Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ari pakati pamasangano anotsungirira zvikurusa muhurumende dzamatongerwe enyika dzazvino uno, achibatira semotokari huru idzo vagari vemo vanoronga, vanoratidzira mitoo yavo yokuda, uye pesvedzero. Basa ravo mukuumba zvose zviri zviviri ubati ushe nedemocracy harigoni kupfuudzwa zvikuru.

Mabasa Anokosha Emapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunyange zvazvo masangano ezvematongerwo enyika achiita mabasa akasiyana - siyana anodiwa nehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, mabasa aya anoramba achienderana.

Kumirirwa Kwefariro Dzakasiana - siana

Pamusana pokuita kudaro, vanoshandura pfungwa dzavose kuva zvikamu zvemitemo, mipimo, uye zvikumbiro zvemapoka akasiyana- siyana enzanga, nzanga dzemadzinza, masangano ezvitendero, masangano ezvikamu zvenharaunda, uye masangano ezvemari. Pakuita kudaro, vanoshandura pfungwa dzavanhu kuti dzive zviteshi zvemitemo zvinowirirana zvinogona kupiwa kuvhota. Somuenzaniso, muIndia, mapoka akadai seIndiya National Congress neBaralia Janata Party anomirira mapoka makuru emapoka emapoka ezvikamu, mapoka emitauro, uye masangano ezvemari, nepokapokapo mapoka maduku eruwa anopa inzwi kumifungo chaiyo yakavakirwa pahurumende. Mutsika dzakawanda dzakadai dzeGermany kana kuti Netherlands, mapoka anowanzo anoratidza masangano akasiana-socialcuralcuralbacavava, masangano ezvakapoteredza, masangano echiKristu, kana kuti anowanikwawo masangano akasununguka.

Kupinda Munyongori Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokutora Rutivi

Kupfurikidza nokuronga misangano, kuitisa suo resuo, kuitisa nharo, uye kuisa mari mumasangano enhau, mapati anonyandura vagari vemo vangaramba vachisawirirana. Vanoedza zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokupa mapepa akajeka nezviratidzo (zvikuru, “Democrat” v. “Republican” muUnited States,“Labour" vs. “Conver" muUnited Kingdom). Kuisa mashoko akaderera kunoitwa nemteko, kunoita kuti vapindiri vawane. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza mari yakaderera yemari inopfuudzwa navanofunda. Zvikamu zvezvikamu zvinenge zviripo zvinopfumisa. Zvikamu zvechikamu zvinenge zvichiwedzerawo kubatanidzwa mukuita kuti zvive nyore.

Kudzorwa kwePisitimu neAgenda

Zvikamu zvinotanga zvikarakadzo zvine udzame zvemitemo zvinorondedzera zvisarudzo zvazvo zvenzanga. Mukati mesarudzo, iyi zvikamu zvinobatira sezvibvumirano navavhoti; pashure pesarudzo, zvinotungamirira zvinhu zvokutanga zvomutemo. Mumiitiro yeparamende, kuratidzirwa kwebato zhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunova purani yehurumende. Zvikamu zvinorongawo karenda yemitemo, zvinosarudza kuti imarii inogamuchira tendero, uye kuranga pamitezo yavo kuvimbisa kuvhota. MuUnited States, vatungamiriri vomubato muCongress Congress vanoshandisa simba guru pamigove yedare namarusando, nepo muUnited Kingdom, gadziriro yezvibairo inomanikidzira pedyo neino-u rezvikwereti zvehurumende.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anogovera nzira dzokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nehurumende vazvidarire. Muchishoro, mapati anonzvera zviito zvechikamu chinodzora, kuoneka, uye kupa mitemo inotsiva. Mapoka anoshora anogona kutanga nzvero, achikarakadza kusaita nzvero, uye anokurudzira kutsoropodza ruzhinji kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau. Kunyange mumapoka mazhinji, mapoka omukati pane dzimwe nguva anonzvera simba rehurumende rakanyanyisa. Kuvapo kwebato rinoshora guru rinorangarirwa zvikuru kuva chiratidzo chehurumende inotonga zvakanaka yedemocracy(Ichinovimbisa kuti mukuyera basa ringadzivisa kunzvera uye kuti vavhotera vane chisarudzo chakarurama pakuvhotamira kunotevera.

Tapuro Yemagariro Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Pakutonga

Pesvedzero yamapoka inotambanukira zvikuru mumiitiro chaiyoiyo yokutonga, ichiumba kwete bedzi zvisarudzo zvinoitwa asiwo nzira yazvinoitwa nayo.

Kuisa Chisarudzo uye Kuronga Zvinhu Zvokutanga

Apo mubato unowina hofisi inodzorwa, inodzora zvikurukuru purogiramu nezvinofungwa nehurumende kuti zvinetso zvipi zvinowana ngwariro yehurumende uye kuti zvigadzikisoi zvinofambira mberi. Somuenzaniso, mubato unosungirwa kudzorwa mhoteredzo uchaisa mitemo yemamiriro okunze, nepo boka rebhizimisi ringanangidzira ngwariro pakutemwa kwomutero nokubviswa kwemitero. Mwero wokudzora kwebato unodzora unosiyana: mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru wevakuru vakuru angava akasununguka zvikuru pabato, asi mumiitiro yeparamende, utungamiriri hwebato neboka raro reparamendementa zvinobatanidzwa zvakasimba. Uyezve, mapoka kazhinji kazhinji anochengeta matangi okufunga mukati nemapapiro okunzvera izvo zvinoparira zvikarakadzo, kuumba gadziriro yedzidzo yehurumende.

Kuvaka Tsika Dzokugara Nokudzora Mumasangano Akawanda

Mumasangano umo pasina boka rimwe rinokunda voruzhinji, masangano anofanira kuita masangano kuti adzore. Uyu muitiro unoda kukurukurirana pamusoro pekubvumirana kwemiitiro, zvirongwa zvokushumira, uye miganhu yomutemo. Hurumende dzeColiation dzinogona kuva dzakatsiga(apo muGermany mativi makuru makuru eIndaneti pakati pechiKristu Democrates neSocial Democrates , kana kuti kuoma kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Kukumbira kunoitika pakati pehama dzinowirirana dzinogona kukanganisa zvakananga zvirongwa: mapoka maduku anogona kubvisa kubvumiranwa kwemitengo yenzvimbo panhau dzepavhuro (g., chinja zvinodhaka, kana kuti yamuro yepenje) kupfuura izvo vvumbidzo yavo yoga ingakurudzirawo kudzora, sezvo nzvimbo dzakakomba dzinodzorwa dzichichengetwa.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Nechirango Cheboka

Mumasangano mazhinjisa emitemo, mapoka anodzora kufamba kwemitemo kupfurikidza namatare akamira, macoucus, uye misangano youtungamiriri. Partitution dzinovimbisa kuti mitezo ivhote mukuwirirana neboka, zvikurukuru pamabhiri makuru. Nyika dzine chirango chakasimba chakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye South Africa (_kat) kuona miuyo mishomanene yemitemo nemitemo inotenderwa zvikuru. Mukupesana, chirango chebato, somuUnited States Congress, dzinogona kubvumira mitezo mimwe nemitezo, kunyange zvazvo kubatana kweNyika yeNyika yeNyika yeNyika dzakafararira kwawedzera misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Kubatana pakati poutungamiriri hwebato nedare kunobatanidza kunosimbisa jambwa kwechinjo huru.

Kugadzwa Kwavakuru - vakuru uye Kudzorwa Nehurumende

Boka resimba rinodzora kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iri chiremera rinobvumira masangano kuwiriranisa bazu rehurumende nevavariro dzawo dzemitemo. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anogadza vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende, uye kuva nebato kazhinji kazhinji anoita basa mukusarudza. Muparamende, mutungamiriri mukuru anogadza mitezo yedare pakati pebato. Kupfuura kugadzwa kwepamutemo, masangano anopesvedzerawo basa rehurumende kupfurikidza nereshcuns, kurangarira, uye kuiswa kwevezvo voruzhinji vezvamatongerwe enyika (*) muitiro uyo, apo unodzorwa, unogona kuderedza kuzviisa pasi.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kupfuura mipiro yazvo inoshanda, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anokosha kumurangariro wetsika wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pachawo.

Kukurudzira Kuita Basa Rinoenderera Mberi

Kupfurikidza nokukwikwidzana sarudzo nokupa vavhota, mapati anopa vavhoti chikonzero chokuenda kumavhota. Makwikwi akaenzana zvikuru ebato . uko misiyano yepurogiramu yakajeka iripo, zvinowedzera nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanonzwa migumisiro yavo ine revo. Nenzira inopesana, apo mativi anoona kuti mativi ose ari ose akashata, kutsauka kunokombamira. Mapokawo anotsigira mapoka enhau akarongwa nenzira yakatanhamara: somuenzaniso, muSouth Africa, African National Congress yakaunganidza nenzira inobudirira Black Revolution pashure poruganda; muU.S., mapoka makuru ose ari maviri zvino anobhadharira zvikuru mukukwidza nzanga duku, kunyange sezvo kubviswa chaiko kunopfuurira.

Kugovera Vari Kuudzwa Zvisarudzo Zvinobatsira

Sarudzo yedemocracy inongova bedzi ine revo semhatsa yezvisarudzo zvinogoverwa. Masangano ndiwo masangano ayo masangano epaapas muzvimwe zvinowirirana. Mugadziriro dzakawanda, vavhoti vanogona kusarudza pakati pokusimudza kuruboshwe,centrist, kurira kwarudyi, girini, kana kuti mapati akasununguka, kugonesa mimirayiridzo yakajeka zvikuru. Mugadziriro mbiri, zvisarudzo zvinova zvakawanda zvinova nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana dzepfungwa. Pasina mapoka anenge mubato wose achifamba savanhu vakazvimirira //553ter angatarisana nenhamba huru yezvikuva, achiita kuvhotera kusingabviri. Nokudaro makwikwikwikwi okuvhotera anoitwa nenzira yokusarutsira.

Kusimudzira Nharo Yavose Nedzidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mapati anonyandura kurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzenyika kupfurikidza namasangano ebato, zvitarisiko zvenhau, zvinobudiswa, zvinooneka, uye zvinoitika zvavose. Zvinodzidzisa vagari vemo pamusoro pezvokutengeserana kwemitemo: somuenzaniso, boka rinosimudzira kurangarira kwaro kwokushandisa, nepo boka rinopikisana richasimbisa ndyiko dzenzanga. Muhurumende dzinotonga noutano hwakanaka, iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira vagari vemo kumirangariro yakasiana- siyana uye inokurudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza. Mapati anobatirawo sezvikonzero zvokurovedza vatungamiriri venguva yemberi, kupa unyanzvi mukukurukura kwapachena, kutaura kwapachena, uye kutarisirwa kwemibatanidzwa.

Kubatsira Kubudirira Kwesangano

Kupfurikidza nokupinza rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika mumakwikwi akagadzirwa, anodeya kuzivikanwa, mapati anoderedza bviro yenyongano yamasimba masimba. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakagadzwa, kuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba pashure pesarudzo kunopikirwa zvikurukuru nemiraudzo yebato negadziriro dzapamutemo. Kunyange munyika dzine mapoka makuru enzanga . Yakadai seNorthern Ireland mukati meNhamo dzeZvotsvo, kana kuti gadziriro dzakadzikamiswa zvikuru dzeBrazil / mativi ose dzakagovera nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzokutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kupfuurirazve, mapoka anobetsera kutera kutera kutera kupfurikidza namasangano matsva ezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinodikanwa, anozvibatanidza mugadziriro yenzanga yesangano panzvimbo pokuzvisiya kuti zvironge zviri kunze kwegadziriro yokushanda.

Matambudziko Achasangana Nematongerwe Enyika

Pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yazvo huru, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nhasi anotarisana nedenho dzakakomba idzo dzinotyisidzira kuva dzapamutemo nokushanda kwawo.

Kuchinja Kunowedzera Nokuparadzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mumadomukiro akawanda, mukaha wepfungwa pakati pemasangano makuru wakura zvikuru. MuUnited States, kubatana kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa dzasvika pamwero isingaonekwi kubvira panguva yokugadziridza, nedzose dziri mbiri Democrats neRepabhuryanias zvichiparadzana pamiitiro, kuzivikanwa, uye kunyange zvitendero zvechokwadi ( Pew Research Center). Iyi nzanga inowanzotungamirira kudiviti yemibatanidzwa yemitemo, yakaderedza, uye kuvengana kune vanopesana. Mugadziriro dzamasangano akawanda, kukamukana mumapoka maduku anogona kuita kuti kuumbwa kwemasangano maduku uye kusava nesimba. Masangano anorwisana neantirveri yeGermany (AD) kana kuti iItaly yeFMteko yeMitezo inopesana, inopesana nemitemo inopesana yetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika yeEurope.

Uori Nokuderera Kwokuvimbwa Kwavanhu

Uori hunopa mhosva − kana huchibva munhimbe dzechisimba dzinobatsira kushatisa chakananga . Munyika dzakadai seIndia, Brazil, neItaly, nhau dzouori dzakakura dzakatungamirira kupwiswa kwenhamba dzebato dzakakurumbira uye kusimudzira kusadavirwa kwavanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vanhu vakatanhamara vanozviita savamiririri pane kuti zvishandiso zvinomiririra, kuvimba nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pachazvo zvinodzikira. Kuchinja kunovavarirwa pakuratidza pachena kwemari yechirongwa, masangano anorwisana nemitemo inopesana zvikuru zvakabudirira. Zvisinei, pfungwa yokupesvedzera kusina kufanira nepfumite nevanopfumba kana kuti masangano ebhizimisi inoramba kuzviisa pasi peduruku.

Kusakendenga Nokuparadza Mitezo

Mhiri kwamakumi amakore akagadzwa, mitezo yebato yave ichiderera. Kusava nehanya kwemavorefu kunooneka kwete bedzi munhambo dzakaderera asiwo mukuderera kwokutora rutivi mumibato yebato. MuUnited States, kuvhota kukuru kunowanzova kunoitika mu20/30% yavavhoti vanofanirwa. Vanhu vaduku zvikurukuru havawanzodi kukumbanira mapati, vanosarudza masangano enhau akavakirwa panzvimbo yenhau kana kuti masangano epaIndaneti. Uku kubvisa mibatanidzwa yemibato kunonetesa mibatanidzwa yemaruwa youswa uye kunoderedza simba ravo rokupinza vadzidzi vakasiyana - siyana. Vamwe vanhu vakaedza kudzosa iyi nemitezo yepaipi yepapureji kana kuti kombiyuta, asi vachitsausa muitiro murefu.

Makakatanwa Omukati Nezviito Zvechiito

Mibatanidzwa haisati iri yenyika inopesana; ine mapato anokwikwidzana nokuda kwesimba nepesvedzero. MuUnited States Democratic Party, kusawirirana pakati pamapapiro anofambira mberi neane mwero kwakaoneka kwaonekazve pamusoro petarisiro youtano, muitiro wemamiriro okunze, uye nzira yokusarudza. MuRepablican Party, Tea Party uye gare gare gare mapapiro Trump akaumbwa mipata isingagumi nekuvakwawo. MuUnited Kingdom, Labour Party yakawana mapoka akakasharara mukati pakati penhau yoruboshwe yaJeremy Corbyn nefectriot, zvichiguma nokutsauka nokurasikirwa nechinhu. Magakava akadaro, kana asina kudzorwa zvakanaka, anogona kutungamirira kumapoka, mavhinyunguru, mavhivhi anodzorwa, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Nguva Yemberi Yemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kuchinjira kuchinjo dzechaunga, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kudzora kwenyika yose.

Kuchinja Kwemichina uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Mapati ari kushandisa nenzira inowedzera mashoko anodzivisa, kuzivisa kwemasangano anoshandira pamwe, uye kurongera mashoko kuti apinde muvhoti. Kuedza kubudisa kubvumira kuiswa kwemifungo miduku yavagari, kuunganidza kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzemakombiyuta, uye mhinduro dzokukurumidza kuputsa nhau. Munyika dzakadai seTaiwan neEstonia, zvishandiso zvemitengo zvakashandiswa kubatanidza vagari vemo. Zvisinei, izvi zvigadzirwa zvinomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pemashoko asiri enhau, mashoko ezvigadziko, uye kudzosera. Masangano enguva yemberi achada kuwirirana nedziviriro dzetsika.

Kutanga Kwemapati Okushanda Nemauto Okubudisa Mitambo

Zvivako zvemabato zvamagamuchidzanwa zviri kudenhwa namarudzi matsva ezvamatongerwe enyika — kazhinji kazhinji anonzi masangano esangano . izvo zvinovanza musiyano pakati pamasangano enzanga namasangano anosarudzwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Podemos muSpain, Pirate Party muIceland, uye Five Star Movement muItaly. Mapoka aya anowanzotsamira zvikuru pakuronga paIndaneti, gadziriro dzedemocracy, uye kurwisana negadziriro yetsika dzehurumende. Apo mamwe ava vatambi vakakurumbira, vachimanikidzira mapoka makuru kugadziridza matejitiro ezvikamu zvavo nemitoo yomukati. Nguva yemberi ingaona kumwe kuchinjwa kwemibatanidzwa, namapoka achikwereta simba rezvirongwa zvehurumende apo anochengeta tsanda dzesangano.

Kusimbisa Kwakawedzerwa Pakubatana Kwechirume Nechiratidzo

Dzvinyiriro inobva kunzanga yavagari vemo namasangano amarudzi ose iri kusunda masangano kuvandudza kuratidzirwa kwavakadzi, marudzi mashoma nemadzinza, LGBTQ+ nzanga, uye mamwe mapoka anoderedzwa. Mapoka mazhinji akagamuchira mipimo yomukati, purogiramu dzedzidzo, uye kunyoreswa kwavavamiririri. Somuenzaniso, African National Congress neSwedish Social Democratic Party yave neganhuriro dzechikadzi. MuIndia, Reservation Bill yemisionage Bill ichangobva kupfuura iyi inovavarira kuisa chikamu chimwe chezvigaro zvemitemo yavakadzi, kumanikidza mapoka akawanda evadateshi. Mapati enguva yemberi anokundikana kubvisa njodzi yokuvimbwa uye tsigiro, zvikurukuru pakati pevaduku, vavhoti vakasarudzwa vakasiana-mhara.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose Nemasangano Ezvikwata Zvemarudzi Ose

Zvinetso zvenyika yose zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutama, uye kushambadza zvinoda batira pamwe. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kutanga kuumba mibatanidzwa yamarudzi ose . yakadai seEuropean People’s Parmendi muEuropean Parmendi kana kuti Socialist International(to kutsinhiranisa nzvimbo dzemitemo. Mamwe mapoka anogoveranawo unyanzvi nemari yokutsigira miganhu. Sezvo zvivako zvehurumende zvamarudzi ose zvinokura zviri mubatira pamwe, mapoka angatanga batano dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura miganhuro yawo yenyika, zvingatungamirira kumhindumupindu yemapati dzechokwadi dzemapoka enyika. Ikoku kungamirira kubva kumasangano eWestphalian ehurumende.

mhedziso

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoramba ari anokosha kukushanda kwehurumende nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, pasinei zvapo nedenho huru. Anobatira sebatano inokosha pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende, achigovera kumirira, achigadzirira kutora rutivi, kuronga muitiro, uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Pesvedzero yebato pakuita chisarudzo, masimba, mibato yemitemo, uye kudzora kwesangano kuumba zvinhu zvoupenyu hwevoruzhinji. Panguva imwe cheteyo, tyisidziro dzapanguva ino, uori, kusakendenga, kusakendenga, uye kusanzwisisana kwomukati kwezviito zvokufunga. Nguva yemberi yemapati ichaumbwa necherekedzo yemifungo, kukwira kwamativi, kukura zvikuru mumibato, uye kufambidzana. Masangano anowedzera.[F] Masangano akasiana-peto akasiana-pendi anoramba, anofanira kuchinja pasina kurasikirwa nemabasa awo makuru. Kunzwisisa kupfuutsana kwezviito zvinokosha muboka routano.[3][1][5]