Mavambo Apakuvamba Okupa Kodzero

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakadzivisa noune kurondedzera kodzero yenyika yokuvhota, vachisiya zvikwaniriso zvevoruzhinji. Somugumisiro, mumakore ekaresa eRepublic, uffgend yakaganhurirwa kunenge munyika yose kuvachena, varidzi vezvinhu vavarume. Nyika dzakadai seNew York, Massachusetts, uye Virginia dzaida vavhoti kuva nenyika kana kuti kubhadhara chitsama chakati chemitero, zvinobudirira kubvisa chiverengero chavagari vemo. Gadziriro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo ye 1787 yakaita, zvisinei, yakavamba kuti mitezo yeNzvizvarwa zveHurumende yeNyika dzinoverengeka, , . uye kuti zvikwanidzo zvokuvhotera muzvivhoti zvehurumende zvaizova zvakafanana neizvo izvo zvokuvhotera muimba yakaderera yenyika imwe neimwe. Iyi yakapa nyika huru, uye kukamuro yogaro yemitemo yeboka renyika.

Kusawirirana kwepfungwa pakati pekubatanidzwa kwerumano rwehurumende yeRepublic nekuva pakati pekubatanidzwa kwehurumende yeruzhinji kwakaumbwa nenharo dzapakuvamba. Vavambi vazhinji vakatya kuti kutambanudza kwakafara kwaizotungamirira kukutonga kwenyongori, nepo vamwe, kufanana naThomas Jefferson, vakataura kuti kutora rutivi kwakapararira kwakanga kuchikosha nokuda kwehurumende ine utano hwakanaka. Kumanikidzwa kwokuvhotera kwakawanda kwakavamba muvane simba guru muma1820 uye muma1830, sezvo kukura kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vemaJackson kwakatanga kuderedza zvikwaniso zvepfuma. Pakasvika makore 1850, varume vachena vaigona kuvhotera, pasinei zvapo nokuti inyika yaiva muridzi. Asi kubviswa kwevakadzi, vatema veAmerica, uye vagari veAmerica vaigara muAmerica kwakaramba kusingabvumwaratisinwa muhurukuro huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mhedziso Yechi 14 Nechinjo Yebumbiro Remitemo

Hondo yevagari vemo yakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nekodzero dzokuvhota. Idzo dzorudzi rwe14, dzakabvumirwa muna 1868, dzakapa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States (kubatanidza vanhu vaichimbova varanda) uye yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pemitemo. Nepo kugadziriswa kwacho hakuna kupa kodzero zvakananga yokuvhota, yakatanga chirango chinotambudza: hurumende ipi neipi yakaramba vhoti kuvagari vemo vechirume vanopfuura makumi maviri nomumwe yaizova nomufananidzo wayo muCongress Congress. Iyi gadziriro (kudzoswa kwemitemo) yakanga iri kubvumwarati yepamutemo wokutanga kuti kuvhotera kwakanga kuri itiro yerudzi, kunyange zvazvo isina kutongoteererwa.

Mutezo we14 We Amendment wakavanzawo hwaro hwekupikiswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota munguva yemberi kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuti ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira kuva mugari wemo zvaibatanidza dziviriro dzakati. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira zvishoma nezvishoma kugadziridzwa kwesimba rehurumende pamusoro pokusagona kuvhota, kunyange zvazvo kuchengetwa kwakazara kwakamirira kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi 20. Chisarudzo chapanguva yemberi chinodzorwa necheteswa: nepo chakapikira kuva nohuenzani, chakachengetawo zvakajeka vakadzi (* uye MaIndia okuAmerica) kunze kwedziviriro dzaro. Kunyange zvakadaro, chakaparira uriri hwemitemo yapamutemo iyo gare gare gare yakavakwa, mitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvakavakwa paari.

Mhedziso Yechi15: Chipikirwa uye Kunyengera

Yakasimbiswa muna 1870, Pession yechi15 yakarambidza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo pahwaro hwe “dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.” Yakanga iri budiriro yakatanhamara yemugadziri, yakarongwa kudzivirira kutsiva varume veAfrica. Mumakore acho nokukurumidza pashure pokunge vaitwa varatindi, varume vatema vakasarudza munhamba huru kugura neSouth, vachisarudza mazana avakuru vakuru veAfrica veAmerica kunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye mahofisi enyika. Zvisinei, chipikirwa chacho chakanga chiri chipfupi. Sezvidzorwa kwamauto ehurumende kudzokera kudzorwa kwa18777, kuMadokesi enyika eBlabhuka zvakabviswa nenzira yakarongwa.

Kutanga muma 1890, masangano ehurumende akagadza nhevedzano yemipimo yezvisarudzo zvemadhiragi , mitero yetsika. "poll Klux Klan", kunzvera kunyora nokunyora, sekuru, uye maprinsial ose machena (ayakabvisa zvinobudirira inenge vatema vose munharaunda. Chisimba netyisidziro, kubatanidza tyisidziro yematrugrand , yakasimbisa idzi mhinganidzo dzapamutemo. Dare Rapamusoro, muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Pnet.[FLT]] (11866) uye [FLT:] Gaviams.[v] dziviriro yakaitwa nehurumende. Mitezo yehurumende (1898), yakatsigira ganhuro yedzinza redzinza nedzoro ye 15 , kudzoronze kwemakumi amakumi amakore. Yakanga isati ichiita kuti zvikwane maruramiro zvekudzo dzehurumende kusvikira paumbidzo dza1960.

Chirango Chavakadzi: Mhedziso yechi 19

Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota vakadzi kwakatora makore anopfuura makumi manomwe, kubva paSeneca Falls Convention muna 1848 kusvikira pakunatswa kwePendement yechi19 muna 1920. Kunyoresa kwapakuvamba kwakadai saElizabeth Cady Stanton naSusan B. Anthony akapikisa kuti 14 ne15th Amendmentments, kupfurikidza nokududza zvakajeka “vagari vemo vemo,” vakanga vaita chikwaniriso chemitemo chekuvhota. Chirongwa chavo chakachinja nguva refu kubva pakukwikwidzira kudzorwa kwehurumende kunhimberidzo dzehurumende nehurumende. Pakazosvika 1914, nguva hurusase muWest .whomendss arected Reconst. Wyoming, sendima, chakanga chaita vakadzi vapfumisa basa pakuvamba sa1869.

Sangano renyika rakasimbiswa mukati meHondo yeNyika I, sezvo mipiro yavakadzi kunhamburiko yehondo netsigiro yavose inokura yakasunda Purezidhendi Woodrow Wilson kutsigira kugadziriswa kwechisimba.

Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu neMutemo Wa 1965 Wokupa Kodzero

Gadziriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo yomuma1950 ne 1960 dzakaita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzive chinhu chikuru, zvikurukuru muDeep South, umo kuchinjwa kwakarongwa kwakapfuurira. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1946, nepo chainyanya kuisa panzvimbo yavose nemabasa, chaibatanidza Thit I, iyo yaitaura zvinodiwa zvokuvhota nokuvhota kuti zvinyorese kuvhota. Asi, mutemo wakawanda wakachinja wakasvika gore rakatevera. Voting Rights Act ya19565, yakasainwa nomutemo naPrezidhenti Lynton B.Johnson, yakarwisa zvakananga zvishandiso zvokubvisa urongwa hwekuvhotera: yakaresa kunyoresa kwapamutemo, yakabvumira kunyoresa kwapamutemo kwenhau yokuvhota, uye iya yainodikanwa kuwana kubvumira kubvumira pamutemo kwehurumende kuti izivikanwe “pavhurirwe semitemo isati yatonge isati yaita kuvhotambira mutemo upi.

Chiito chacho chakava nemiuyo yapakarepo neneyenei. Mukati megore, muvhoti weBlack muMississippi akakwira kubva pasi pe 7% kusvikira kuinenge 60%. Dare rapamusoro, mu South Carolina v. Katzenbach[, rakatsigira kunyorwa kwemitemo kwegadziriro yevhu. Gare gare gare kugadziridzwa kweKorekisi Act yakawedzerwa kumadzitateguru omutauro (795) uye kuwedzera zvirambidzo zvinodzivisa kuvhotera kupfurikidza negerrymanning. Chiito chacho chakatenderwazve netsigiro chakasimba zvikuru, munguva pfupi yapfuura muna 2006. Kubva panguva ino mutemo wakananga wakatarisana nepfuurira mberi muna 2013, apo Dare gurusa reSauniver mu [FFF].[3] Counter Counter .[FF]

Musi weChi24 Newa26 We Amendement

Mimwe mitero miviri yokuwedzera yebumbiro remitemo yakakudza muganhu wePrefect pakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Kugadziriswa kwechi24, kwakasimbiswa muna 1964, kwakarambidza kushandiswa kwemitero yokuvhota muvhota. Mitero yokuvhota yave iri chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwokubvisa Bvudzi reBvuru uye vachena muMadokero kubva mukupera kwema1800. Kugadziriswa kwakavhara imwe yetsororo hurusa mukuvhotera, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzakapfuurira kushandisa mitero yokuvhotera mumavhotaro enyika kusvikira Dare gurusa, Harper v. Virginia Board of EFLT:1] [196], yakazivisa kuti isava nePlatencencecial Claus.

Gadziriro ye 26 Demendition, yakatenderwa muna 1971, yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku 18. Rakasundwa neHondo yeVietnam (jekiseni) chibvumikiso chokuti yakanga yakura zvakakwana kurwa, yakura zvokuvhota nesimba. Kuchinja kwakanga kuri kunokurumidza kutenderwa munhau yeU., kuchitora mazuva 100 bedzi. Kwakawedzera mamirioni evaduku veAmerica kuva vavhotisiti uye kunoramba kuri rutivi runokosha rwenzvimbo yokuvhota yazvino uno. Kunyange zvazvo pwere inovhotera yarega mutsikano yakatsigira pamutemo seri kwemasangano akura, kuvapo kweandendmenta yakanyandura kutenderwa kwedzidzo yenzanga yenzanga uye kunyoreswa kwechibhara.

Zana Remakore Rechi20 Rava Kutanga Kwemitemo yeVoter Id uye Mipinyi Mitsva

Pasinei zvapo nokubudirira kwema1960 na1970, mazana emakore echi20 uye okutanga kwe21 akaona kubuda kwemitemo yokuvhota, yaiwanzoruramiswa nokudiwa kwokurwisa kubiridzira kwevhoti. Kufunga pamusoro pechitsotsi chevhoti, nepo zvichiratidzwa kakawanda kuva zvisingawanzoitiki muvhoti, zvakamanikidza masangano emitemo yehurumende kupfuudza mitemo inoda kuti ivhote. Kutanga nomutemo wechitambi chemapikicha chekuvhota muna 2005, inopfuura hafu yeU.S. Masangano anotsigira anoramba kuti mitemo yakadaro inodzivirira kuperera pakuvhota, nepo vanotsoropodza vanopa uchapupu hwokuti vanokanganisa zvikuru vanhu vashoma, vakaderera, vanosvika pakuwana, uye vakwegura vanowana zvinenge zviito zvisingagamuchiri mashandirwi.

Mu Crawford v. Marion County Evolution Board [2008], Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira mutemo waIndiana, richitonga kuti fariro yehurumende mukudzivisa kubiridzira yakakunda mutoro pavhoti. Kutevera hondo dzapamutemo kwakapfuurira kuumba nzvimbo. Panguva ino, kubvisa maruwa akasarudzwa kufarira rimwe boka (2008), zvawedzera kudenhwa mudare, kunyange zvazvo Dare Gurusa renhau mu [FLT:] r. Chisakiso chapamutemo chakapfuurira kuumba (20)) chakarangarira kuti mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika unorevesa kupfuura kusvika matare makuru. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimbisa kudzorwa kwemitemo pakati pezvisaruso.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino: Kuwana, Kuchengeteka, uye Kuenzana

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota rakakura kuti ribatanidze mhatsa huru yenhau. Kuwana nzvimbo dzokuvhota hakuwirirani, nenzanga dzakatarisana nemirambo mirefu nemaawa mashoma. Kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota pasina mari nenharaunda duku, kazhinji kazhinji kwairuramiswa nokucheka mutengo nokuderedza ganhuriro dzapamutemo pasi peVoting Rights Act. Mukuwedzera, kukwira kwokuvhota nokuwedzera kwemaposi, kwakawedzerwa neCHOVID-19 denda, kwakabvisawo gakavariro dzezvirongwa zvechikwata chetsororo nemhete.

Mitemo inopesana nehurumende, inodzivisa mamiriyoni eAmerica ane zvitendero zvoutsotsi pakuvhota, yave ichiongororwa zvikuru. Iyi mitemo, yakavakirwa munhambo yapashure peReconstruction uye inotapura nenzira isingachinjiki nzanga dzevatema, zvino yava nhau yenhamburiko dzekuvandudza kwehurumende. Kubvira muna 2024, mamiriyoni 4,6 eAmerica anobviswa nemhaka yokupfitswa kwenhau, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzinoverengeka(zhizha Florida muna 2018 kupfurikidza nokudzoresa kupfurikidza noKudzosa kwadzorwa kwekodzero dzokuvhotera vanhu vamwe. Hondo pamusoro pokudzorera kodzero dzehurumende inoenderera mberi inopfuurira, nezviito zvokuumba nyika nehurumende.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuperera Pakusarudza, uye Nzira Inofambira Mberi

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakavanza mikana nedenho kukodzero dzokuvhota. Michina yokuvhota yemagetsi, kunyoresa kwevhoti paIndaneti, uye kuchengeteka kwetsamba dzinotevedzerwa kugona kuwedzera kusvika nokubudirira. Zvisinei, kunetseka pamusoro pekusabatana kwekombiyuta, kuchera, uye mashoko asina kururama zvakawedzerawo. Sarudzo ya2016 ne2020 yakaongorora zvikuru ruzivo rwokuvhota uye kupindira kwedzimwe nyika, ichikurudzira Chibvumirano kuronga mari yokuchengetedza shoo. Asi kuchengeteka kwemabhii kwaita kuti kuomedze kubvumirana pamipimo yemitengo yevhoti yezvo uye kugadziridza.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kugombedzera kwokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga kwawana kunyoreswa pamwero wehurumende. Kuvambira mukuvamba kwa2025, dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa AVR, iyo inonyoresa vagari vemo vakakodzera nenzira yoga apo inoshandana namasangano ehurumende zvakadai seDhipatimendi reMor Vehicles. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti AVR inowedzera zvikuru mwero yokunyoresa, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vaduku navaduku. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti chinjo dzakadaro dzinoita gadziriro yokunyoresa yazvino uno ndokuderedza miganhuro, nepo vanoshora pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvinobvira uye kuderera kwomutoro mumwe nomumwe mumuitiro wokuvhotera.

Kukosha Kwokupa Vamwe Kodzero Nhasi

Kodzero dzinoparira maruramiro dzinoramba dziri chinhu chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, bva dzinoramba dzichikwikwidzwa. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yegadziridzo nerondedzero dzokutonga, zvakakudza zvishoma nezvishoma sarudza( asi kukura ikoko hakuna kumbova chiteshi chakatsvedza kana kuti chakakwana. Nhasi, kusvika kubhiroti kunotsamira zvikuru pamamiriro ezvinhu umo munhu anorarama, kuwanikwa kwemapepa, kujeka kwemiitiro yokunyoresa, uye kusavapo kwemiitiro yokunyoresa. Brenan Center yeRumbiso inobvumira idzi nhau, kwete kuti pakati pa 201 ne2024, panenge 18 mitemo inoganhurira, kunyange kunyoresa.

Dzidzo yebic inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Nzvero ya2023 ne Pew Research Center[ yakawana kuti anenge munhu mumwe muvavhoti vakakodzera vashanu akanga asina chokwadi nezvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokunyoresa munyika yavo. Iyi mukaha wezivo unogona kudzvinyirira kubuda, zvikurukuru pakati pevavhoti venguva yokutanga naavo vanobva munzanga dzakatevedzerwa. Nonparantisan, maraibhurari, uye zvikoro zvinogovera mashoko akarurama pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhotera zvinobetsera kudzora mukaha udzo uye kusimbisa vagari kuti vashandise kodzero dzavo dzemitemo.

Basa ramapoka ezvechibharo se reAmerican Civil Liberties Union ne Ribhiritari yeCongress[ (inochengeta zvinyorwa zvenhau zvakawanda) rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti zvidzidzo zvenhau zvinozivisa kurukurirano dzemitemo yazvino uno. Uyezve, kunzwisisa nheyo dzamabumbiro emitemo dzekodzero dzokuvhota (kubva kuChibvumirano che 14 cheRendex ku Voting Rights Act /_help vagari vemo vazivi vemitemendi vemitemo vanoziva zvakafanana kuti chii chiri panjodzi apo ganhuriro dzinokarakadzwa kana kuti dziviriro dzinoderera.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States inhau yezvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi nedzokudzosa. Kuvambira pakubviswa kwezvinhu kwakavakirwa muzana ramakore rechi 18 kusvikira kukuwedzera kwakaoma kwezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi 20, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakatarisana nenhau yokuti ndiani ari mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuchinja kwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yedande. Imhaka ye 14, 15th, 19th, 24th, uye 26 (8) Kuumba nheyo yapamutemo, asi dziviriro yavo yakasimba bedzi sokugona kuisa chinyorwa chokupedzisira chenhau. Rwendo haruna kupedzwa. Senharo pamusoro pemitemo yevota, gergengenman, posi, nokuvhotera, uye kubvisa mutengo kwechienzi yerangose. Ruzivo rwokuwedzera runongogona kupfuudzira. Rumuko rwechitongerwo rwokuwedzera kupfuudzira. Rumutsiridza rugwaro rwamashoko runongogona kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfuudzira kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kwenhau yenhau.