Hurumende yeUnited States ine mhatsa yamasimba anotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo vayo. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kupfurikidza nemienzaniso youpenyu chaihwoihwo kunogona kugovera kujeka parevo yayo nokushandiswa. Nyaya ino ichanzvera nharaunda huru dzinoverengeka umo masimba ehurumende anoshandiswa, kubatanidza mitero, dziviriro, uye dzimwe.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Remasimba Anotonga Nyika Dzakafanana

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa hurumende masimba ehurumende anodudzwa zvakananga muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, nepo ichichichengetawo masimba anodzokororwa kunyika pasi peTenth Amendment. Uku kupesana kunoparira gadziriro youchangamire huviri, asi kusvikwa kwehurumende yehurumende kwakawedzera kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwemitemo, kududzirwa kweDare Rapamusoro, uye zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda zvokudzora rudzi rwazvino uno. Chikuru chinogadziridza, zvakadai sechi 16 (chinowana mutero wakadaro) uye wechi 14 (kudzivirira kwakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira), chine chiremera chemubatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa ichi chisaririra chemitemo chemitemo kunobetsera kunobetsera pamutemo kunobetsera chikonzero nei uye kuti hurumende inosapinda sei munzvimbo dzakafanana nemitero, dziviriro, uye garikano.

Kubhadhara Mutero: Kutsigira Kushanda Kwehurumende

Simba remitero yepevy nderimwe ramasimba makurusa ehurumende, akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 1. Kuwana mari yemitero kubva mumimwe mibato yose yehurumende, kuvambira papfuma kusvikira kuchengeteko yenyika. Pasi apa zvimiro zvikuru zvemitero yomubatanidzwa nemienzanisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Mutero Wemari

Yakasimbiswa muna 1913, Mutezo weChibvumirano wechi 16 wakapa Dare simba rokuunganidza mitero pamari inotambirwa pasina kugoverwa pakati pehurumende. Nhasi, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) inopa gadziriro yemitero inofambira mberi inobhadhara chiverengero chikuru. Somuenzaniso, munhu anotambira $500,000 mu2024 anowira muboka ra 22%, nepo mumwe munhu anowana $50,000 000 000 yakatarisana ne 37%. Iyi mari inodzorwa nokuda kweinenge 50% yemari yose yomubatanidzwa. IRS inodzokorodza mamirioni 150 gore negore, ichiita mutero wavose vaAmerica vanowana simba rehurumende.

Kubhadhara Mitero

Vakaparadzana nemitero inobhadharwa, kubhadharwa mitero yemari yeSocial Security and Medicare pasi peFederal Inssurances Act (FICA). Vashandiri uye vashandi mumwe nomumwe vanopa 6,2% nokuda kwechikuva cheSangano reSangano reHurumende (kusvikira pamutero we $168 600 mu2024) uye 1.45% yeMedicare (isina kepisi). Iyi mitero yemari yemari yemari yokurega basa nokuda kwavapunziri navashandi vakaremara, pamwe chete neinishuwarenzi yechipatara nokuda kwavakweguru. Pasina kubhadhara mitero, Social Security Fund yeTrust Idzo yeSalvice Idzo yeSangano yeSangano yeSangano yemari yeMiteko yegore yoUnivhindo ichava mumakore gumi.

Mitero Yemitero

Hurumende inobhadhara mitero yebhizimisi pamwero wakapfupika 21% (pashure poMutero weTsima neMabasa wa2017). Makambani makuru akadai seApple neMicrosoft anobhadhara mabhiriyoni gore negore, kunyange zvazvo akawanda anoshandisa mari inoderedzwa nechikwereti kuderedza mwero wavo unobudirira. Mutero wacho unopesvedzerawo zvisarudzo zvebhizimisi kuti zvisave kana kuti matare okushambadzira mukunzvera nokuwedzera mamiriro ezvinhu. Mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, wakadai seInfliation Reduction Act, wakagadza 15% yemitero pamasangano makuru kuvimbisa kuti apedzei mari inenge yakaderera.

Mitero yehurumende yokuwedzera inobatanidza mitero yepeturesi, zvinodhaka, uye fodya, pamwe chete nemitero yenzvimbo nemitero yezvipo zvinotapura vanhu vane mutengo wakakwirira. Zvose zvakaudzwa, hurumende yehurumende yakaunganidza anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4,9 mugore refiscal 2023 kupfurikidza nouyu mutoo, kutsigira zvinhu zvose kubva kumigwagwa mikuru kuenda kunzvimbo dzenyika. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pendyiko dzemitero pa Conrorional Bac Bac Office[.

Dziviriro: Kudzivirira Chengeteko Yorudzi

Kuzvidzivirira kworudzi zvichida kushandiswa kunooneka zvikurusa kwesimba rehurumende, kunotenderwa neChikamu I simba rokusimudza mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kuzivisa hondo. Mutungamiriri wenyika anobatira seMutungamiriri weChief. Kushanda kwenyika chaikoiko kukuru uye kwakawanda.

Mari Yemauto Nevashandi

Department of Defense (DoD) ndiyo mushandirwi mukurusa munyika, nemitezo inoshingaira inopfuura mamirioni 1,3 nevashandiwo zvavo 800. Mari yehurumende inopa inenge mabhiriyoni 886 nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira muna 2024, mibhadharo, rovedzo, uye mabasa. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yeF-35 yehondo (inotengwa kupfuura $7,70,000 000 000) inzvimbo inoshandiswa inogadzira ndege dzinorwisa ndege dzeAir Force, Navy, uye Marine.

Nhau Dzevaeni

Kupfuura mauto anoshingaira, hurumende yehurumende inogovera betsero dzoutano, dzidzo, uye urema kuvakare kupfurikidza neDepartment of Veterans Affairs (VA). Va inoshandisa gadziriro hurusa yezvoutano yakabatana muU.S., inoshanda varwi vane mamirioni 9 gore rimwe nerimwe. Dzidzo pasi pePst-9/11 Gi Bill yakabetsera mavhiti anopfuura 2 anopinda pakoreji chifo cha 2009.

Chengeteko Yenyika Yemusha Noungwaru

Chifo cha 9/11, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) ine nzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa muganhu, kuchengetwa kwevatami vekubuda, dziviriro yeIndaneti, uye mhinduro yenjodzi. The Federation Security Administration (TSA) inovhura vakwiri vendege vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri zuva nezuva, nepo Cybersecurity and Infrapublic Security Agency (CISA) inoshanda namafemu epatomho kuti idzivirire michina inonetsa semichina yemagetsi negadziriro dzemvura. Federal Bureautaria of Investigation (FI) inoita mabasa okurwisa anoparadza, ichiita kuti imise kurwisa kwakawanda kugona kuitika gore negore. Nokuda kwemashoko ehurumende, ona [FLT:].DH.[FFLT]

Kudzorwa Kwokutengeserana Kweinterstate

Commerce Claus (Chikamu 8 Classic 3) rinopa Congress simba rokudzora kutengeserana munyika.

Kubvumiranisa Mabhizimisi Nebhizimisi

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) inodzika mitemo inodzivisa kuviga miganhu yemitengo yezvokuchengetedza nokudzivirira makwikwi. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020 FTC yakaisa dare retsika paFacebook (Mata) nokuda kwomufambiro unorwisana nemubatanidzwa, uye muna 2024 yakavhara kubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwemabhinya ezvitoro Krogrer naAlbertsons. Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) inodzora misikaro yemasheketi, inoda kuti makambani azivise mashoko ehurumende. Pasi peiyi mitemo yehurumende, vavengidzi vadzo vadzorwi vaigona kutarisana nengozi huru zvikuru yokubiridzira.

Kuchengeteka Kwezvifambiso

Department of Transportation (DOT) inogadza mipimo nokuda kwendege, zvitima, uye migwagwa mikuru. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inodzosa vatyairi vendege nendege, inodzora kufamba kwendege, uye inopa miraudzo yokukotsekana. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokurovanya kwemaX maX777 mu2018-2019, FAA yakadzika chikepe kwemwedzi 20 uye yakaraira chinjo. National Highway Trapreme Safety Administration (NTA) inogadza mipimo yezvomariro yezvokuchengetedza uye inodzora upfumi hwezvipfuyo. (se Takata hwi ndangariro yemotokari inotapura motokari 67. Mitemo inoponesa zviuru zveupenyu gore negore.

Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Masangano echitengi anodzivirira akadai seConsumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) neFTC rambidzo dzinonyengera. CFPB yakadzorera inopfuura mabhiriyoni 55 emadhora kuvashandi vakuvadzwa nemiitiro yemari isiri yapamutemo, zvakadai sokukweretesa chikwereti chemhuka. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inotarisira kukotseka kwezvokudya, mirimo, uye zvishandiso zvemishonga zvekurapa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Chiremera chezvakatipoteredza chinobva muChommerce Claus nesimba rezvinhu rebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo mukuru wakagadzwa muma 1970 wakatanga gadziriro yakasimba yokuronga.

Kushandiswa Kwemhepo Yakachena

The Clean Air Act (1970, yakagadziridzwa 1990) inoraira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kugadza National Awan Air Service Soundation (NAAQS) nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvakadai seozone nenhau inokamuranisa. Mitemo inofanira kushandisa gadziriro dzokusvitsa mipimo iyi. Muenzaniso wakakongiri: mutemo weEPA wa2023 unoda kuderedzwa kwe50% mutemu wechepfu yechepfu yemakemichero kubva kumiti yemichetura muLouisiana ye “Cancer Alley” inoganhura tsvina yeindaneti yamagetsi. Chiito chacho chakaderedza kushatisa mhepo inoshatiswa ne 78% kubva muna 1970 pasineidzokufamba kweGDP.

Chiito Chemvura Yakachena

The Clean Water Act (1972) inodzora kubudiswa kwezvinoshatisa kupinda mumvura dzinonaya. EPA ne Army Corps of Engineers dzinosarudza kuti inzvimbo dukui dzinokwaniriswa se “mvura dzeUnited States.” Muna 2023, Sackett neEPA yeDare Rapamusoro rinotonga simba renyika rakatetepa, asi EPA inopfuurira kumanikidzira mvumo dzekubuda kwenzvimbo dzeindasitiri. Somuenzaniso, denderwo yeDeewater Dioking inotungamirira kumabhiriyoni emafuta pasi peCelean Water Act, Rivince Gulf Coast.

Kuuraya Zvipembenene

The Endangered Species Act (1973) inopa simba Fish neWildlife Service yeU.S. kuti itsaure marudzi sedziri mungozi kana kuti dzinotyisidzirwa uye dzinoratidza nzvimbo dzokugara. Mutemo wakabetsera kudzorera marudzi akafanana negondo (rabviswa pandandanda muna 2007) nemhungu yebere. Zvisinei, inogonawo kuganhurira nyika kushandiswa (komuenzaniso, kumisa kukura kwedzimba muCalifornia kudzivirira San Joaquin bit fox. Matare anowanzoita kuti agadzirise gakava pakati pekuchengetedza nokufarira zvoupfumi. ESCerree programe EPA pa

Gadziriro Dzenzanga

Gadziriro dzegarikano dzenzanga, dzakatangwa muNew Deal and Great Society, dzinogovera dziviriro nokuda kwamamirioni.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga

Yakagadzwa muna 1935, Social Security ipurogiramu hurusa yehurumende, ichibhadhara inopfuura madhora ane 1,2 mabhiriyoni emadhora pagore kuvashandi vakarega basa, vanhu vakaremara, uye vapukunyuki. Inotsigirwa nemari nemitero yemitero yemitero yemitero yemitero inochengetwa nokupa mari yakagadzirwa. Inodokusvika 90% yeAmerica vane makore 65+ inowana betsero. Social Security Administration (SA) inopedza mamirioni 50 ezvikarakadzo gore negore. Chirongwa chirongwa chenguva refu yokupedza chinoramba chiri itiro yetsika, asi chinoratidzira betsero yakananga yehurumende.

Médicaid Negadziriro Yevana Yeinishuwarenzi Youtano (CHIP)

Medicaid (1965) inogovera rondedzero youtano kunenge vaAmerica vane mamirioni 80 vanogamuchirwa vakaderera, kubatanidza vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, vakwegura, uye vakaremara. Icho chinotsigirwa pamwe chete nehurumende asi chinoshanda mumitemo yehurumende. Affordcable Care Act (2010) yakakudza Medicaigrifized muruwa 40, ichifukidza vakuru vanosvika 138% vemwero wourombo wehurumende. CHAIP inofukidza vana mumhuri dzine mari yakakwirira zvikuru nokuda kweMedica asi yakaderera zvikuru nokuda kweinishuwarenzi yomunhu oga.

Chirongwa Chokuyamura Nezvokudya Zvomumuviri (SNAP)

SNAP (zvitambi zvezvokudya zvaichimbova) zvinogovera betsero inotsvaira zvokudya kuvanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 40 vanowana mari yakaderera. Muna 2023, betsero yeavhareji yomwedzi nomwedzi yakanga iri inenge $196 pamunhu. Betsero dzinogoverwa kupfurikidza nePROMALF FROM FREAT REFUT (EBT) makadhi anodzikinurwa kuvatengesi vane mvumo. Hurumende inobhadhara 100% yebetsero uye inokamura mutengo wokutarisira nenyika. Chirongwa chinoderedza kusachengeteka kwezvokudya ne 30% yavagamuchiri.

Dzidzo Netsigiro Yehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo dzidzo iri zvikurukuru mutoro wenyika nowomunzvimbomo, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha, mirau, uye zvirongwa zvakanangidzirwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuenzana.

Zita romusoro I neK-12 Kutsigira Mari

Umutwe I weElementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) unotumira kudarika mabhiriyoni US $6 (Z $16) pagore kuzvikoro zvinobatira nzanga dzinowana mari shoma. Zvikoro zvinofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokuzvidavirira kuti zvigamuchire mari. Somuenzaniso, chikoro chiri mumaruwa eMississippi chingashandisa Titting Init kuti ndironge nyanzvi dzokurava dzokuwedzera kana kuti vadzidzisi vapashure pechikoro. The Students Reces Act (2015) yakabvumira kuti zvinhu zvichinjike zvikuru nepo zvichichengeta kutarisira kwehurumende nokuda kwavadzidzi vaishaiwa.

Aid Yavadzidzi Yomubatanidzwa

Hurumende yehurumende ndiyo mugove mukurusa weyamuro yavadzidzi, ichipa Pell Grants (yakavakirwa painodikanwa, kusvikira ku $7,35 mu 2023-24), Nhevedzo Loans (yakazvidzwa uye isina kudzorwa), uye PLUS zvikwereti nokuda kwavabereki. Vanopfuura mamirioni 43 vanokwereta chikwereti chavadzidzi chehurumende chinobatanidza hwerengedzo ye $7,7,7. Kupfurikidza nechikwereti chemari nekanganwiro yebasa yavose, Hurumende inoumba kusvika kudzidzo yakakwirira zvikuru. Chimiro cheFaFISA chinobatanidza vadzidzi kumabhiriyoni 50 emadhora (Z $17,7,7,5 mabhiriyoni) muyamuro.

Dzidzo Chaiyo

Vane Dicculture Education Act (IDEA) vanovimbisa dzidzo yavose yapachena yapachena yakafanira kuvana vane urema. Federal inopa mari inofukidza inenge 15% yendyiko yakawedzerwa yemibato yedzidzo chaiyo. Maruwa ezvikoro anofanira kuita purogiramu yeIndicionated Education Programs (IEP) nokuda kwomudzidzi mumwe nomumwe anokwaniriswa, kugovera mitoo yokurapa, unyanzvi yokubetsera, kana kuti pokugara mukirasi. Iyi murairo unovimbisa kuti vadzidzi vane mamirioni 7,5 vane urema vanowana tsigiro inogadzirirwa yaizova isina. Nokuda kwoudzamende hwepurogiramu, shanyo paBato reDhipatimende yeDziro yeDzo[FT:0].

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa masimba ehurumende kupfurikidza nemienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu — kubva kuzvimiro zvemitero yemari nenzvimbo dzehondo kumirairo yemhepo yakachena nechikwereti chavadzidzi — kunoratidza kuti hurumende huru inoumba upenyu hwezuva riri rose sei. Aya masimba haasati ari amo; anochinja kupfurikidza nomutemo, kurukurirano yavose. Nokunzvera nzira chaidzoidzo dzechiremera chehurumende yehurumende inoshanda, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani zvose zviri zviviri betsero dzayo neganhuriro dzayo, uye ganhuriro dzayo dzinopfuurira, uye kupinda mukufunga kukuru muhurukuro yedemocracy iyo inorondedzera udzoriso. Mienzaniso yafukidzwa pano inongova bedzi mavambo, pesvedzero youtano, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kupfuura, nguva dzose inosimutsigira munheyo dzemitemo yemitemo nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira kudzikamisa chinzwa norusununguko rwomunhu rwomunhu rwomunhu.