudzidziso rworudzi uye inochengeta maruramiro okunamata mukuwirirana nehana(] kubva kukuru muchechi dzeEurope.
  • mendurusoment: inovimbisa maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, akavakirwa mukudikanwa kwemauto anodzorwa zvakanaka. Kududzirwa kwawo kwave kuchikurukurwa zvinotyisa, zvikurukuru mumigariro yazvino uno.
  • Foundation: Inodzivirira pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha, inoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvinobvira. Iyi nheyo yakatambanudzirwa kukurovanya, mashoko emichina, uye motokari zvinomira mukutonga kweDare Gurusa.
  • Nhamba yechitatu kusvikira kuMitemo Mirefu Yemisi Yemisikanzwa Yechisere:[ Mvumo dzokutonga dzinoruramisira (v] agrand jumbrine, dziviriro panjodzi mbiri, kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara, muitiro wakafanira, muripo wokutora, kukurumidza uye kurwisanisa vanhu, kubetsera kwezvapupu, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nechirango chine utsinye nechisiri chomuzvarirwo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yeNyika Dzakajeka nedzechigumi: dzinosimbisa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati hakurambidzi vamwe vakachengetwa navanhu, uye kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Kunyoresa: Kushandisa Bhizimisi Rekodzero KuUnited States

Pamavambo, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Chisarudzo cha 1833 mu Barron v. Baltimore[ yakasimbisa iyi ganhuriro. Pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, Iwegumi na48 Demendement’s Remogue Cendrome yakava chitima cha “incorporation" — kushandiswa kwakasarudzwa kweMitemo yekodzero kudzimwe nyika. Mutengo uno unovakwa namakumi maviri ezana ramakore. [FFFOLT] zvishoma nezvishoma, : rusununguko rwekutaura ([[[FFFON]]]]]] v[FFFFFOLT], SuperF], SuperF], (Ft:M], yafut.[10], yakawedzera kurudyi,[4],[4]

Machikishinari eHondo yevagari vemo (1865-1870)

Kupera kweHondo yevagari vemo kwakaunza chinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Dare reHarth, rechi 144, uye reChigumi nerechishanu rinotumidzwa nokuchengetwa kuti Kugadziridzwa kana kuti Kugadziridzwa kweHondo Yovagari vemo (Zvechibvumirano) kwakabatanidza kutangwa kwouranda uye kwakavavarira kutangazve kuberekwa kutsva kworusununguko. Pamwe chete vakarondedzerazve kuva vagari vemo, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kodzero dzokuvhota, kunyange zvazvo chipikirwa chavo chaizotora rimwe zana ramakore kuti chizadzike.

Penjere Yechi13 (1865)

Yakasimbiswa muna December 1865, Pession yechi13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda nouranda “kunze sechirango chemhosva iyo mubato wacho achava apiwa mhaka.” Yakanga iri chinjo yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo kukudza zvakananga rusununguko rwomunhu kubvira paBill of Rights. Amendment yakabvumirawo kuti Hurumende ipedzedze gadziriro dzayo kupfurikidza ne“ mutemo wapamutemo,” simba rakashandiswa gare gare muChirevori chekodzero dzemunhu muna 18666 uye Antibânage Act ya 186. Bva “chikamu chemitemo cheGauto” chaizoshandiswa zvisina kufanira nehurumende yokuMajeri kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa uye mitemo yeCin Crow, nenzira inopfuuridzirazve basa rayo mu “mutemo wapamutemo unopiwa chirango chapatso chetso.

American Standard Version ya1868)

Zvichida kugadziridzwa kukurusa kwapashure munhau yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica, Idrefendment yechi 144t yakabvumira kuva mugari wemo ku “vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States,” kubatanidza vaichimbova varanda, uye inorambidzwa kubva mu“ ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo,” kunyima munhu upi noupi “upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo,” kana kuti kuramba “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Zvitsauko zvayo zvave zviri hwaro nokuda kwa:

  • Kuberekwa kwakakwana [ (kusimbiswa mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark[, 1898)
  • [ Kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights[ (sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro apa)
  • Appwo yodziviriro yakaenzana[ kurusaruro rwedzinza ( rown v. Board of Education, 1954), rusaruro rwevatano yevatano ([[[FLT:]] red v. Reed], 1971, uye zvimwe shoox ([6]bergefell v. Hodges[FLD:7]], 2015]
  • Muitiro wakafanira dziviriro nokuda kwoungwaru nechisarudzo chomuviri ( Roe v. Wade, 1973; gare gare yatotongwa mu [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization], 2022]

Chikamu 3 cheFindment, chinobvisa vapanduki pakuva nenzvimbo, chakamutsidzirwa muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namatanhatu rokutanga munharo pamusoro pokusakodzera kwaaichimbova Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump pashure pedenho yaJanuary 6 paCapitol.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nezvishanu (1870)

Chikamu chokupedzisira cheReconstructs chakazivisa kuti kodzero yokuvhota “haizorambiswi kana kurambidzwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.” Yakaratidzira vimbiso yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo rekodzero dzokuvhota. Zvisinei, Reformation haina kupa kodzero yakakwana yokuvhota; hurumende dzakapfuurira kuisa miedzo yokunyora nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, uye kutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba. Dare repamusoro mu United States v. Resev [[FLT: 1] [1876] kudzosaidzorwa kwemitemo yokutsiva kupfurikidza nokuchengeta kuti kusarura kwakananga kwamarudzi, kwete kudzivisa kutora ganhuriro yezviito zvechibharo. Kwaizotora makore anodokusvika zana ramakore 1856555 kusvikira kuzivisa chipikirwa chePrence.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Inoderedzwa (1913 - 1920)

Nguva Inofambira Mberi yakaunza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongedzerwa kuita kuti hurumende igamuchire zvikuru uye kukurukura kusaruramisira kwenzanga nokwezvemari. Pakati pa 1913 na 1920, kugadziridzwa kuna kwakasimbiswa, imwe neimwe ichiratidzira kutenda kwenhambo yacho muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga nesimba rehurumende rokudzora.

Penjero Yechi16 (1913) – Mutero Wamadhipatimendi

Pashure peDare Gurusa mu Playk v. Varimi’s Loan & Trust Co. (1995]) vakabvisa mutero wemari yaibhadharwa nehurumende somutero wakananga, vachinji vakasundira nokuda kwechigadziriso chebumbiro remitemo. Dare reSixteth Amendment rakabvumira pachena kuti Hurumende ipe mitero “kubva mumanyuko api naapi, pasina kugovana pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka.” Iyi igadziridze nzira yemitero yazvino unofambira mberi yemari inobhadharwa yemari yehurumende inoshandiswa kubhadhara mapurogiramu enzanga, masangano, mari, uye kudzivirira nyika yose.

Penjere Reventeenth Amendment (1913) – Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavatongi

Munguva yakapfuura, vatenzi veUnited States vakasarudzwa nehurumende dzehurumende, muitiro unorangarirwa sowakashata nowezvokubuda pachena waikura wakaraira kuti vamiririri vehurumende vapindure zvakananga kuvavhoti. Seventeenth Amendment yakagoverwa nokuda kwokusarudzwa kwakakurumbira kwavane mitezo yehurumende, kuchideredza pesvedzero yemichina yebato nefariro dzesangano. Yakaderedzawo ukama pakati pehurumende neDare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vakaidzisa kuratidzira kumirira kwehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende.

Penjero Yechigumi Nechisere (1919) – Kutonga

Kusimbiswa muna 1919 uye kushanda muna 1920, Serfection yechi18th Demendment yakarambidza kugadzirwa, kutengeswa, uye kufambiswa kwezvinodhaka muUnited States. Kwakanga kuri kukunda kwesangano rokusadzora hasha, iro rakaona chinwiwa chinodhakisa sechinoparira urombo, utsotsi, uye kuparara kwemhuri. Zvisinei, Prohibition yakabvumikisa kuva isingafarirwi zvikuru, yakaita kuti pave nemusika wenhema, uye yakaita kuti pave noutsotsi hwakarongwa.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920) – Kubhadharwa Kwevakadzi

Mugumisiro wehondo yegore ramakumi manomwe, mepulment yechi19 yakarambidza kunyima kodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yevatano. Yaka kwete yoga yoga] kusimbisa vakadzi vose [_vakadzi vazhinji vane ruvara, zvikurukuru vaAmerica yeIndia, zvikurukuru vaAmerica yeAsia, yakaramba isingadiwi nemimwe mitemo. Yakadzorwa nesimba rimwe chetero rinofambira mberi rakaita Pendeki Yokupedzisira, uye kupfuudzira kwayo kwaida nhamburiko huru yezvamatongerwe enyika: State nerevommond American and Asian American, kusateerera mutemo kwavagari vemo, uye pesvedzero yeHondo yeNyika I.

Kukura Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika (1950s -1960)

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi625 rakapupurira kuwedzera kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvira pakugadziridzwazve.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa pasi poMutongi mukuru Earl Warren rakazivisa kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose rwakanga rusingaenzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo, kuchiputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwe 144th Amendment. Dare rakatendeuka “dzidziso yakasarirana asi yakaenzana” kubva Planety v. Ferguson [1866]. Kuita kwacho kwakanga kuchinonoka uye kwakasangana nokudzivisa kukuru (kubatanidza“ Southern Confisto") uye chishoro chamasimba masimba [[[FLT]] Brown akagovera nheyo yapamutemo nokuda kwechapanyuko yenzanga yeAmerica.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Mutemo wechiratidzo chenyika unorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Wakarambidza kuganhura mudzimba dzavose (mahotera, mahoro okushambadza), kurambidza kusarura mabasa, uye kusimbisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota. Act yakaiswa muchiremera cheCongress pasi peCommerce Claus (Tit II) uye Gimeth Amendment (Tit VII). Gadziriro yayo yevatano inowedzerwa sechiito chenzira yokuvhota, yakava chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokuenzana muvatano nemunhukadzi.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Pashure pa1946 “Rusununguro rwechipiri” uye kudenha kwoutsinye pamafora muSelma, Alabama, Purezidhendi Lyndon Johnson akasunda Congress kupfuudzira mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota. Act yakarereka kuongorora kunyora nokunyora, yakapiwa kuti itarisire kuvhota muvhotera, uye yaida kuchinja mitemo yokuvhota munzvimbo dzakavharwa kuti igamuchire “pamberi" kubva kuDhipatimendi yeRuramisiti. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo mu South Carolina v. Katzenbach [[FLT:] [1966]. Muna 2013, Dare redare raifanira kutora mutemo wokuvhotera kuti ritore chisarudzo [FLD] v[FFLT] Coaty]

Kodzero Yokuva Woga Nokuberekazve

Kunyange zvazvo pasina kugadziriswa kumwe, kodzero yebumbiro-mitemo yokuva voga yakabuda mukati menhambo ino. Growold v. Connecticut [1965], Dare Gurusa rakawana “penzuro” yezvakavanzika muBill of Rights izvo zvakadzivirira varoorani kuwana kudzivirira kudzivirira kubereka. Nheyo dzakatungamirira kuhondo pamusoro pamaruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]][FLT][6]] [Makuru], ayo akaziva kodzero yomutemo yomukadzi kubvisa pamuviri.[FFF] [5], [FFF] [3]

Kuwedzera Kusunungurwa Kwemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Muzana Remakore Rechimakumi Maviri Rapera

Kunyange pashure peCivil Rights Era, Dare Rapamusoro Rakapfuurira kuchenesa nokuwedzera dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru munhau dzorusununguko rwokutaura, muitiro woutsotsi, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga Kunosunungura Muzera Razvino Uno

Warren naBurger Courts dzakatambanudzira dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura kukutaura kwokufananidzira ( Thinker v. Des Moines[FLT 1:1], 1969, kudzivirira kusungwa kwamaoko sekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nhimbe yokushandisa (hakusi gare gare, [[FLT:]]] Backley v. Valeo[], 1976, akadavira kuti kupedza mari kutaura kunoreva), uye zvamazvirokwazvo, zvimiro zvose zvokutaura kunze kwechishamiso, kuzvidza, uye nyandura. [[FLT:]] . [FFLT] V[FLT] [FFFLD:5]] 0], Dare rakatonga kuti kudzorwa kwePisimupinde yePhoshonga padzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamibatanidzwa, uye kurukurirano zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinopfuurira zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinjo Yeutsotsi

Kuvamba ne Mapp v.O. (1961) — iyo yakashandisira mutemo wokuparadzanisa kunyika — uye Miranda v. Arizona, iyo yaida mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo okunyarara nezano, Dare rakachinja kuti mutemo unoshanda sei navagari vemo. Idzi murairo, nepo dzichikakavadzanwa, dzave dzinokosha kudziviriro yeFind Find 5 nekodzero dzeChitanhatu. “Mardaand" yazova chiziviso chetsika chakakurumbira, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura zvine muganhu.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri uye Kodzero Dzepfuti

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yeAmerica, Supperment yeChipiri yakadudzirwa sekodzero yakabatana nemauto. Yakachinja mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), apo Dare Gurusa rairangarira kuti Pendure rinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti mukati momusha. ] McDonald v. Chicago (2010) yakabatanidza kuti maruramiro ezvokudzivirira nyika. Zvisarudzo zvapa, zvakadai se State Rifle.[FLD] v[FLT][FFF][FF][5] [5] [20]

Nharo Dzazvino Uno dzeBumbiro reMitemo (2000\-Presenter)

Zana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga rakaunza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo munzvimbo itsva: kuva voga kwemakombiyuta, LGBTQ+ kuenzana, uye kuchengetwa kwevatami.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekuenzana Kweroorano

Pashure pamakumi amakore okudzvinyirirwa, Dare rakaziva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira upenyu uye rudo rwavanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Mu Lawrence v. Texas [2003] [2003], rakabvisa mitemo yesodoma seinoputsa rusununguko pasi peGumbi Remakedzero. [[FLT:] [[FLT]][2] United States v. [[FLT][FLT]][3] (2020]) yakabvisa dziviriro yeChirevoma, uye [[FLT] OF:] Oveberge. [[FGT] [FLT] [5] [iright: 5,5] (ivoms.5] (iimo revomgesaro) ramadzo dzomutemo wevatano yapanyurose, uye rinoshandisa mativi ose.[5]

Kuva Woga Munguva Yokushandiswa Kwemadhigirii

Chinodikanwa cheChina cheFindment icho chinotsvaka kuva chine mufungo uye chakavakirwa paingabvira chakaedzwa noruzivo rutsva. Riley v. California [2014] [2014, Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti mapurisa angasatsvaka zviri mumitemo yeserura yeserura isina pamutemo. Karbate v. United States [[FLT] [208]) rakatambanudza mufungo iwoyo kunzvimbo yemashoko, richiziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumibato yavo yose. Izvi zvinokarakadza Dare riri kugadziridza dziviriro yemitemo pamusoro pemitengo yenyika, kunyange zvazvo richiripo mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pemichekero, uye kunzvera mashoko.

Kutama uye Miganhu Yekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzorawo kubatwa kwevasinganzi. Dare gurusa rakati kunyange vatami vasina mvumo vane kodzero yokutaura nenzira yakafanira uye dziviriro yakaenzana mune dzimwe nguva. Plyler v. Doe [1982] (82]) (akaputsa mutemo weTexas wokuramba dzidzo yavose kunyora vana, achirangarira kuti vana vakanga vasina mhaka uye kuti kuramba dzidzo kungaparira chirambidzo chechigarire pasi pechikamu. [[FLTLT:]] Trump v., 2018], akatsigirwa, asi pashure peDare raidzika dare raidzika [1] uye rakaramba kubvunza vavariro yeDCA.

Kupedzisa: Bumbiro Remitemo Rakanga Rabviswa

Mhindumupindu yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo haisati iri ganhuro rakavharwa asi nhauro inopfuurira yakaumbwa nokuvimbisana kwechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe nechinyorwa chokuvamba. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuPession of the Civil War Amerekances, kubva paNguva inofambira mberi kusvikira kuChivil Rights Movement, uye kusvikira kuzera remitepikiso, vaAmerica vakadudzira vadudzirazve Bumbiro reMitemo rokuwedzera rusununguko, dziviriro, uye ruramisiro. Kumwe kuwedzera kwakadzorwa kwakashata, kudzorwa, kana kuti kunokwikwidzwa zvakaipisisa, (* kupanwa mhaka pamusoro pe ] Roeb.[]], kupfuurwa kwedziviriro kwokuvhotera, uye gakava.

Kunzwisisa idzi nhano dzinokosha kwete bedzi senhau yezivo yenhau asi senhungamiro nokuda kwavatsigiri venguva yemberi navagari vemo. Rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo runoramba rusingachinji zvikuru, asi upenyu hwaro hune revo nokupfuudza kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, kududzirwa kwedare, mutemo, uye kurwisa kwenzanga. Sezvo denho itsva dzinomuka / ungwaru hunoitwa, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, kuedzwa kwevechimbichimbishi nevagari vemo veAmerica kungaedzazve kana chimbishiviri yenzvimbo yazvinoregwa zvechinjo yakasiyana - siyana neyasimba inogona kudzivirira kodzero dzenyika.