Kunzwisisa pfungwa yepamutemo yokuzvitonga kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti dare rehurumende reUnited States rinodzivirira sei masangano ehurumende pamhosva. Marudzi makuru maviri aripo: kuzvidzivirira kwoutongi uye kudzivirirwa kwehurumende. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvinodzivirira mitumbi yehurumende kubva paridziro rakasiyana, zvinosimuka kubva panheyo dzemitemo, zvinoshanda kumadzishe akasiyana, uye zvinoshanda pasi pezvisingaonekwi. Kusiyaniswa uku kune zvakunoreva zvikuru kuvanhu vanotsvaka kuita kuti vatambi vehurumende vapiwe mhosva uye kuti vave nedzikano yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Munyaya ino, tinoongorora mavambirwo, uye kudzorwa kwehurumende, uye kudzorwa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende, kugovera nhungamiro yakakwana nokuda kwenyanzvi dzepamutemo, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende muUnited States.

Changamire Anosabatana Chii?

Changamire acustotion idzidziso yapamutemo inodzivisa hurumende kusatongwa pasina mvumo. Inonangidzira mavambo adzo kumutemo wechiNgezi, umo chirevo chokuti "Mambo haagoni kuita chakaipa" sutu dzakadzikwa paGrona. Pashure pechinjo yeAmerica, United States yakagamuchira iyi nheyo, asi yakachinjwa kuibatanidza gadziriro yehurumende umo uchangamire hunokamurwa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Dzidziso yacho inoratidzira pfungwa yokuti hurumende, samanyuko omutemo, haifaniri kuzviisa pasi pomuitirowo wose wokutonga kutoti yazviisa pasi payo nokuzvidira. Mukufamba kwenguva yakati, matare nemitemo zvakanyora zvashatisa kudzivirira kusaruramisira, asi nheyo inosara: kudzivirira uchangamire imhinganiso yakakwana kurwisana nehurumende.

MuUnited States, kudzivirira zvirwere kwazvigaro kunoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, asi nokutsaurana kunokosha. Kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu echibharo kunodzivirira hurumende yeUnited States, masangano ayo, nevakuru vakuru vayo vari kuita mabasa avo ehurumende. Hurumende inodzivirira hurumende imwe neimwe, masangano adzo, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kushanda pakati peidzi dziviriro dzinoita kuti pave nemibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekuti ndirini uye apo murwi wemarigatal angakwidza chiva chikwata chehurumende. Kunzwisisa kusawirirana kwacho kunonetsa nemhaka yokuvapo kwemishonga (ne mishonga) uye mapepa okuzvidzivirira anokwanisa kutevera mauri.

Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende

Hurumende inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inosimudzirwa zvikurukuru muDemendition ye115 kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakatenderwa muna 1795. Kugadziridzwa kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuchisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare mu Chajolm v. Georgia [[1793]], apo Dare rakati mugari weSouth Caroline angakwidza nyika mudare rehurumende. Yakadzorwa nomutemo uyu, inotaura nokukurumidza kuti kudzorerwa kwemitemo yemitemo kuti idzore kunzwisiswa kwetsika dzisingagoni kupiwa pasina kubvumirana. Kuchinja kwaparwa kwemitemo kweUnited States hakuzotengwi kuti kutambanurwe kudare ripi neratisi kana kuti kutonge kutongwa neUnited States, kana kuti kutongerwa neChikamu cheHurumende cheUnited States kana kuti chipfuure.

Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rweA11th Amendment ruchingoringanira mikana yakajeka bedzi kupfurikidza navagari vemo vehurumende vasipo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaridudzira kuva mumuviri nheyo huru yokudzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwoutongi hwehurumende. Muiyi dudziro, masangano anowanzodzivirirwa pasutu dzinounzwa nevagari vomunyika mavo vamene mudare rehurumende, uye kunyange kubva musutu mudare rehurumende kutoti hurumende yabvuma. Dzidziso yacho yakatambanudzwa kudzivirira masangano ehurumende nezvishandiso zvinorangarirwa kuva "masimba ehurumende."

Kuparadzana Kunoitwa naChangamire weHurumende

Pasinei zvapo noupamhi hwayo, kuzvidzivirira padziviriro kwehurumende hakuna kukwana.

  • : Hurumende inogona kubvisa nokuzvidira dziviriro yayo youtongi nokubvuma kupfeka. MaWaiver anogona kuratidzirwa / kupfurikidza nomutauro wetsika kana kuti bumbiro remitemo (mutoo remitemo) rinorehwa, kunyange zvazvo matare achizengurira kuwana vaparadzi vanorehwa. Mitengo yakawanda yakagadza zvirevo zvinobvumira marudzi akati emhosva kurwisana nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvetsika neketi.
  • Kuparadza kunoitwa neDare: Congress, mumigariro yakati, kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo unobvumira zvakajeka sututi mukurwisana nehurumende. Zvisinei, iri simba rinoganhurirwa kumitemo inoitwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheGeneti Amendment, apo Congress inomanication inomanisira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Mu SAMINOLE REF TH of Florida v. Florida (1966), Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti Dare reHurumende harigoni kudzivirira panzvimbo inopesana richishandisa masimba aro I (g.Claus).
  • Suits Against State Accouncils (Kusvikira Kudzidziso Yokupedzisira Youduku): Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Ex parte Young [1908]) rakatanga kuti sutu inorwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokukarirwa kweyamuro inopfuurira yokudzivisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende imene. Uku kupesana kunobvumira vatendi voga kudenha zviito zvehurumende pasina kushandisa fomu rePremishoni. Mukuru mukuru anobatwa somunhu oga uyo akapfuura chiremera chake kana kuti chiremera chake chapamutemo.
  • Mitemo Pasi peMitemo Yoga yeFederal: Mitemo yakati yehurumende inobvumira zvakajeka sututi mukurwisana nenyika. Somuenzaniso, vaAmerica vane Urema Act (ADA) uye Family and Medical Let Act (FMLA) yakadudzirwa kudziviriro yehurumende inodzorwa nedanho chairo, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwakaganhurirwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa.

Kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo kwehurumende kunopfuurira kuva nzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru yomutemo. Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru munhau dzePramendement yegumi naMakumi nerimwe dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, ona Cornell Legal Information Institute yeAleminth Amendment.

Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende

Kusadzivirirwa kwehurumende kunodzivisa kurwisa zvirwere kwehurumende kunodzivirira kukuvadziko yeUnited States kusingabvumirwi. Kusafanana nehurumende inodzivisa kukuvadzwa, iyo ine chitsigiso chapamutemo chakananga muEntellimendment yechiNgezi, kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu okunze kwehurumende idzidziso yavose yomutemo yakavakirwa mugamuchidzanwa reEngland. Dare Gurusa reUnited States rakaziva pakuvamba kuti hurumende yehurumende haingagoni kupiwa mvumo pasina mvumo yayo, nheyo inoramba yakabatana kana Congress yakatation ikatapurwa. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kwete bedzi kuhurumende imene asiwo kumasangano ehurumende nevashandi vanoshanda mukati mebasa ravo rehurumende.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rakagadza mitemo yakawanda yokuti kudzivirira zvirwere kunofanira kupiwa vanhu kuti vasapinda mukurwisana nehurumende, nokudaro richibvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kukwirira hurumende.

  • Mutemo weTucker (1887):[FLT: 1] Uyu mutemo unodzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo nokuda kwezvinotaurwa muUnited States zvakavakirwa paBumbiro reMitemo, mirau yehurumende, mirau yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvehurumende. Tucker Act inogovera simba kuU.S. Dare reFederal remari nokuda kwezvirevo zvinopfuura $10 000, uye kumatare eruwa nokuda kwezvinotaurwa kuti zvinosvika ku $10 000. Zvisinei, Tucker Act haisiisii kutanga kodzero dzechimbino dzinodzorwa; inongogovera bedzi mushonga apo munhu anenge atovapo.
  • Federal Tort Actions Act (FTCA) (1946): FTCA inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pasimba kwapamutemo nokuda kwezvirevo zvetort zvinobuda mumabasa enyepedzo kana kuti akaipa evashandi vehurumende vanoita mabasa avo. Inobvumira vashandi vehurumende kuti vakwirire muUnited States nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga, kana kuti rufu rwakaipa mumigariro umo munhu oga aizova anotaputswa nomutemo wehurumende. FCA inobatanidza kusarura kwakawanda, sokutaura kwokurwisana, kwakananga kumabasa, mamwe mabasa okuzvirongwa.
  • Mamwe Mabumbiro eMitemo: Anoparadza dziviriro nokuda kwemibato yakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza kutaura pasi peChitemo Chakachena chemvura, Fair Labor Standard Act, uye Act. Kuwedzera, [FLT]] BIVS[ dzidziso inobvumira zvipfeko mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa mumitezo yavo yemitemo inoputsa mutemo, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakaganhurira nguva pfupi yapfuura kukura kwaro.

Mativi Makuru Echinoumba Changamire WeFederal

Chinodzivisa kurwisa zvirwere zvamagariro avanhu kunoshanda zvakasiyana nezvinodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende mumativi anoverengeka. Chokutanga, manyuko okudzivisa kukuvadzwa hausi pamutemo asi inzvimbo yavose yomutemo kuti chigamuchichidzo hachigoni kupiwa pasina kubvuma kwacho. Chechipiri, vanotapurwa nehurumende vanotapurwa nemitemo nguva dzose uye vanofanira kuva "vasingazvidzorwi" murugwaro rwomutemo. Madare anodzivisa chaizvoizvo kurwisa hurumende.

Rumwe rutivi runokosha nderwokuti kudzivirira dziviriro yehurumende kwehurumende kunogona kumutswa padanho ripi neripi rekukwirira. Hurumende ingakumbirawo kudzivirirwa mukupindura kurwisana neclaims uye kutaura kwechitatu. Zvisinei, apo hurumende inotanga kukwirira mhaka, kazhinji kazhinji inokanganisa dziviriro nokuda kwokumanikidzirwa kwemasclaim anobuda mubhizimisi rimwe chetero kana kuti chinoitika.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pehurumende naChangamire Mukuru

Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirira hurumende nehurumende kuchiita kuti isaparadzwe, kuisa nheyo dzayo mumatare, kukura kwayo, uye kupesana kwayo kunonyatsosiyana.

Kunokonzera Kusabatana

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaramba richidavira kuti Dare Rechigumi Nechitanhatu rine mutemo unodzivirira zvirwere unobva musutu mudare rehurumende, uye rinoshandawo kudare rehurumende senhau youchangamire hwehurumende.

Nzvimbo Yokudzivirira

Hurumende inodzivirira Hurumende kuzvidzivirira padziviriro dzinodzivirira nyika, masangano ehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoita mabasa avo ehurumende. Haidziviriri vagari vemo, vaverengeri, kana kuti masangano ehurumende, ayo anorangarirwa kuva mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pezvombo zvehurumende. Kudzivirira Hurumende kwehurumende kunodzivirira hurumende yeUnited States, masangano ayo, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoita mabasa avo ehurumende. Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kuiswa musimba ravo rimwe nerimwe nokuda kwokupunzi kwetsika dzamabumbiro emitemo pasi pe Bivens [[FLT]], kunyange zvazvo kudzivirira kukwakakodzera kazhinji kazhinji kuzvidzivirira kungavadzivirira pamhosva.

Waiver Nokubvisa Marara

Varwi vesimba rokusatapurwa nekodzero yenyika vanofanira kubva kuhurumende imene, kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti zvimwe kupfurikidza nokubvuma migariro yepurogiramu yehurumende. Congress inogona kudzivirira hurumende mukusatapurwa bedzi apo inoshanda pasi peChikamu 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo ye14. Kudzivisa kudzora kunogona kukanganiswa neCongress kupfurikidza nomutauro wakajeka unoitwa pasi pemasimba ayo ose anorongwa. Vakwaniri vehurumende vanorangarirwa chose chose chose chose mukutsigira hurumende, kureva kuti kusava nechinhu chose chose chose kunosarudzwa mukuwana muparadzikidziro.

Mishonga Yakasiyana Neyakasiyana

Chisino musiyano chikurusa kuvhota chirevo chokuzvitonga i dzidziso yeChidiki, inobvumira sututi nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi dzidziso haibvumiri kuvadziko yemari inobva mupfuma yehurumende. Pasi peFTCA ne Tucker Act, vadziviriri vehurumende vanobvumira nokuda kwekuvadziko yemari, asi vanodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvebasa rokusarudza uye kudzosera mishonga. Nokuda kwechibvumirano chehurumende, [[FLT:] BB] Mitemo yehurumende, [[FLT]] mibato inogovera zviito zvokurapa zvirango zvemari inobvumira kuvadziko dzinoparadza [FFF:3], asi Dare rave riri kutambanurira ku [FFFF]

Mashoko Anoshanda

Kubva mumurangariro weligigator, musiyano unokosha zvikuru. Mutengi anotsvaka kudenha mutemo wehurumende kana kuti muitiro kazhinji kazhinji achapomera mukuru mukuru wehurumende pasi pe Ex pacee Young mudare rehurumende kuti awane murairo, panzvimbo pokuisa hurumende yacho zvakananga. Zvisinei, muparadzi anofanira kuwana chirango chakananga, chakadai sehurumende yokutaura chiito. Murwi wehurumende, muteobhii anogona kuisa mudare reFTCA pasi peTChee kana kuti pasi peTroff yeTrect yebvumirano kana kuti chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, hurumende ingawana chiwi chaanogaro chakakwirira sedziviriro, uye chihopete.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwokusatapurwa kwegadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica, U.S. Department yeRuramisiro yepfupiso yepfupiso yechisarudzo chokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi inogovera nhungamiro ine chiremera pavarapi vehurumende.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende uye kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende idzidziso dzakasiyana- siyana dzinobatira zvinangwa zvakafanana: kudzivirira masangano ehurumende pakusabvumirwa. Kudzivirirwa kwehurumende kwakavakirwa muPramende ye115 nepfungwa youchangamire hwembiri, nepo kudzivirira hurumende iri nheyo yemitemo yokuti Congress inogona kukuvadza. Zvose izvi dzidziso dzakadzika midzi, zvakadai se Ex parce Young[FLD] dzidziso yehurumende uye FCA yehurumende yehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anokwirira kushatasva vatambi vehurumende. Kuwanika kweyamuro. Kugona kuwanikwa kwechipo kwechipo pakati pezvisaruso zviri pamutemo. [FFom]