Munguva umo kunyora kwemichina kuri kuratidzira semashoko anotaurwa, kusawirirana pakati pekuongorora kwehurumende nekodzero dzemunhu oga kwazova nhau inodzora nguva yedu. Hurumende munyika yose dzakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma masimba adzo okuongorora, kazhinji dzichidudza migariro yechengeteko yenyika, nepo vagari vemo nevanotsigira rusununguko rwevagari vemo vachidzivisa kupindira pachivande. Nyaya ino inoongorora miganhu yepamutemo, yezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye yenzanga pakuongorora hurumende, kudzivirira kunowanika nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo dzakavanzika, uye nzvimbo dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvichaumba gakavadzano renguva yemberi.

Nhoroondo Yokuwedzera Kwehurumende

Kuchinja kwemichina hakusi chinhu chazvino uno; kwakabva mavambo acho kudzokera shure mazana amakore. Hurumende dzapakuvamba dzakashandisa vazivi, kusangana kwetsamba, uye kunzvera kwomuviri kunzvera kusawirirana. Zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri rakaunza zvishandiso zvokushandisa nezvokupamba, asi chinjo yemichina yakachinja kunzvera kuva bhizimisi guru, rinofambiswa nemotokari. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunokosha mukunzwisisa dzikamo yakaoma yanhasi pakati pechengeteko norusununguko.

Kubva Pamafoni Kuenda Kuzvikamu Zvezvizivi

MuUnited States, hondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pekuvhura tambo dzakadzokororwa muna 1928 kunhau Olstead v. United States, umo Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti kupfura hakuna kuumba kunzvera muGaramisiti yeChina. Iyi chisarudzo chakadzorwa muna 1967 ne Katz v. United States[, iyo yakabvumikisa kuti Kugadziriswa kwechina kunodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo, uye yakaita kuti “kariro ine mufungo yechivandero". Iyi inoramba iri pfundo guru rokunzvera mutemo nhasi.

Pashure pemakore 9 ne11 zvakaratidza kuchinjika kwepasi. USA PARITIOT Act, yakapfuvura zvinoshamisa muna 2001, yakawedzera mano ehurumende okuunganidza zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, mufambiro wemawaya ezvikwata zvemabhayi, uye kuwana zvibvumikiso zvokukurukurirana kwakachengetwa. Zvirongwa zvakadai semibatanidzwa yezvikamu zvihombe zvezvisingaverengeki zveNSA, zvakaziviswa naEdward Snowden muna 2013, zvakaratidza kuongorora kwazvino uno: mamiriyoni espotendi, maemail, uye intaneti zvakabviswa pasina kufungira.

Mabasa Apamutemo Anodzora

Mitemo, zvisarudzo zvematare, uye masangano okutarisira anoedza kugadziridza mukuongorora kwehurumende uku achichengetedza zvishandiso zvokuchengetedza nyika.

United States: Mutemo Wechina We Amendement uye Kudzika Mitemo

Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakanyora zvisakafanira, zvakadai se “zvinodikanwa chaizvo”, majekiseni okuongorora echinyakare, uye dzidziso yechitatu, iyo ine mashoko iwayo anogoverana nokuzvidira neboka rechitatu (sekambani yerunhare) haitarisiri kuva voga nenzira ine mufungo.

Mitemo mikuru yehurumende inobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yeBhishopi Nhengo yakakudziridza, inosanganisira Chikamu [FT:1] - Yakagadzwa muna 1978, FISA yakaita dare rapachivande (Dare reFisa) kuti ibvumire kudzorwa kwemasimba okumwe kana kuti vamiririri. Zvigadziriso pashure pa9/11 zvakawedzera upamhi hwemitengo yazvo, kubatanidza Chikamu 215 (zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi) uye Chikamu 702 (chinotanhanhanhanhanhanhanhano U.S). Kuedza kushandura, zvakadai seUSA SA SAU SARTS Act ye 2015, zvakagumisa kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yorunhare yakawanda asi zvimwe zviremera zvikuru zvakasara zviripo.
  • PARITIOT Act - Kunzvera kwakawedzerwa pasi peFISA nomutemo woutsotsi, kubatanidza magwaro okutsvaka munyika yose uye chiziviso chinononotsa (“sneak uye resting”). Dzimwe gadziriro dzokunyura kwezuva muna 2020, asi dzimwe dzinoramba dzichishanda.
  • Bhetisiro reNhamba dzeMitemo yeChinetso chePuro:ss act (ECPA) - Kudzora kuwirwa kwekurukurirano dzamagetsi uye mashoko akachengetwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ive yechinyakare, zvikurukuru pamusoro peemail yakachengetwa kwamazuva anopfuura 180 (zvino yakavandudzwa neCLOUD Act).

Kuongorora kunosanganisira dare rinonzi Asbet and Civil Liberies Overst Board (PCLOB), vaongorori vehurumende, uye matare esangano.

European Union: GDPR uye Charter of Fundament Rights

EU inoita mutoo wakavakirwa pakodzero dzakawanda. Sangano reSayenzi Rinodzivirira Registration (GDPR), rinoshanda muna 2018, rinoisa mitemo yakadzika miganhu pakugadzirwa kwemashoko, kubatanidza nokuchengetwa kwemitemo nemasangano akangwara (kunyange zvazvo nyika dziri nhengo dzinenge dzisina kuchengeteka). EUChater of Fundamental Rights inoziva zvakavanzika (Article 7) uye kudzivirirwa kwemashoko (Gidhicle 8) sekodzero dzinokosha. Dare reEurope reRumbiro remitemo rakaderedza kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko uye EUS - US US Vicerition pamusoro pezvine chokuita nokuongorora, zvichiratidza kutarisirwa zvakasimba kwedare.

Somuenzaniso, Dare Remabumbiro Emitemo reGermany rakagumisa matanho okuongorora ose, achida kuenzana uye kupiwa mvumo yokutonga.

United Kingdom: Simba Rokuongorora Rinoita Chiito

UK’Specigation Powers Act 2016 (IPA) ndeimwe yemitemo yokuongorora kukurusa munyika yedemokrase. Inoda vatarisiri veInternet kuti vachengete nhau dzemisi yekombiyuta varambe vachinzvera kwemwedzi 12, inobvumira kudzongonyedzwa kwezvisaririra uye midziyo (kudzosa), uye inogadzira “kiyi yakapetwa kaviri yezvibvumikiso" yetendero: mvumo yakaitwa nahumbi vehurumende uye mutongi. Vatsoropotesi vanopikisa IPA vanopa masimba akanyanyisa uye vanoshaiwa dziviriro dzakafanira. Mutemo wakanangana nedenho dzapamutemo kubva kumapoka echipangidzo kusiri .

Zvimwe Zvirango: Basa Renyika Yose

  • Canada – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms inodzivirira kuvandika; Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakada zvikumbiro zvokuwana mashoko ezvinyoreso nemeta dzepanter.
  • [Australia – The Tetractive (Intercero and Access) Act na 2018 Ruyamuro neAccess Act inomanikidza makambani oruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kugovera betsero nokunetesa kunyorwa kwamashoko okunyorwa.
  • Chayina – The National Intelligence Law and Social Curves System inoita kuti ungwarire zvikuru, nedziviriro dzapamutemo shoma nokuda kwavagari vemo. Kodzero dzakavanzika hadzizivikanwi sedzakakosha.
  • Indiya – The Aadhaar biometric system na 2018 Tech Test Rill (zvinomirira) inomutsa funganyo pamusoro poungwaru uye kushaikwa kwoutarisiri hwakazvimirira.

Kusiyana - siyana uku kunoratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichiisa zvinhu zvadzo panzvimbo yokutanga, dzimwe dzinonyanya kungwarira pasina kudzora.

Zvinetso Zvokuva Woga Munguva Yokuzivikanwa Kwevanhu

Kuongorora zvinhu kuri kudhura, kwakapararira, uye kwakaoma kuona.

Kufambira Mberi Kwezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Maturusi okuongorora anosanganisira zvino:

  • Uchenjeri hunogadzirwa - Kuzivikanwa kwapameso, mapurisa anofanotaurwa, uye kunzvera kwezviri mukati kunganzvera mamiriyoni ezviso kana mashoko munguva chaiyoiyo. Masangano akafanana negadziriro dzechiso cheChina kana kuti kushandiswa kweUS yeII kuongorora magariro enzanga anosimudzira itiro hanya dzakakodzera.
  • DATA Brokerage - masangano eHurumende anotenga mashoko enzvimbo, zvinyorwa, uye mamwe mashoko omunhu oga kubva kuvatengesi vemitemo yezvokutengeserana, kazhinji kazhinji pasina judha. Uku kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo, sezvinoonekwa mudare guru ra2018 Carbatent v. United States, iyo yaida pamutemo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yesocito.
  • Kupfinda Masuo esumo - kudzika mutemo kunosundira nokuda kwe “kusvika kwenzvimbo” kukurukurirano dzakapetwa, asi nyanzvi dzechengeteko dzinonyevera kuti kuderedza kunyorwa kwemashoko enyasi kunoisa mungozi munhu ari wose. 2016 Apple vs. FBI inomira paipfurasa raSan Bernardo muenzaniso mukuru.
  • [[[FT:0] Mubatanidzwa weZvinhu (IOT) - Magem - Sult sub - michina yokufambisa zvinhu, zvikwaniriso zvinomhanya, uye motokari zvinobudisa hova dzinopfuurira dzemashoko dzinogona kusvikwa kana kuti kudzorwa nehurumende.

Mikaha Yekutonga Nemitemo

Matare anowanzoparapatika kushandisa dzidziso dzekare kuruzivo rutsva. Semuenzaniso, dzidziso yechitatu inoreva kuti mashoko anochengetwa namativi echitatu (seISP kana kuti magirazi egore) angasagamuchira dziviriro yakazara yeNhevedzo yeChina. Munguvayo, matare akavanzika akadai seFonse Court anoshanda negadziriro yakaganhurirwa; hurumende ndiyo bedzi boka rinowanika mukati menhau zhinjisa, uye kutonga hakuwanzobudiswa. Kokororesa yedare rinogona kuva risina kufanira, uye zvirongwa zvokunzvera (se Chikamu 702) zvinotenderwa nekurukurirano duku.

Kungwarira Vanhu Nechiito Chehurumende

Zvizaruro zveSnowden yakanga iri nguva yaidzorwa yokuziva vanhu. Chifo chaipapo, masangano akadai se Expronic Foundation (EFF), American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU)[FL:3], uye Komfishi International yakatungamirira machirongwa, idigigation, uye dzidzo yavose inobatanidza:

  • Matarero anobudirira anodenha NSA (g., [[FLT: 0]] Capper v. Amnesty International pakumira; ACLU v. Clapper pamitengwa mizhinji).
  • Mitemo yenzvimbo yehurumende yakavanzika, yakadai seConsumer Ancy Act yeCalifornia (CCPA).
  • Kushandiswa kwemarudzi ose kwekodzero dzemipimo, kubatanidza Necesary neProportionete Principles.

Kuongorora kwakaitwa naPew Research kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vokuAmerica vanoona kuti hapana zvavanokwanisa kuita pakuchengetedza mashoko avo, asi vashomanana chete ndivo vanonyatsozvidzivirira.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzokuva Woga

Kunyange zvazvo pasina nzira yokuita nayo zvinhu isinganyatsobudiriri, kubatanidza miitiro inoverengeka kunowedzera kuva voga.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nemadhigirii

  • Kupfisha kurukurirano - Shandisa kuguma-kuguma kwamashoko okutumira mashoko akanyorwa seChiratidzo kana kuti WhasSApp (nemiganhu yakavanzika). Kushandisa kunyorwa kwedhesiki pamichina.
  • [[NUMBO:0] Indaneti dzakavanzika [VPN] [[[FT:1] - Advertifix Pixplay inogona kuvanza kero yako yeIP nokuiisa mumugwagwa wakaipa, kunyange zvazvo isingakuiti kuti usaziva. Sarudza matura asingatengi mashoko okuvhura.
  • Kutsvaka zvakavanzika - Shandisa mabhukwana ane mativi akasimba echivanda (Firefox, Brave) uye kufutunurwa kwakadai seuzheni, Koshera, uye HTTPs Kuri kwose. Rangarira Tor muvhimi nokuda kwemibato inotapurika.
  • Mamaneja eTSSIO [ – Near uye chengeta shoko rakasimba rokusainwa; shandisa kuva nechokwadi (zvinongobvira chakavakirwa paapp, kwete SMS).
  • , Kuisa padivi - hwirudzura zvibvumikiso zveApp, kudzivisa kuronda nzvimbo kutoti kuri madikanwa, uye kusarudza munhevedzo dzemadistiki (mh., kupfurikidza namabasa akafanana neVest Me).

Ziva Kodzero Dzako Dzapamutemo

Kunzwisisa apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunogona kuraira mashoko ako kunobetsera kuita chimwe chinhu nenzira yakafanira. MuUnited States, une maruramiro okuramba kunyarara, kuramba kunzvera (kana vasina rugwaro), uye kukumbira gweta. Apo unosvikwa navamiriri vehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kuchenjera kutaura chinhu chipi nechipi chinopfuura kugovera nokuonana negweta. ACLU’s Knoge Your Rights peji [[[FLT: 1]]

Ita Chidzidzo

Masangano eFLT anorwira maruramiro omunhu oga, akadai seEFF ne ACLU. kuti ataure itiro hanya pamusoro pomutemo wokunzvera. [FLT:] Vavote nokuda kwavada kufunda vanoisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvishoma Nezvatinenge Tichiwana

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvingangoitika zvingaita kuti pave nedzikamo yokuva woga kana kuti kupindira kukuru.

Zvinoitwa Pakurwisa Unyanzvi Hwezvigadzirwa

  • [[NHAU: 0] Zero-Zivo inobvumikisa[[FLT: 1] - Bvumira uchokwadi hwamashoko pasina kuzivisa mashoko amene, kuchigonesa kuchengeta zvizivikanwo zvakavanzika nebvumirano.
  • [[FOMT:0] Kunyora pafoni [[FL:1] – Kushandisa kuverenga pamashoko akanyorwa paine mashoko akanyorwa, naizvozvo hurumende dzaigona kuronga mashoko pasina kuvhura zvirimo zvisina kunyorwa.
  • Network dzakanatswa[[FT:1] - Blockchain nevezera rako ku-peyi kungagona kuderedza kuvimba nevashandi vepakati zviri nyore kuongororwa.

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo Kwava Pedyo

Basa Riri Kukura Renzanga Yevagari Vomunyika

Kuva woga kwakura kuva simba guru. Kudzorwa kwemitemo, kutsigira mutemo, uye nhimbe dzokuzivisa vanhu zvakawana kuhwina kune revo, kwakadai sokuparara kwemiunganidzwa yemitengo mizhinji uye kushuma kwakasimba zvikuru kubva kumakambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Muganhu unotevera unobatanidza kudenha kushandiswa kwokuziva chiso, kuganhurira kutengwa kupfurikidza nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kuzvidavirira kwemitemo.

Ngozi Yenhangemutange Yezvombo Zvinowedzera

Sezvo zvokunyora mashoko okunyora uye zvokushandisa zvakavanzika zvinova zvinowanika zvikuru, dzimwe hurumende dzingada masimba akawanda okupinza zvinhu, akadai semabhodhi okuseri kana kuti kuongorora kwomunhu ari padivi poga. UK’s Online Safety Bill, somuenzaniso, inobatanidza gadziriro dzingamanikidza zvikuva kunyora mashoko akavharwa nokuda kwokushatirwa kwevana, zvinotyisidzira kunyorwa kwemashoko emashoko enyadzisira kuti asvitswe kumugumo nokuda kwevashandisi vose. Kudzikamisa chengeteko yavose nokuvandika kucharamba kune gakavadzano.

Nguva yemberi haifanogadzirwi, kukurukurirana kwevanhu vose kwavakaziva, uye zvinetso zvepamutemo zvakasimba zvichasarudza kana kuongorora kuchiwedzera kusingadzorwi kana kuti kuchidzorwa nemitemo yehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu.

mhedziso

Miganhu yokuongorora kwehurumende haina kugadziriswa; inokwikwidzwa nguva dzose mumatare, masangano okutonga, uye nzvimbo dzavose. Nepo gadziriro dzemitemo dzakadai seGrene Amendment neGDPR dzichigovera dziviriro dzinokosha, ivo vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro yenguva dzose nemugadziridzo woruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu neunyanzvi. Vagari vane kodzero uye mutoro wokunzwisisa nhau idzi uye kutsigira miganhu inoremekedza zvinhu zvoga. Nokugara vachiziva, vachishandisa zvokudzivirira, uye vachiita basa redemocracy, vanhu vanogona kubetsera kuumba nguva yemberi apo kuchengeteka kusingasviki pamutengo werusununguko rukuru. Dzikano inovadziko inovanda kuderera, asi inofanirwa nokurwira.