Chitanga: Nzvimbo Yokusarudza Mitemo Yemvura

Post-disaster kunaya kwemvura hakuwanzova muitiro unotevedzana. Inguva yakanyongana, inopa mari inoratidzirwa nezvinodikanwa zvokubetsera zvekurumidziro uye kuvakwazve kwenguva refu. Kunyange zvakadaro mukati mekunaya ikoko mune mukana wakafanana: mukana wokuparadzira mitoo yemvura yakatarwa. Njodzi dzakadai sePriestle Katrina (2005), mafashamo eGreat East Japanting, uye 20222 mafashamo ePakistan haana kungoparadza bedzi mapaipi nekurapa zvinoparira kuvakwa kwegadziriro dzechinyakare, isingatapurwi, uye kudzorwa kusingakwani. Mawindo echinjo inovanda kusingachinjiki, makore matatu asati apera ngwariro yezvamatongerwe enyika isati yapera uye kuvakwazve. Kushandura Window kuti kushatiswe kuikwe kuitwezve.

Gadziriro dzemvura dzinochinja pashure pekunge dzaparadzwa hadzisi pamusoro pekuwedzera kwevane simba; idzo dzofunga nezvepfungwa dzinokosha dzinoita kuti mvura ivepo, mipimo yakanaka, kodzero dzokuwana, uye kubatana kwegadziriro. Nyaya ino inoongorora zvishandiso zvakati zvinogona kubviswa pakunaya, zvinetso chaizvo zvinofanira kutevedzerwa, uye zvirongwa zvouchapupu zvakabudirira mumitengo yakasiyana - siyana. Kunyora pazviitiko zvakanyorwa uye zvinorumbidzwa, kunopa mugwagwa unoita kuti njodzi ive chinhu chinonzi chengeteko.

Mikana Inokosha Yokuchinja Kunoita Zvemvura

Kudzongonyedzwa kunoparirwa nengwavaira kunoparira nhevedzano yechienzi yezvinhu zvinoparira chinjo: kungwarirwa kwavanhu, kuwedzera kwemari kunofamba (zvose zviri zviviri ruzhinji neyamapiro), kuzorora kwechinguvana kwematanda ebhurokesi, uye kudisa pamwe chete kugamuchira zvigadzikiso zvisiri zvegamuchidzanwa. Nzvimbo dzinotevera dzinomirira mikana yakakwirira zvikurusa yokupindira kwemiitiro.

Kusimbisa Kuchinja Kunoita Mitemo

Kuparadzwa kwezvivako zvemvura necherokunaya , kupomba zviteshi, matura, nzvimbo dzokurapisa (* ndiwo mugumisiro unooneka zvikurusa wengwavaira huru. Asi kungogadzira zvanga zviripo zvinopfuudzira mipimo mimwe cheteyo. Kugadziridza kwemipimo yokuzvitsigisa inofanira kupfuvura isati yasvika.

Kugadzira Zvinhu Kunobatsira Kuti Mamiriro Ezvinhu Achinja

Mabumbiro okuvaka nemipimo youinjiniya zvinowanzovakirwa pamashoko enhau ane ngozi. Post-diaster, izvi zvinofanira kugadziridzwa kuti zviratidze zviitiko zvemamiriro okunze. Somuenzaniso, kutevera Hurricane Sandy, New York City yakashandisa zvinodikanwa zvemhesano yemvura munzvimbo dzayo dzokurapa tsvina, muitiro wokuchinja wakasimbiswa muClimate Resilience Guideline. Kuchinja kwakafanana kunogona kushandiswa kudzika kwepaipi, zvinhu, zvitsauko, uye simba rokutsigira. Mitemo inogona kuraira kuti zvinhu zvitsva kana kuti zvigadzirirwe zvinofanira kumirana mashopu matsva kana kuti kumira kumira kumira kumira mamiriro okunze egore 100 okumapfutambira pamwe nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze eguta (g. 50% ukuru hwemvura hunopfumba).

Gadziriro yegreen-Grey Hybrid System

Zvivako zvinoyera zvamagamuchidzanwa(concrete, simbi, pompos, zvinodikanwa asi hazvina kukwana. Mutemo unofanira kuita kuti mamiriro enzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu zvomusikirwo ashandiswe kana kuti kuraira kubatanidzwa kwemarongedzero emvura yomusikirwo: inodzorerwa nzvimbo dzapasi dzinochengeterwa mvura yamafashamo, inofamba nemigwagwa inodzoreka nokuda kwokunaya mvura yemafungu, uye inovakira nzvimbo dzinotemwa mvura inorasa mvura. [[FLT:][FLT][25] purogiramu yemichina inogona kugadziriswa kugadzirwa kwemapost-distaster. Somuenzaniso, pashure pemazambo yeColoradow, taundi reLsorgoracrados mumicracterssss disourcity reromes res reswords systruction, ideredza purome , inofamba na 30%.

Kuronga Kutarisira Nokunyora Mapu Yengozi

Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunogona kuraira kuumbwa kwemichina inoshandiswa namaneja engozi chaiyo. Kuziva uko mapaipi ane ngozi anowanikwa /// uye mugariro wawo (/zvingagoneka) zvakada kusimudzirwa. Mushure mekudengenyeka kwapasi kwa 2010 muChristchurch, New Zealand, guta rakatanga gadziriro yokudzora mvura yemichina inogadzira zvinhu zvinobatanidza mashoko ane ngozi yokudengenyeka kwapasi, zvichibvumira mutengi kuisa mutengi kutsiverwa wemahomwe mitapu inotambudza zvikurusa. Magiratisime anofanira kudirosa gadziriro dzakadaro nokuda kwezviwirirano zvose zvine mukurumbira wemvura, nemichina yegore negore.

Kuvandudza Mipimo Yemvura Yakanaka Neyakawanda

Njodzi dzinogara dzichikunda kuwanda kwemvura uye dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvitsva zvinouraya mvura zvishandiswe uye zvisaparadzwe zviende kumaindasitiri uye kuzvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu.

Kusimbisa Madanho Akakwirira

Mumwedzi inotevera ngwavaira, vadzori vanogona kupfuudza mwero inobvumiraniswa yezvinotsiva zvinozivikanwa, zvikurukuru avo vane ngozi dzisinganzwisisiki. Somuenzaniso, pashure pa2014 Elk River pwation, nyika inosundwa kuti igamuchire ndaza yakafara zvikuru yamakemikoro enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinofanira kudzorwa nemvura. Mitemo yeNational relevhition inogona kutevera [FLT]] UNICEF-W nhungamiro dzeW inorumbidza mafax-emer aromedro arosero arose remvura inopfuuresa nokuda kwamakore mashanu kushuwawamura ngozi dzakakwirira.

Kuongorora Zvakakura uye Kukurumidza Kunyevera

Mirayiro yemiitiro inogona kuraira kuvamba kwenguva chaiyoiyo kwemibatanidzwa yemvura, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezviratidzo zvemicrobial seE. coli neCryptospodium, pamwe chete nemiraudzo yamakemikoro. Guta reMilwaukee, Wisconsin, pashure pekuvamba kukuru kwemasporidiosis muna 1993 (iyo yakauraya vanhu 69 uye yakarwarisa vanopfuura 400 000), kubvisa muitiro wayo wemvura kuti ide kupfuurira kunzvera kumira panzvimbo yayo yokurapa. Muitiro iwoyo zvino unobatira somuenzaniso wepost - dimonaster echinjo kune imwe nzvimbo. Miitiro yapakuvamba inonyevera kuti michina inobatanidza mashoko nemiraudzo inogona kunzikanwa semamiriro ezvinhu okuna kupera njodzi.

Mitemo Yokufambisa Mabhoti Nengarava Nekugovera Kunotsiva

Maatomu emvura inovira anowanzova mazai emvura imwe chete. Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunogona kuparira gadziriro dzemitemo ine mitsetse yemibatanidzwa (zvikurukuru, kusanwa, kusashandisa, mvura inovira) yakavakirwa pamitemo chaiyo yenguva chaiyo, kuderedza mitoro isingakoshi nepo ive yakachengeteka. Kuwedzerazve, muitiro unoda kuti nzvimbo huru dzose dzevagari vemo dzive nepurogiramu yezvipo zvemvura yakaiswa panzvimbo yazvo musati maiswa bhasikoro, mvura yakabhodhoro, kana kuti michina inofambisa zvinhu (zvinoiswa mumvura) inoiswa mukati maawa echinoitika chinoshatisa mvura. Kugovera kwemvura yoMutengo weNhevedzero, yakanatswa pashure pokudengenyeka kwa19959, inorayira kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzive negadziriro dzenguva yakarongwa muchadenga mukati ma 24.

Kusimudzira Kusiyana Kwetsika Nokusiyana Kwakaita Vanhu

Njodzi dzinokuvadza zvisingaenzaniswi nzanga dzinowanwa nevechiduku, madzinza mashoma, vagari vemo, uye vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzisina kurongwa. Kuchinja kwemitemo yemvura kunofanira kubvisa nokushingaira kusabatana kwenjodzi dzinowedzera.

Kugadzirwa Kwemari Munharaunda Dzakachengetedzwa

Post-distaster mari yokunatsiridzwa inowanzopinda munzvimbo dzinokosha zvikurusa mune zvemari pakutanga. Mutemo unogona kudzoserazve simba iri kupfurikidza nokuda kuti chikamu chiduku muzana chezvipo zvemvura (muremo, 40%) chitsaurwe kunzanga dzinotambura. Uku kusvika pamitsetse ye “Juce 40” nhano muUnited States, umo inenge 40% yemari yakati inotengwa yehurumende inoendeswa kunzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Zvokuti mvura, Bipartisan Infrastrusaclactal Law (2021) inobatanidza gadziriro yakadaro, uye mutauro wakafanana unogona kuiswa mumutemo wokuvandudza njodzi munyika yose.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga Nechibvumirano Chebhizimisi

Kuronga kwapamusoro hakuwanzosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvavagari vemo vane njodzi. Muitiro unofanira kuraira kuti pave nezvisarudzo zvokupa muganhu zvinobatanidza mativi ezvisarudzo zvehurumende mumitauro mizhinji, zviteshi zvemichina zvinosvikwa, uye mabhodhi enzanga okunatsiridza , (panzvimbo dzose dzinobatanidzwa mvura dzinonaya. Chinoitika chapashure peKatrina New Orleans chinoratidzira kundikano yokuvakazve kwezvikamu zvenguva: nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinosvika dzakaita basa radzo remvura rakadzorerwa pakupedzisira, kana zvichitongova. Musiano, pashure pemagutu makuru 2017 muPuerto Rico, mapurogiramu okuedza mvura akazivikanwa pakupedzisira ndokubatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvehurumende zvokuvandudza, zvichitungamirira kukudzorerwa kukurumidza mumisha iri kure.

Kunaka Nokuchinja Kwemwero

Njodzi dzinosundira mhuri munhamo yemari, kuita kuti zvikwereti zvemvura zvisashande. Mutemo unogona kuunza mwero wechando chechinguvana kana kuti mubatanidzwa wemari unoiswa panhambo yokunaya. Zvisaririra zvechigarire, kubvisa marcator ne “ration". Rightyom yemvura (vumhizha huduku husingabhadharisiswi) zvinogona kuiswa. Mitemo yeFree Basic Water yeSouth Africa, yakagadzwa pashure peased, inogovera muenzaniso unogona kugadzirirwa nokuda kwemashoko epashure pediscraster. Mitekiso yakadaro inofanira kubatanidzwa nemitengwaramwaro inojeka. yakadai semite yemari inoiswa pamaringirwo anoshandiswa asiridziridziri kana kuti hurumende inoita kuti ive iko yemari iko yemari.

Kushandisa Mashandiro Akaitwa Mvura Yedu (IWRM) Sebasa Rokunayazve

Ngwavaira dzinofumura mazasi okuisira pakati pemvura yokunwa, mvura yakashatiswa, mvura ine mvura yepasi, uye kuiswa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura.IWRM inopa imwe nzira yokushandisa nayo nzvimbo idzi inobatanidza nzvimbo idzi dziri mumiganhu yepasi nenzvimbo.

Rwizi runonzi Bastin - Modern Revision Purani

Mvura hairemekedzi miganhu yemanisitiri. Muitiro wePfter-disaster unofanira kutanga kana kuti kusimbisa masangano enzizi dzerwizi (RBOS) ane chiremera chinobatanidza kushandira pamwe nokudzorwa kwemvura mumativi akawanda. Pashure pemafashamo ane ngwavaira 2002 muCentral Europe, nyika dzakadai seGermany neAustria dzakawedzera kubatira pamwe kwadzo kupfurikidza neInternational Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro dzekudzora mafashamo enzvimbo dzinobatanidzawo mvura newirirano yemhoteredzo. Kuedza kwakafanana kunogona kugadziriswa nokuda kwenzvimbo ipi neipi inonayamudzwa nenjodzi.

Zvokudya zvemvura zvinogara zvakanaka Nexu Policies

Ngwavaira dzinowanzodzongonyedza kwete bedzi mvura asiwo magetsi nezvokudya. Gadziriro yakaitwa inofanira kubatanidza zvakajeka zvisarudzo nenhambo yesimba nezvinodikanwa zvokurima. Somuenzaniso, pashure pemafashamo eThailand a 2011 (akaparadza vanhu vane mamirioni 14) uye yakaparadza nzvimbo yenzvimbo yemaindasitiri neyokurima yemwanzi yeMater Resource Management Act (2088) yakagadzira National Water Resources Committee inobatanidza vamiririri vesimba nave vemipinduro, kuvimbisa kutengeserana nokubuda kwadzo inorangarirwa zvakajeka. Kugadzirwa kwemitengo yezvo kugona kubatanidzwa nokugamuchirwa kwezvishandiso zvokugadzira zvenyusi.

Zvinodikanwa zveEcosystem - resformation (EBA)

Zvemararamiro ane utano ne-$wetlands, magrove, masango-nzi “kugovera kuchengetedzwa kwemvura yomusikirwo, mafashamo, uye kucheneswa kwemvura. Mutemo unogona kuraira kuti chikamu chakati chemari yokunaya (mutoo, 15%) chitsaurirwa kudzorerwa nokudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo, zvinoyerwa pamiuyo yokuchengeteka kwemvura. World Bank’s EB for Man Security program inogovera mipimo yakadaro mukuderedza njodzi yorudzi.

Kutonga Nokuchinja Kwemasangano

Chinjo yomuitiro wemvura inodzorwa inoda kwete mitemo mitsva bedzi asi masangano akasimba zvikuru. Kunaya kwePfti-disaster kunogona kuva chisakiso chokurongazve zvivako zvemvura.

Kugadzira Miviri Inozvimiririra

Majekiseni mazhinji emvura anoshanda mudzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchitungamirira kukuderera nokusashanda. Mutemo unogona kutanga vadzori vazvimiririri vezvemari navakanaka namashoko akatsiga, kuita zvisarudzo zvinooneka, uye masimba okudzikamisa. Pashure pokudengenyeka kwapasi kwa 2010 muHaiti, hurumende(ine tsigiro yamarudzi ose) yakagadzira National Dretate of Dweater and Sanitation (DINEPA) seboka rinodzorwa ramatomutemu. Nepo zvinetso zvichiripo, kuparadzana kwesangano kwakabvumirwa nokuda kwegadziriro huru yezvigadziko negadziriro yemipimo yakaisvonaka kupfuura zvakanga zviripo mugadziriro youshumiri yakare.

Kuvandudza Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka Nokuwana

Zvisarudzo zvokunaya zvinowanzoitwa seri kwemasuo akavharwa. Mutemo unofanira kurayira kuti vanhu vasvike pamitemo yemvura yakanaka, mepu dzemarobhoti, uye kugadziridzwa kwemigove. Madanga edata, kufanana neayo akagadzirwa muna 2015 Nepal yokudengenyeka kwepasi kwenzvimbo dzokuvakazve dzimba, anogona kugadziridzwa nokuda kwegadziriro dzemvura. [FLT] US NAMGS Mashoko emvura [ [FLT] imuenzaniso wemapyrogion anowanika pachena; miitiro yakafanana inofanira kugadziriswa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzose dzinonatsikira.

Kusimbisa Unyanzvi Hwomunzvimbomo

Gadziriro yetsika yenyika haishandi kana zvinhu zvinoshandisa mvura zvomunzvimbomo zvikashaiwa simba reunyanzvi nemari yokushandisa. Chinjo inofanira kubatanidza mari inotsaurirwa nokuda kwokurovedza, kuchinjwa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye tsigiro yokushanda kunzvimbo dzinoshandiswa mvura. Pashure petsunami yeIndian Ocean, Aceh, Indonesia, yakawana kuvaka kukuru kwemvura kupfurikidza nemari inochengeterwa mari yakawandisa, izvo zvakaguma nokuvandudzwa kwemari nokuburitswa kwamakore asingaperi pashure penhambo yokutanga yokunaya.

Kuchinja Zvinhu

Mabanza anoreva zvishomanene pasina mari yakakwana. Kuchinjwa kwomuitiro wemvura wePfter kunofanira kubatanidzwa nemiitiro yemari inotsigirwa.

Mari Yokuvimba Nayo Yakatsaurirwa

Panzvimbo pezvitsama zvakagoverwa zvead hoc, muitiro unofanira kuita mari yakatsaurirwa yokutsigisa nokuda kwokunaya kwemvura, inotsigirwa nemuvhenganiswa wemari yenyika, betsero yokubudirira, uye mari yokuchinja mamiriro okunze. [FLT][1][GROULT] Facity for Disaster Reduction and Recovery[FLT]] [[FFDR]] [G] [GFDRR] [inopiwa mifananidzo yemari yakadaro. Nyika dzinonayamuka munjodzi dzinogona kuisa kuti chikamu chakasikirwa chezvikwereti zvekuvaka chive chikavimbwa chikavimbwa muchivimbo chokuvamba chinogara.

Zvikwereti zvegirini neZvikwereti zveResibino

Zvishandiso zvemari zvitsva zvinogona kukwezva dzimbahwe remunhu oga. Mutemo unogona kubvumira manisiparati kuisa zvisungo zvegirini zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuchinja kwezvirongwa zvemvura. Zvikwereti nokuda kwokuchinjana kwemvura, uko vakweretesi vanokanganwira chikamu chechikwereti chapamutemo mukutsinhana nyika mukushandisa mari inogara ichienda mberi, zvakadzorwa munyika duku dziri kubudirira dzakadai seSeychelles uye zvinogona kuiswa mumashoko akapoteredza apashure pediaster.

Mushandiri Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mhepo

Nepo kuchinja kwemipimo kuchikosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwenguva refu. Mutemo unofanira kubvumira mishonga inoshandiswa kugadzira mishonga izere netsorororo (kubatanidza kudzosera kusimba) uku uchidzivirira mhuri dzine dziviriro kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzomuchinjikwa dzinobva kuvashandisi vemaindasitiri nevemifarwa. Kuchinja kwemafashoni kwePst-disester kunogona kubatanidza gadziriro yokugadziridza yechinguvana inokurukurwa nokuiswa mumugariro unooneka mumakore anoverengeka.

Zvinetso Nemano Okuvakurira

Kuchinja hakutongovi nyore, uye kukurumidzira kwokunaya pashure penjodzi kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nemhinganidzo. Zvinetso zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

  • .Protolical Economey Resistance: Fariro dzinodzorwa `yakadai semakambani okuvaka ane miitiro yakatarwa, kana kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanobetserwa nemugariro wemo project. Sing: Kuvaka mibatanidzwa mirefu inobatanidza nzanga, mapoka enzanga, uye mabhizimisi anofambira mberi. Chinjo inopa sebasa nesundo yemari, kwete murairo chete.
  • Kubatanidza Shortfalls neMitemo mipfupi-Mirefu: Tsika dzokunaya dzinoiswa pamberi nokuda kweyamuro yapakarepo, kuchisiya zvishomanene nokuda kwokuchinja kwenhambo refu. Simbiso: Kubatanidza kuchinja kusvika kumugariro wemo wamarudzi ose nemari dzengwavaira. Shandisa project-projectsss kubvumikisa ukoshi hwekuwedzera migariro yokubudirira.
  • Thrometic Complemity neshoo yeData: Kugadzira mipimo inokurira, gadziriro, uye zvirongwa zvinobatanidzwa kunoda unyanzvi chaihwo hungava husingawaniki. Sitegy: Mubatanidzwa namayunivhesiti, mitumbi yeinjiniya yemaongiri, uye masangano enyika dzakawanda.
  • Importation: Masangano akawanda ane mativi anorongeka anogona kudzosera chinjo. Strategy: Ita chiremera chokunaya chechinguvana nechiremera chakajeka kuronga purogiramu yemvura mumativi ose nemwero yehurumende. Isimbisei kunyura kwapashure pamakore 5/10, kuendesa masimba kusimbisa miviri yechigarire.

Kupedzisa: Kubva pakunaya Kuenda Kukuchinja

Kunaya kwePfter-disaster haisati iri nguvawo zvayo yokuvakazve zvakarasika. Inguva isingawanzowaniki, ine ganhuriro yemikana yemvura yokudzoserazve. Inoiita kuti ive yakasimba zvikuru kumativi enzvimbo, inowirirana zvikuru nokuda kwavagari vemo vakaganhurirwa, uye inotsigirwa zvikuru nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Gadziriro dzinorondedzerwa pano___nemipimo yepfuma yepfuma, mabhii akakwirira, mafashoni emvura, anoronga mipimo yakaenzana, kusimbisa, uye kuvandudza zvinhu. (jekachisipo) Hamuna migaro yakaitwa, munzanga dzose kana kuti murutivi, munzanga kupota nyika, kazhinji nebudiriro. Chisakiso chinodenha icherekedzokera zvamatongerwe enyika uye kugadziridza zvakanaka pamberi pemawindo ava pedyo. Kuchinja uku kugona kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, kunogona kuchinja kuva mutsikano yenjodzi.