Chitanga: Chivako cheAmerican Federalism

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende hunoumba mavambo eUnited States ̱ gadziriro yokutonga. Uku kukamukana kwesimba, kunozivikanwa sehurumende, kwakanga kuri chisarudzo chamaune cheSangano reBumbiro remitemo ̱ maframendi, akatsvaka kuumba hurumende yorudzi yakasimba zvakakwana kubatanidza hurumende nepo ichichengeta utongi hwehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa misiyano pakati pehurumende nehurumende hakusi kungoshandawo zvako kwedzidzo; kunotapura zvakananga mugari wemo ari wose ̱ upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva kumitero yavanobhadhara uye migwagwa yavanoendesa kumugariro wazvo wemhepo yavanofema uye mipimo yezvikoro zvavo zvinovapo. Nyaya iyi inogovera kupfupikisana, kuoneka kwakakwana kwemapoka pakati pemasimba maviri, kuongorora mativi esimba ravo, kurwisana nemasimba emitemo, uye kupfuurira kupfuurira kururamisa.

Tsika Yebumbiro Remitemo Yechiremera Chehurumende

Chiremera chehurumende chakatangwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., gwaro iro rakaumba hurumende yorudzi yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akagoverwa. Vagadziri vaingwarira kuronga nharaunda chaidzo umo hurumende yehurumende yaigona kuita chiito, vachivimbisa kuti ingagona kushanda nenzira inobudirira panhau dzorudzi nepo ichisiya kumwe kudzora kwose kunyika. Iyi nheyo yenheyo ndiyo nhambo yokutanga yokunzwisisa tsika yose.

Masimba Akavapo

Aya ndiwo masimba akarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Anoumba musimboti womutoro womubatanidzwa. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza simba ku:

  • [[[FRAT:0] Mari yemari [ uye inodzora ukoshi hwayo.
  • Yakabatanidza interstate nekutengeserana kwokumwe [, kunowanzonzi Claus weChommerce.
  • Kupa hondo [ ndokusimudza nokutsigira mauto nehondo dzegungwa.
  • [ Mitemo yakafanana yokugadzira [ nemitemo yokutama.
  • [ Estaglish post nepositi migwagwa.
  • maruramiro okunyoresa namaruramiro okunyoresa kusimudzira sayenzi nounyanzvi.

Masimba Akashandiswa

Kupfuura masimba ayo akanyorwa, hurumende yehurumende ine masimba akarehwa. Aya haasati achitaurwa zvakajeka asi anorangarirwa kuva ari madikanwa neakafanira nokuda kwokuita mabasa ayo akaverengwa. Uyu mufungo, wakabva muInict and Faith Claus (muChikamu Iwo, Chikamu 8), wave uri manyuko ewedzero huru yechiremera chehurumende. Nokuti muenzaniso, nepo Bumbiro reMitemo renyika risati richizotanga dare renyika yose, Dare rapamusoro renyika mu [FLT] MCloch. [[FLT]] v. Mary .[FLT:]]] [18]) yakatonga kuti kuita saizvozvo kwakanga kuri mutoo wakakodzera kushandisa masimba aro kubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Chivako chikuru chechiremera chehurumende ndiSupremacy Claus, chinowanwa muChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo. Chinosimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende inoitwa kuti ive yakabatana naro, uye zvibvumirano i imitemo inopamhidza yenyika ye. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unoshanda nomutemo wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unobatira. Iyi nheyo yokubvisa inovimbisa kuva mubatanidzwa worudzi panhau dzeitiro yemubatanidzwa uye inodzivisa kushatisa mutemo.

Fandesheni Yebumbiro reMitemo Yechiremera Chehurumende

Chiremera chehurumende chinowana maruramiro acho zvikurukuru muTenth Amendment to the Constitution. Chinoiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, Pendlement yeTendith inodudza nenzira pfupi: ̴ masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, akachengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. ̵ Icho ichi chiyeuchidzo chine simba chokuti hurumende yehurumende ndiyo imwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, inogoverwa, nepo nyika inochengeta chiteshi chikuru chehurumende.

Simba Rakachengetwa Namapurisa

Chikamu chakafara zvikurusa uye chinokosha zvikurusa chechiremera chehurumende i simba rehurumende. Iri harisi simba rine chokuita nokuchengetwa kwomutemo mupfungwa yakatetepa; panzvimbo pezvo, isimba rinogarwa naro rehurumende kugadza mitemo nemirau yokudzivirira nokusimudzira , chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yevagari vemo. Irori ndiro nheyo yemitemo yenyika neyomunzvimbomo yakawanda.

  • [[FLT: 0] Utano hwePublic: Kubaya majekiseni, kutungamirira zvipatara, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinetso zvoutano.
  • Public Safety: Kuratidzira mabumbiro eutsotsi, kuisa ganhuriro dzekumhanya, uye kudzora kukotsekana kwomwoto.
  • [[[NHAU]] Marosa neTrivernel: Kudzora kubhejera, kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka, uye kuronga nzvimbo nokuda kwekubudirira kwenzanga.
  • Ricens: Kubudisa marezenisi enyanzvi nokuda kwavanachiremba, magweta, vagetsi, uye vagadziri vedzimba.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nezvivako

Nyika imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rinoshanda segwaro remitemo rakakwirira rehurumende iyoyo. Iyi bumbiro remitemo rinowanzogovera kunyange dziviriro dzine udzame zvikuru nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Nyika dzine mutoro wokusika zvimiro zvadzo dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza mabhii, maguta, uye mataundi makuru, uye kugovera chiremera kuidzo. Ikoku kunoparira mubatanidzwa wakaoma wehurumende apo chiremera chinoyerera chichibva kuhurumende chichidzika kuenda kumanisiparati omunzvimbomo.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pechiremera Chehurumende Nechikuru

Nepo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende ichigoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo yokubatira vanhu, zvivako zvayo nezvikamu zvechiremera zvinosiana munzira huru.

Dimension Federal Authority State Authority
Source of Power Constitution (enumerated and implied powers) Tenth Amendment (reserved powers)
Scope of Power Limited to powers granted by the Constitution Broad and general, covering all matters not prohibited
Geographic Reach Applies uniformly across the entire nation Applies only within that state’s borders
Law Creation Federal laws are largely consistent in all states State laws can vary widely, creating a patchwork of regulations
Primary Focus National defense, foreign policy, interstate commerce Local health, safety, education, intrastate commerce
Conflict Resolution Federal law is supreme under the Supremacy Clause States can challenge federal overreach in court

Chiremera Chehurumende Chiri Mubasa: Nharaunda Huru Dzokudzora Kworudzi

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera chayo munharaunda umo kufanana kworudzi kana kuti kuita kumwe, kwakarongeka kunotsoropodza.Heino mienzaniso yakatanhamara inoverengeka.

Kutama - tama Nokuzvimba

Simba rapoga rokudzora kutama nokugadza mitemo yokuva mugari wemo riri muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende.Masangano eFederal, kubatanidza Rusando rweU.S. uye Misangano yokutora IMMIGUS) uye Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), inoshandisa iyi mitemo. Nepo hurumende panhambo nenhambo dzakaedza kuumba mitemo yavo vamene yokuita kuti vatamire, nhamburiko zhinjisa dzakadaro dzakaparadzwa nematare sedzinoputsa hurumende yehurumende ̱ chiremera chapose pose pamusoro pomutemo wokupinda munyika.

Kutengeserana Kwenyika Nekudzorwa Kwemari

Commerce Claus yave iri injini ine simba yokuwedzera chiremera chehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva kumisika yechengeteko nemutemo unorwisana noutendi wezvinhu kusvikira kumibato yezvisaririra nezvinotumirwa munyika. Kuumbwa kwamasangano akazvimirira akadai seSecureties and Exchange Commissions Commission (FCC) kunoratidzira kuti hurumende yehurumende inotarisira sei zvivako, mibato yezvemari.

Kudzivirira Nyika Nenhau Dzedzimwe Nyika

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa hurumende yehurumende simba rinodokuva rorumano pamuitiro wokumwe nedziviriro yorudzi. Purezidhendi anobatira saMutungamiriri wemauto akashongedzerwa, uye Congress ane simba rokuzivisa hondo nokutsigira mauto. Mitemo inorambidzwa zvakajeka kupinda muwirirano kana kuti kupinda muhondo, kunze kwengozi iri pedyo.

Kubhadharwa Kwemitero

Hurumende yehurumende inoisa mitero, kubatanidza mitero yemari inowanwa yomunhu oga neyemakambani, kubhadhara mitero yemitero yemitero yesocial Security and Medicare, uye kuisa mitero yemitero pazvinhu zvakadai sepeturo nezvinodhaka. iyi mitero inotsigira gadziriro huru dzenyika idzo dzinotapura purogiramu huru dzeAmerica iri yose, dzakadai sendyiko yeNzanga yeNzanga yechengeteko, zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvepfuma, uye kuwanda kwegadziriro dzinopa mapurogiramu anodira kunyika.

Chiremera cheHurumende Chiri Kushanda: Nharaunda Huru Dzokudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Chiremera chehurumende chinodzora mibato yezuva nezuva iyo ine tapuro yakananga zvikurusa paupenyu hwavagari vemo. Kusiana kwemitemo yenyika kunoratidzira mipimo yakasiana nezvinokosha zvavagari vazvo.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nomutemo

Ruzhinjisa rwomutemo woutsotsi mutemo wehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rokuranga rinorondedzera utsotsi uye zvirango zvavo. Kuvambira pakuputswa kwemotokari kusvikira kuutsotsi hwakakomba soumhondi neutsotsi, mutoro mukuru wokuchengeta mutemo, kutongerwa mhaka, uye kusungwa unova nehurumende.

Dzidzo

Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigovera mari uye ichiisa nhungamiro dzakafara kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seAll Students Foundes Act (Essa), hurumende dzinosarudza mipimo yadzo dzimene yedzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo, miitiro yomudzidzisi yokunyora magwaro, uye nzira dzokutsigira mari dzechikoro. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumhatsa huru mumugariro wedzidzo uye kusvika munyika yose.

Mutemo Wemhuri Newemhuri

Nyika dzine udzori hwese hwemitemo yemhuri, kubatanidza roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, tsigiro yavana, uye kurera vana. Nepo Dare Gurusa rakatanga dzimwe kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo munharaunda ino (zvakadai sekodzero yokuroora), miitiro yapamutemo yakananga nezvinodikanwa zvinogadzwa nehurumende imwe neimwe.

Zvinhu uye Mutemo Waibatanidza Zvinhu

The fundamental rules governing property ownership, landlord-tenant relationships, real estate transactions, and business contracts are established by state law. This is why the process of buying a house, forming a corporation, or suing for breach of contract differs depending on the state.

Simba Razvino: Uko Chiremera Chehurumende Nehurumende Chinoderera

Nharaunda dzakawanda dzekudzora hadzisi dzehurumende kana kuti hurumende chete asi panzvimbo pezvo dzinogoveranwa. Aya anozivikanwa se masimba enguva imwe cheteyo. Muidzi nharaunda, mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kuita chiito, chero bedzi isingaputsi Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano nomutemo wehurumende wapamutemo.

  • . . . . . . . . . Vagari vemo vazhinji vanobhadhara zvose zviri zviviri mutero wemari yemari yehurumende nemari yemari yehurumende (muhurumende zhinjisa).
  • Systems: United States ine gadziriro mbiri dzedare. matare eFederal anotonga mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pehurumende, apo matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzikamiswa kwemipimo yetsika: Hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo yemhoteredzo yorudzi (sezvinei, Clean Air Act), asi masangano anowanzopiwa chiremera chokushandisa ndokumanikidzira iyi mipimo uye anogona kunyange kugadza mirau yorumano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzika muromo: Hurumende yehurumende inodzora mabhangi enyika, asi hurumende inoronga uye inodzora mabhangi ehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fublication: Hurumende yehurumende inoita mari huru mumigwagwa mikuru yenyika, asi nyika dzine mutoro wokuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa yadzo dzimene namabhiriji, kazhinji kazhinji nebetsero yehurumende.

Kudzikamiswa Kukuru Kwesimba: Rwisano Nebatira Pamwe

Ukama pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende hahuna kubatana.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Dare Repamusorosoro rinoita basa rinokosha serinosimudzira kukakavadzana kwehurumende.

  • Mcloch v. Maryland (1819): yakasimbisa dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa ndokusimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa kupfuura mutemo wehurumende unorwisana.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): inorondedzerwa zvikuru Congress ’ inodzora kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995): Yakaiswa musimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuvhura mutemo waipfuura Congress ’ inoratidzira chiremera chezvokutengeserana, chinoratidzira nhamburiko inokosha yokudzivirira simba rehurumende.
  • [FLT]Foderation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:] yakabatanidza murairo womunhu oga weAffordcable Care Act asi Congress & #8217; simba rokunyima mari yose iripo yeMedicaid kubva kumitengo inosarudza kusakudza purogiramu.

Zvinetso Zvehurumende Nokuvaka

Mitemo ine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvokudzorera kuchiremera chehurumende. Vanogona kuisa mhaka dzinodenha kuva pamutemo kwemitemo yehurumende. Vanogona kupinda mu kuisa panzvimbo , rondedzero inomutsa nharo iyo inotaura kuti ine maruramiro ku ̴interposite ” ivo vamene kumisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende wavanorangarira kuva usina kubatana. Zvinotodaro, inotaura kuti kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshandisa gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, inosimudzira bvumirano nokuda kwechinjo dzemitemo yehurumende kana kuti kutsvaka zvidzoreso nokushatsa mukuitwa kwegadziriro dzehurumende.

Basa Ramagadhireni

Muchairi mukuru wepesvedzero yehurumende ari kupfurikidza ne shascalism yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mazana amabhiriyoni amadhora mukupa mari kuti izivise. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinouya nemigariro, zvinoraira nenzira inobudirira hurumende kuwirirana nenharidzano dzehurumende mukutsinhana nokuda kwemari. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakabudirira kukwidziridza zera rayo rokunwa rapamutemo kusvikira ku 21 kupfurikidza nokubatanidza ichi chinodikanwa kumari yomubatanidzwa wemumugwagwa mukuru. Nepo zvichibvumirwa nomutemo, uyu muitiro unoramba uri manyuko enyaidzo, sezvo unobvumira hurumende yehurumende yehurumende kupesvedzera nzvimbo dzakachengeterwa kudzorwa kwetsika.

Matambudziko Azvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yemagariro Enyika

Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica zvomunguva ino zvinoratidzirwa nekakavadzano dzakasimba pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira yesimba pakati peWashington nenyika.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA) yakaita chibvumirano chakaoma. Hurumende yehurumende inogadza mitemo yakawanda, inoisa inishuwarenzi, uye inotakura musika, asi hurumende ine chisarudzo chokushandisa tsinhano dzayo imene yeinishuwarenzi uye ine uchenjeri hukuru pamapurogiramu ayo eMedicaid. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuputsanya kwakakamukana, nedzimwe nyika dzichibatanidza mutemo zvizere uye dzimwe dzichiudzivisa nokushingaira.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Nyika dzakafanana neCalifornia dzakashandisa chiremera chadzo kugadza mipimo yemotokari inonyanyobudisa utsi zvikuru kupfuura zvinoda hurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pokuti hurumende yehurumende inogona kubvisa hurumende ’ inodzivisa kugadza iyi mipimo, ichisimbisa kupesana pakati pouviri hworudzi nomuedzo wehurumende.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Zvichida muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa wazvino uno werwisano yenyika ndeyembanje. Nyika zhinji dzakanyoresa mbanje kuti ishandiswe mukurapa kana kuti kutandara, zvichipesana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, unotaura kuti mbanje ishambadzi yeSamende I inodzorwa. Hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza zvikurukuru kusaita kuti mutemo wayo utevedzerwe mumitemo inoinyoresa, ichiita kuti mhando isina kugadzikana uye isina kuvimbwa nepamutemo ivepo.

Mugumisiro: Gadziriro Yakagadzirirwa Kunetsana Kusingatani

Misiano pakati pechiremera chehurumende nerenyika haisati iri mhosho mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica; imhaka yayo inorondedzera. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira noune gadziriro yehondo mbiri dzoumambo, richikarira kuti dzikamo yesimba ichakwikwidzwa uye kutaurirwa munguva yakati. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navagari vemo vakarongeka, kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro inokosha. Inotsanangura chikonzero nei mitemo yakati yakaenzana munyika yose nepo mimwe inosiana nehurumende. Inopa mashoko akapoteredza nokuda kwehondo huru dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Uye inosimbisa zvokwadi huru: muUnited States, simba harina kutongona kudzorwa zvizere. Inongonzi, inoongororwa, uye yakadzikama pakati pehurumende yorudzi nenyika, simba rakaumba nyika yose. [[5]