Kunyoreswa Kwemitemo Mu Amendedzero Yechina

Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeU.S. chinosimbisa kudzivirirwa kwekutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari. Mashoko acho anoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvipiwe bedzi pachisakiso chinobvira, zvichitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mukuvhozhoteswa kwemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti. Kunzvera kwemagetsi nemari kwouchapupu kunoita kuti izvi zvinodikanwa zvive zvinokosha zvikuru. Mitemo inofanira kufambisa nhevedzano yakaoma pakati penheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzeNyechina yeChina dzemitemo uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa nezvinogadzirwa.

Matare anoshandisa muedzo une mufungo kunzvero dzose nehosha. Apo rugwaro runowanwa, kunzvera kwacho kunonzwika zvakanaka. Pasina murairo, mutoro unowira pahurumende kururamisa kunzvera kwacho mukusiiwa. Nokuda kwenhau dzechitsotsi dzinobatanidza marekodhi eminu, Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa kuti chinodikanwa chinodzivirira kariro yapamutemo yomunhu yemajekerwe emagetsi mumashoko enzvimbo dzechembere dzakabatwa namapoka echitatu akafanana namabhangi, maemail, uye zviteshi zvemanyuko enhau. Chisarudzo chechiratidzo mu [FTLT: 0] [[FLT: 1]] PFLT] "Cententer v. United States [FLT]] [20] [20])

Chikamu chapamutemo chinobatanidzawo chinyorwa cheElectronic Communications Ancy Act (ECPA) neVerd Communications Act (SCA), izvo zvinogadza zvinodikanwa zvemitemo zvokupinda kurukurirano dzamagetsi dzakachengetwa nezvinyorwa zvezvokutengeserana. Somuenzaniso, vaongorori vanotsvaka manyuko ane email arefu kupfuura mazuva 180 kazhinji kazhinji vanoda pamutemo, nepo kusvika kwenguva chaiyo kukurukurirano kungada mirairo yeteinstap. Kunzwisisa izvi zvikamu zvebumbiro remitemo nemitemo zvinovandika kunodenha kugadzira ufakazi hunooneka muzivikanwo uye kunyengera makadhi echikwereti.

Chinokonzera Kubiridzira

Chisakiso chinowirirana nechiteshi chebumbiro remitemo chinofanira kusvitswa pamberi penhau dzinoraira. Mumashoko outsoropodzi hwezviziviso uye kubiridzirwa kwekadhi rechikwereti, zvimwe chisakiso chinowanzovapo kubva mumubatanidzwa wemishumo yanyajambwa, mirariro yemari, kunzvera kwemakombiyuta, uye kutaura kwechapupu. Kudzikamisa kwemitemo kunofanira kutaura zvakananga kunopamura kudavira kune mufungo kuti utsotsi hwakaitika uye kuti ufakazi huchawanwa munzvimbo yakati, yakadai sekombiyuta yapamusha inofungidzirwa, foni, kana kuti nhau yeemail.

Chisakiso chinobvira hachimanikidzi zvikuru kupfuura chibvumikiso chisingapanikiriki asi chinoda zvinopfuura chingori chigaro. Zvikamu zvinotsigira zvikumbiro zvinofanira kugadzwa udzame, mashoko asina kurongeka. Somuenzaniso, mutoo wetengidzo isina kutenderwa unorondwa kukero chaiyo yeIP, yakabatanidzwa nokuzivikanwa kwanyajambwa weanofungidzirwa, zvinogona kutanga chisakiso chinobvira. Madare anorangarirawo hwerengedzo yemigariro, kubatanidza kurovedzwa kwomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye ruzivo mukunzvera kwechitsoropo.

Uchapupu Hwemadhigirii uye Kukosha Kwokubatana

Chinodikanwa cheGavhura rechina chinoraira kuti zvirondedzero zvitsaure nechakananga nzvimbo dzinofanira kunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Mukunzvera kwemichina, ichi chinodikanwa chakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti makombiyuta ane zvitsama zvikuru zvemibatanidzwa isina ukama. Madare akatanga mitemo yokudzivisa, nzvero dzechingwa. MaAffidavits anofanira kuganhurira ufakazi hweufakazi hunowirirana negadziriro yenhema, zvakadai samazita efaira, mipimo yemisi, maakaundi, maakaundi, kana kuti marudzi ezvinyorwa zvemapepa echikwereti, nhamba dzechisaririra cheSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePurcence, maendino aits anokurukura kutengeserana kunyengera kwokunyengera).

Mutemo wenhau wehurumende wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, wakadai se United States v. Blake, unosimbisa kuti maruramiro anobvumidza kubvumwa kwekupinzwa kwekombiyuta kana kuti foni haasati achingobvumidza nenzira yoga kunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau dzose. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kushandisa mitemo yokunzvera inoratidzira ufakazi hwakajeka. Dzimwe zviremera zvinoda muitiro wenhano mbiri: kutanga, kutora mudziyo; chechipiri, kuwana rugwaro rwechipiri runobvumira zvakananga nzvero yakananga. Kunamatira kuidziviriro dzakati kunokosha kudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi.

Basa Rezvinyorwa Zvemari Nemabhangi

Vanzveri vanowanzotsamira pamasaini ezvemari kuti vatange chisakiso chinobvira. Pasi peRight to Financial Act (RFPA), kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuwana judha kana kuti mutarisiri kuti apinde marekodhi ebhangi omutengi. Mumishumo yechikwereti yekadhi rokubiridzira, matanda okutengesa anoratidza kutenga kusina kutenderwa kana kuti kubiridzira kusina pamutemo kuripo kunogona kuumba hwaro hwechisakiso chingabvira. Nenzira yakafanana, mishumo yechikwereti yebhureki nezvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvingazivisa mitoo inonongedzera kufungira kwakananga.

Pavanoshandisa zvipupunu, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuvapa chiziviso chakafanira kumutengi kutoti vahesvurwa nemirairo yedare. Zvisingaitwi pasi peRFPA zvinobatanidza migariro umo kune chikonzero chokudavira kuti ziviso ingaguma nokuparadzwa kwoufakazi kana kuti kubhururuka. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro yemifungo inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hwemari hunoramba husingadaviriki uye hahuputsi maruramiro eGamendment yeChina evanofungidzira kana kuti mapoka echitatu.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kunyange zvazvo chinodikanwa chekubvumidzwa chakasimba, kusava nomutongo kwakawanda kunosanosakagadzwa kunogonesa kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuita pasina maruramiro mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Uku kusiiwa kunofanira kushandiswa nokungwarira mukuzivikanwa uye kunzverwa kwemakadhi echikwereti, sezvo ufakazi hwemiitiro hunowanzopfupikiswa kana kuti hunotapurwa kukutsvaira kuri kure.

Migariro Yakaoma

Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma anoshanda apo vakuru vakuru vanongotaura chisakiso chinobvira uye vanotarisana nechinodikanwa chokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi, dzivirira upenyu, kana kuti kudzivisa kunzvenga. Munhau dzokunyengera, anonyumwira angava achidzima nokushingaira maemail, kuendesa mari, kana kuti kushandisa mirairo yokudzima pafoni. Mukuru mukuru anonyora maidi chaiwo anoratidza kuti ufakazi huri mungozi iri pedyo anogona kuita kutsvaka pasina pamutemo muichinosiyanwa. Matare anonzvera kuva nomufungo kwechitendero chomukuru wacho pakwainozivikanwa panguva yacho. Somuenzaniso, kucherekedza kuvhara mutsetse pakuona mapurisa kungaruramisa kubatwa nechinyamunya.

Zvisinei, kusiiwa hakubvumiri kutsvaka kwavose. Kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, kunzvera kunofanira kuganhurirwa kune zviri madikanwa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Pashure pomugumo wekuchinja, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuwana gwaro rekunzverazve. Mu[FLT]] . California[FLT][FLT][2] [2001] [2014] [200], Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti kunzvera kusingabvumirwi kwemafoni eserura kuti asungwe kunowanzovakwa kusingashandiswi, kusimbisa kuti mashoko emifungo haapi njodzi imwe cheteyo sezvinhu zvinooneka.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kunzvera kunoitwa nokubvuma kwokuzvidira hakudi mutongo. mukunzvera kwokunyengera, vakuru vakuru vangakumbira munyumwiri kana kuti mumwe munhu wechitatu (zvakadai somushandi kana kuti mutezo wemhuri) mvumo yokunzvera muchina kana kuti nhauro. Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kuziva, kuchenjera, uye kupiwa norusununguko, kwete mugumisiro wokumanikidzira kana kuti kunyengera. Kubvuma kungaganhurirwa /_pa somuenzaniso, kunzvera munzvera wefani hakungoerekani kubvumira kunyorwa kwenhau dzegore.

Ganhuriro yeThird-Party Consand Doctrine inobvumira munhu ane chiremera chimwe chete pazvinhu kubvuma kusechwa. Munhau dzokuva munhu anoba, mukwanyina kana kuti mukwanyina angabvuma kunzvera makombiyuta anogoverwa. Zvisinei, kana mumwe akagamuchira zvibvumikiso uye mumwe akaramba, mapurisa haagoni kunzvera kuramba kwechibvumikiso. Iyi dzidziso inogona kuva yakaoma apo vashandisi vazhinji vanogoverana maakaundi kana kuti zvishandiso, somuzvinoitika zvechitsotsi.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Mudzidziso yakajeka, mukuru mukuru angawana ufakazi pasina rugwaro rusingabvumirwi kana kuchikurumidza kuva pachena kuti chinhu chacho ufakazi hwemhosva uye mukuru mukuru wacho aripo nenzira yapamutemo panzvimbo yokuona. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru anoita rugwaro runoshanda rwekadhi rechikwereti rakabiwa angaona bhuku rine maPIN akanyorwa uye nhamba dzeakaundi dzinooneka zvakajeka. Zvisinei, matare anoreva kuti dzidziso yacho haibvumiri kuti kana mukuru mukuru mukuru webasa akanyoresa nenzira yapamutemo anyoresa nhau yeemail (g., kupfurikidza nebvumirano yapamutemo) uye anoona shoko richikurukura kutengeserana kwokunyengera, kuti email ingava inodzorwa mumurangariro wakajeka.

Tsvaka Chinokonzera Kusungwa Nokutsvakurudza

Chinonzvera chokusunga chiitiko chokuvanza chinobvumira vakuru vakuru kunzvera musungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapedyo kuti vadzivirire chengeteko ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Pashure po Riley v. California, uku kusiiwa hakubvumidzi kunzvera kusingabvumirwi kwemashoko eserura enhau kuti asungwe, asi vakuru vakuru vangangotsvaka chishandiso chokunyama (g., chitore kudzivisa kudzima kure) uye unganzvera runhare nokuda kwoufakazi chaihwoihwo (soimakadhi yeSIM). Mukusungwa kwokunyengera, vakuru vakuru vangatora runhare kuti vahuchengetedze mumigariro isati iri yomuzvarirwo, asi rugwaro runodikanwa kubudisa zviri mukati mamagedhi.

Kunzvera magiramu ndeimwe nzira yokurega: apo anofukidza motokari kana kuti anochengeta zvinhu, mapurisa angaita nzvero yenguva dzose yokudzivirira nzvimbo yomuridzi ndokudzivirira dhipatimendi pakuzviti umbavha. Kana mukati mokunzvera munzvero yemotokari yakasungwa nemhosho, vakuru vakuru vanowana rugwaro rwaparera kana kuti mashoko enhema, ufakazi hwacho hungava hunogoneka kunyange pasina pamutemo, kana ndandanda yacho yakatengwa mukuwirirana nemiitiro inogarwa.

Zvinodikanwa Chaizvo Zvinoparadzaniswa

Mumashoko akaganhurirwa, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kunzvera kusina pamutemo kwakavakirwa pa "zvinodikanwa chaizvo" kupfuura kuchengetwa kwomutemowo zvawo, zvakadai sokunzvera muganhu wemuganhu, kuongorora ndege, uye kunzvera kwokunzvera. Nokuda kwokuzviwanira nokunyengera kwemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti, kutsvakisisa muganhu kwakakodzera: hurumende ingatsvaka zvishandiso zvemagetsi pamuganhu pasina pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo matare akaisa miganhuro panzvimbo yenzvero yakadaro. Nenzira yakafanana, vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangatsvaka zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvevadzidzi pasina pamutemo kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuputswa.

Kushandisa Chiziviso Chinonyorwa Nekadhi Rokubiridzira Nerokutenga

Kuba zviziviso kunowanzobatanidza kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwamashoko anozivikanwa nomunhu oga (PII) akadai senhamba dzeSocial Security, nhamba dzekadhi rechikwereti, uye udzame hweakaundi yebhangi. Kubiridzira makadhi echikwereti kunobatanidza zvimiro zvamakweguru zvakadai sekuba makadhi okunyama uye zvimiro zvitsva zvakadai setsotsi remakadhi pachishandiswa Internet. Muzvinoitika zvose zviri zviviri, ufakazi hunowanzovakwa nevechitatu: mabhangi, vagadziri vemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti, vatengesi, vatengesi, maakaunzi dzematsamba, matsamba, uye zviteshi zvemanyuko eIntermheagement.

Pakunzvera iyi mhaka, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kusarudza kana kunyoresa mashoko kumunhu anopa chikwereti, popu, murayiro wedare pasi peTreed Communications Act, kana kuti mubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kuwana kero yeIP yakabatana nokutenga kwokunyengera kwepaIndaneti, vaongorori vangatumira mutengi mukuru kumushambadzi, asi kuti vawane mashoko anonyoresa kubva kumutengi weInternet, vanoda mutengi pasi pe Carplant [ kana mashoko anobatanidza mapepa emasero.

Chinombova chinodikanwa chokuchengeta ufakazi usati wawana chibvumirano. Vanzveri vanogona kubudisa tsamba dzinochengetwa pasi pe 18 U.S.C. 7623 kuti vakuchidziridze vatarisiri kuchengeta zvinyorwa kwamazuva 90 apo rugwaro runenge ruchiwanikwa. Kukundikana kuchengeta ufakazi nokukurumidza kunogona kutungamirira kukupedzerwa kana kuti ruparadziko, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvokuba zvizivikanwo uko vanonyumwira vangabvisa tsoka dzemichina yemichina yemari inoiswa muchengeteko nebvumiro zvinokosha kunokosha nokuda kwokuvakwa kwenhau yakasimba.

Kuchinja Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa Razvino Uno

Mitemo miviri yemajere yakagadziridzazve nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwoufakazi hwemipimo mukunzvera kwechitsotsi. Riley v. California yakataura kuti mapurisa anowanzoda murairo wokunzvera zviri pakati pemichina yeserura yabatwa nechinoitika chokusungwa. Dare rakaziva kuti serura dzazvino uno dzine mashoko akavanzika zvikuru uye hadzina kushandira zvinhu zvenyama zvakafanana nezvikwama kana kuti mabhegi. Chisarudzo ichi chinoshanda zvakananga kufeyiso, apo foni dzinochengeta kazhinji kazhinji mapepa, maapps emari, uye magwaro okusimbisa.

Karplate v. United States Chidzitiro cheChina cheFijimende inotambanudzwa kumashoko enzvimbo yenhau (CSSLI) aichengetwa navanopa masero. Dare rakawana kuti kupinza CSLI kunoumba kunzvera uye kunoda pamutemo unotsigirwa nezvisakiso zvinobvira. Iyi chisarudzo chinotapura kunzvera kwokunyengera kunotsamira panzvimbo kuti kuiswe panofungira mashoko panzvimbo panofungidzirwa kuva chitemeso chetsoro. Pashure pe Centententer[, matare mazhinji akaderera akada maruramiro enhau dzakafanana nezvisakiso, kubatanidza kunzvera chaiwo kwenguva chaiyo uye matepi ebasa kubva mumadhiragi.

Zvimwe zvinoitika zvinowirirana zvinobatanidza United States v. Wurie (shamwari ku [FLT:]] Riley), iyo yakajekesa kuti chiitiko chokutsvaka kuisa shaviro hakushandi kumitengo yorunhare, uye [[FLT] United States v. Graham, iyo yakataura zvinodikanwa nokuda kwenhau CSSLI. Iyi mienzaniso yose inosimudza danda rokuchengeta mutemo: hurumende inofanira kuwana mawirirano eufakazi hwakavanzika hwakavanzika hwakawanda hwemazati, achisiya mitoo yemiitiro yemazatiapure) inongosiya bedzi mipimo mikuru yamashoko yakakomba yakadai sezvinonyoresa.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Okumanikidza Mutemo

Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvokupa magwaro hakusi kungodzidzawo zvako; kunotapura zvakananga kusakwaniriswa kwoufakazi nebudiriro yokuroverera mhaka. Masangano anochengeta mutemo anofanira kurovedza navanoongorora pamusoro pemisiyano yemitemo yemichina. Mumapoka echitsotsi, kunozivikanwa navose kuva nezvikwata zvekombiyuta zvinosarudza masangano ekombiyuta anoshanda pamwe chete navachuchisi kunyora zvibvumikiso zvemitemo yakananga uye sezvinobvira zvinoparira.

Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza:

  • Kudhirowa magwaro anoratidza kuti munhu wacho anenge anyengerwa anonyatsoratidza uchapupu hwakati hwemakombiyuta, achishandisa mashoko ezvaakaitirwa, matanda okutengeserana, kero dzeIP, uye kubvunzurudzwa kwaanoitwa.
  • Kukumbira mvumo yokushandisa "data imaginiform" midziyo inogadzira makopi okugadzira isimbi pasina kuchinja mafaira epakutanga, nemitemo yakakwana yokudzivisa kudarika mwero wetsamba yacho.
  • Kukumbira magwaro pamberi pokusunga munyumwiri, kutoti migariro yakashata iripo, kudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa pasi pe Riley.
  • Kushandisa zvikumbiro zvokuchengetedza kudzivisa kushatisa apo unenge uchiwana rugwaro, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzokuba zvinyorwa dzinobatanidza maakaundi ebhangi namabasa ee eemail.
  • Kubvunza vachuchisi pakuvamba mukunzvera kuva nechokwadi chokuti maturusi akasarudzwa apamutemo (asina kutendeka, akaderera, mutongo wedare) anowirirana norudzi rwamashoko aitsvakwa nomupimo wapamutemo unodikanwa.

Imwe rangariro inoshanda kubatwa kwoufakazi hwakatorwa mukamuri. Kana chibvumikiso chikabvumidza kunzvera kombiyuta, vanzveri vangada murairo wakasiyana wokupinda maakaundi egore anonyumwirwa kana kombiyuta imene isina mashoko egore. Chibvumirano cheVed Communications Act chinoisa zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvokufumura zviri mukati megore. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, kwakachengeteka kuwana rugwaro rumwe runofukidza zvose zviri zviviri chishandiso chokunze nenhau dzakati dzegore dzinoziviswa muaffidavit.

Pakupedzisira, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pezvinodikanwa zvehurumende nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inopfuura dziviriro dzeGenetine Amendment. Somuenzaniso, hurumende ingada maruramiro enzvimbo yesero kunyange apo mutemo wehurumende ungasadaro. Varwi vanoshanda pamwe chete basa kana kuti zviitiko zvokunyengera zvakawanda zvinofanira kuva zvinoziva mupimo unodzivirira zvikuru uye kuushandisa nguva dzose kudzivisa kudzvinyirira ufakazi.

mhedziso

Mipimo yapamutemo nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvinozivisa uye mhaka dzekadhi rokubiridzira zvinenge zvarongwa kudzikamisa kunzvera kunobudirira nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Chisakiso chinowirirana chinoramba chiri ibwe rekona, uye chinodikanwa chaicho chinovimbisa kuti nzvero yemitauro inonangidzirwa uye kwete kupfuura. Kusiyanisa semigariro yakakomba, kubvumira, murangariro wakajeka, uye kunzvera kunopa ganhuriro dzinogovera kuchinjika kuri madikanwa, asi zvinorangarirwa chaizvoizvo nematare. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kwemitemo muzera remitengo, zvichiita kuti ive madikanwa kuti mutemo urambe uripo nedzidziso dzinochinja.

Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kuiyi mipimo, vaongorori vanogona kuchengetedza ufakazi husingachinjiki ndokutsigira perero yegadziriro yeruramisiro. Kukanganisika kupi nokupi kwechinhu chakashata (hwupi neripi) kana kungava rugwaro rwakashata, kunzvera kwapamhizha, kana kuti kusiiwa kusingazivikanwi (hwchinotungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hwokutsoropodza nokupinza mungozi kupondwa. Naizvozvo, nzwisiso yakakwana yegadziriro yapamutemo haisati iri yokusarudza; inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukurwisa zita rake netsoropotedzo yekadhi rechikwereti nenzira inobudirira uye nenzira inotenderwa.