Mitemo Yepamutemo Inoshandiswa Nevatsigiri Veroorano Vane Mwero

Vatsigiri vemichato vakarwa imwe yenhimbe dzapamutemo dzinoguma nemhesano dzapamutemo munhau yazvino uno yekodzero dzevanhu. Mumakore anenge makumi matatu, vakabva pakukundwa kukuru mumatare ndokuwana kukunda kukuru kwakawana kodzero yokuroora vakaroorana vane mitezo yakafanana muUnited States uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Iyi chinjo haina kuitika netsaona. Yakanga iri purojeti yemaune, yakasanorongwa nomutemo yakagadzirirwa kubvisa murangariro wavose, kuva nomuenzaniso wedare, uye kuchinja kwomutemo. Kunzwisisa zvirongwa izvozvo — kubva kutsika dzapamutemo kuenda kumarudzi ose kutsika dzinodzorwa sei kufambisirwa kukwidziridza chiyero kunyange pachishoro chakasimba zvikuru.

Sangano rekuenzana reroorano harina kuvimba nechinhu chimwe chete. Panzvimbo pezvo, vatsigiri vakabatanidzwa rondedzero dzakawanda dzemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye nzira dzokuronga nadzo nzira dzokuwedzera mikana yavo yokubudirira. Vakadzidza kubva mukukundwa kwapakuvamba, vakachinja mativi edare nezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vakavaka mavambo ezvirongwa zvefariro dzavose, vatsigiri vedzidzo, uye varongi vemiitiro yetsika idzo dzakapfuurira dzvinyiriro inokurira kwenguva refu. Muuyo hausati uri nhevedzanowo zvayo yorukundo rwedare asi muenzaniso wekodzero dzavanhu dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera masangano eruramisiro yedzinza, kuva munhukadzi, uye LGBTQ+ kodzero munyika yose.

Nyaya ino inonzvera nhinhi dzapamutemo dzakashandiswa navatsigiri veroorano. Inonzvera kuti nharo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongwa sei, kuti nhau dzemitongo dzakasarudzwa ndokurongwa sei, kuti mutemo wamarudzi ose wakadzorwa sei, uye kuti nhano dzomutemo nedzevatsigiri dzakabatanidza sei nhamburiko dzakavakirwa padare. Kunzvera kunokweverwa pamitemo yakatanhamara, tsinhiro dzenyanzvi, uye nhauro dzakazvionera dzoufakazi hwesangano racho.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Negadziriro Yakafanira

Chibvumikiso chebumbiro remitemo chekuenzana kweroorano chiri pambiru mbiri: Equal Protection Clause ye 144th Amendment, inorambidza kuramba munhu upi noupi dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo, uye DATED SCT Prom Claus [, inodzivirira rusununguko rukuru mukurwisana nokuvhozhozhokerwa kwehurumende. Vatsigiri veroorano vaisimbisa kuti mitemo inoganhurira roorano kuroorano kukuvadziko inopesana pahwaro hwevatano nerevokurangariro yevatano, uye kuti vakanyimaviri mamwe cheteyo outano hwapakuvamba kuti varongwe pasina ruraniso inogombe.

Kuparwa kwenhau kwapakuvamba kwaiwanzotsamira panharo dzedziviriro dzakafanana dzakarongwa mukuwirirana nerusaruro rwevatano. Babahr v. Lewin (1993), Hawaii Supreme Court yaidavira kuti mutemo weroorano wehurumende unofungidzirwa kuva mukuwirirana nehwaro hwevatano uye naizvozvo wakatanga nzvero yakakomba yakaenzana neratimende yemitemo. Kutonga ikoko kwakaparira kuita kwecheteni uko kwakatungamirira kurezi yerezi yeroorano yokutanga muMassachusetts muna 2004 uye pakupedzisira kuchisarudzo chechiratidzo chakatanhamara mu Obergefell. Hodges[FLD:3]. [2011]

Pakasvika nguva iyo Obergefell akasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, vatsigiri vakanga vanatsiridza rondedzero yavo yebumbiro remitemo kuti vasimbise zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira. Dare, mumurangariro wakaitwa naMutongi Anthony Kennedy, raidavira kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero huru inogarwa murusununguko rwomunhu, uye kuti muSergent Proced and Exmement Protection Clausssolicas, varoorani vorudzi vamwe chetevo vangasanyimwa maruramiro iwayo. Chisarudzo chakabatanidza zvakajeka nechiremera chomunhu oga oga, uye chiremera chavanhu vamwe navamwe — zvibvumikiso zvakanga zvatangwa uye zvakaedzwa mumatare ehurumende anopfuura makumi maviri amakore akapfuura.

Vatsigiri vakatumirawo nharo dzebumbiro remitemo mumatare ehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji vachitsamira pagadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende idzo dzakagovera dziviriro dzakafara zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mu Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003), Supreme Judicialigial Court yakadudzira dziviriro dzakaenzana dzebumbiro remitemo negadziriro yakafanira yemitemo yaigovera kuda kuva nomwero mukuru mukuru mukuru weroorano. Chisaicho chakanga chinokosha nemhaka yokuti chakaparira muenzaniso wokutanga weroorano yezvekisi muUnited States ndokugovera muenzaniso wekutsigira mune dzimwe nyika.

Kunze kweUnited States, nharo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakava nezvimiro zvakasiyana. muCanada, Dare reMitemo reMuchato weMadokero Reference reSaint-sex (2004) yakasimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yaiva nechiremera chokuisa muganhu pakuenzana kweroorano, uye kuti mutemo wakadaro haungazoputsa rusununguko rworudzidziso. muSouth Africa, Dare reMitemo reMitemo mu] Mudzi wenhau dzeMakurukota dzenhau dzeMasha v. [FOLT] [2005] (2005]) waidavira kuti rondedzero yavose yeroorano yakanga isingachinjiki muuenyoro nechiremera zvebumbiro remitemo reSouth African Constitution. Chimwe nechimwe cheichisarusarumano chamate yemitemo yadzo dzakaitawose pamutemo, asi nheyo yose inopesana nemitemo yetsika inopfuura kutongwa nehurumende inotonga.

Kupa Mishumo Yakanaka uye Nyaya Dzokuongorora

Zvimwe nzira yepamutemo yakaoma zvikuru yakashandiswa nevatsigiri vemichato kuenzana yaiva statigic partgical — kusarudzwa kwamaune kwenzvimbo, nzvimbo, uye nharo dzapamutemo kuti zvive mamiriro ezvinhu akanakisisa kuti zvitange muenzaniso wakanaka. Iyi nzira yaida mwoyo murefu, kubatana, uye kuda kurasikirwa nenhau zvakanaka kuti pave nechinyorwa chiri nani.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yokutanga yezvokusarudzirwa kwemifungo yetsika musangano rekuenzana yaiva Baehr nhau muHawaii. Vatsigiri paAmerican Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU) uye Lambda yepamutemo vakashanda zvikuru negweta romunzvimbomo kuti vaone vaimirira chikamu chikuru chenzanga — varoorani vakanga vakazvipira kwenguva refu, vaiva navana, vaiva vorudzidziso, uye vaigona kujekesa chikonzero nei roorano yaiva inokosha kwavari somunhu oga. Vavariro yacho yakanga iri yokuisa chiso chomunhu panharo yapamutemo uye kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti matare arambe nhau yacho seyakarerekera kuoma.

Sezvo kukwirira kwakapfuurira, vatsigiri vakanangidzirawo mberi pakuvaka chinyorwa cheidi icho chakadzivisa pembedzo dzehurumende dzakasimbisa nokuda kwokubvisa varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Chipupuriro chenhau pamusoro pebetsero dzendangariro nedzenzanga dzeroorano nokuda kwavana, kusakuvadzwa kweroorano dzevatano dzakasiana, uye nhau yokusarura LGBTQ+ vanhu yakatangwa mumatare edare rokutonga uye gare gare gare apo dare rokutonga rakaratidzirwa nenzvimbo dzinoiswa pachena. Iyi nzira yakajeka yakanga yakakomba munhau dzakafanana ne [FLT: 0] Pregger v. Schwarzegger[[FL:] (20)], denho yomubatanidzwa kurusarusarusaru rwaCalifornia apo dare rakaitirwa promotions 8, apo muedzo wakaitwa nokunzwa kwakazara nokubudirira zvikuru.

Kusarudzwa kwenhau dzekuedza kwakabatanidzawo kusanorangarirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika neokutonga. Mukutanga kwama 2000, vatsigiri vakadzivisa kuunza nhau munyika dzine tsika dzakasiana zvikurusa, panzvimbo pezvo vachinangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo penyika umo murangariro wavanhu wakanga wakarurama zvikuru uye umo matare ehurumende akanga aratidza kuwirirana neLGBTQ+ kodzero. Sezvo nzvimbo yepamutemo yakashanduka, vatsigiri vakabva mudenho dzehurumende kunhau dzehurumende, vachiguma munhamburiko yetsinhirano iyo yakabudisa Obergefell.

Chimwe chikamu chezvirongwa zvekupfupikisa kwaiva kushandiswa kwe macamicule . Vatsigiri vakaunganidza mhatsa yechienzi yenzwi rinotsigira — kubva kumasangano echitendero uye nyanzvi dzepamutemo kusvika kuvatungamiriri vebhizimisi uye masangano ezveutano hwavana — kupa mashoko aipindura mibvunzo yakananga yepamutemo uye airatidza kutsigira kwakafara nokuda kwokuenzana kweroorano. Vara nemhatsa yeidzi mhatsa dzeidzo dzakava chiratidzo chokuenzana kweroorano uye zvimwe zvakapesvedzera kunzwisisa kweDare Gurusa renhau.

Kupa mhinduro kwakarongwa kwaidawo chirango pamusoro pokupa. Vatsigiri vakaziva kuti kumhanyira kuDare Rapamusorosoro nokukurumidza zvikuru kwaigona kuguma nokukundwa kwakakwana kwaizodzoserazve sangano racho kwamakore. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakamirira kusvikira zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvakakomba zvedare rakaderera nerukundo rwenzvimbo yapasi zvakanga zvatanga gadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba. Apo Obergefell pakupedzisira akasvika kuDare Rapamusoro, hwaro hwakanga hwakasimba kwazvo zvokuti mugumisiro wacho waikarirwa zvikuru.

Mitemo Inodenha Yerurano: Kubva kuBaehr Kuenda kuObergefell

Denho kumitemo yeroorano yakapfuudzira kupfurikidza nemitemo yeroorano mumativi akawanda anopfuura makumi maviri amakore. Nhau dzapakuvamba dzakatarisana nemhinganidzo huru: mu Baker v. Nelson [17], Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakadzivisa nokukurumidza kukwirira kubva kunhau yeroorano imwe cheteyo yeMinnesota, iyo gare gare vatsigiri vakabvumwara kuti yakanga iri mhingani huru. bva kukundwa kwapakuvamba kwakadzidzisawo chidzidzo chinokosha: Dare rakanga risina kugadzirira kunzwa nhau yacho, uye vatsigiriri vaifanira kuvaka nheyo yakasimba zvikuru mumatare ehurumende pakutanga.

Rubudiriro rwakauya ne Baehr v. Lewin muHawaii. Dare rapamusoro reHawaii rakatonga kuti mutemo weroorano wehurumende wakanga usingasaitwi nemhaka yokuti wakarongeka pahwaro hwevatano. Papokuzotonga, dare rakaita kuti kukurukurirana kwakazara kuve pachena uye kunobva kwaita kuti nyika irege kuratidzira fariro inomanikidzira nokuda kwechikanganiso. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chacho pakupedzisira chakaitwa nemubatanidzwa wetsika yehurumende, Bahr mhaka yorudzi uye yainyandura.

Muna 2003, Dare reMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rakabudisa chisarudzo charo mu Good , richitaura kuti kurambidzwa kwehurumende paroorano youtere kwakaputsa Massachusetts Constitution. Chisarudzo chacho chakaita Massachusetts dare rokutanga reU.S. rakaita kuti nyika ibvumire roorano youvengwane, uye mifananidzo yavaroorani vaichinja kunzwisisa nhau yacho. Massachusetts akagovera muenzaniso wakajeka uyo unoisa pamutemo kuti roorano yezve yomutemo isaparira nyongano yenzanga, uye yakapa pfundo rokutaura kune simba.

Kukunda kwenyika nehurumende kwakapfuurira mumakore gumi akatevera, nerukundo muConnecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, uye dzimwe nyika. Rukundo rumwe norumwe rwakavaka chivimbo ndokuparira dare rinokura iro matare omubatanidzwa aigona kuvimba naro apo akavamba kukurukura nhau yacho zvakananga.

Denho yehurumende kuProces California 8, Perry v. Schwarzenger (pashure HOLINGSworth" nav. Perry), yakarongedzerwa nenzira yakarongwa kubudisa muenzaniso wehurumende. dare rokutonga, rakatungamirirwa naPuerce Vald Court Walker, rakava nenzwi renguva refu rakajeka ndokubudisa murangariro wakakomba kuti Progrement 8 inoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Faces and Explas. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho yakaguma yamira panzvimbo muDare Gurusaro, zvakawanwa zvedare zvakadudzwa zvakaratidzirwa namamwe matare ndokupiwa kuOberge.

United States v.Windsor chisarudzo chakanga chiri imwe nhambo yakakomba. Dare Gurusa rakarova Chikamu 3 cheDefense of Marriance Act (DOMA), icho chakanga charondedzera roorano sopakati pomurume nomukadzi mumwe nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. Dare rairangarira kuti DOMA yakaputsa nheyo dzakaenzana dzinogara dziri muFindmail. Windssor[[FFLT:3] haina kuda kutaura kuti kuziva roorano imwe cheteyo youkuru, asi yakazarura suo kudenha hurumende kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kusarura pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo.

Pashure pa Windsor, fungu remhosva dzehurumende rakadenha zvirambidzo zveroorano munyika yose. Matare ehurumende epasi, achidudza zvose zviri zviviri Windsor nedare reSupreme jutrial jurispudence, zvakarova zvirambidzo muhurumende pashure pehurumende. Dare reruwa reAppellate rakanga riri dare rehurumende bedzi rokutsigira ganhuriro, kuchiparira dare redunhu iro Dare rapamusoro-soro rakagumisa mu [FLT]. Hotberge. . Hodges .

Chisarudzo icho chimene chakanga chiri muuyo wegadziriro yokusangwarira. Vatsamisi vakasarudzwa nokungwarira kumirira zviitiko zvakasiyana - siyana — kubatanidza vaviri vanorera mwana, chirikadzi vachitsvaka kuzivikanwa kweroorano yavo, uye varoorani mune dzimwe nhau dzakasiana- siyana. Zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo zvakaitirwa kukwirira Justice Kennedy pachiremera uye udzori. Chisarudzo, apo chakauya, chakanga chiri rukundo rukuru rwakaziva maruramiro makuru okuroora vakwanyina vose vevatano yevatano nevatano dzakarevesa.

Kusvika Kwapamutemo Kwamarudzi Ose

Vatsigiri vemikwaniso yeroorano havana kuganhurira nhamburiko dzavo kumatare omunharaunda. Vakashandisawo mutemo wavanhu wekodzero dzavanhu wamarudzi ose [ uye kudzorwa kwematare okumwe kuti vasimbise nharo dzavo ndokuparira dzvinyiriro nokuda kwechinjo. Iyi nzira yamarudzi akawanda yakabatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: yakagovera zvimwe zvimiro zvapamutemo, yakaratidzira kuti kuenzana kweroorano kwakanga kuchiwirirana nemitemo yavanhu, uye yakapa vatsigiri kuti roorano irwisane nezvirevo zvechiito chokuti roorano yakanga iri chinhu chitsva kana kuti chinhu chitsva chakananga chetsika.

Kumwe kwokukunda kwakatanga kuwanikwa munyika dzakawanda muna 2005, apo Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu rakabudisa nhevedzano yemitemo yaizivikanwa nekodzero dzevakaroorana vezvechidhibeshi rimwe chete kuti vazive zviri pamutemo. Schalk ne Kopf v. Austria[FF] [FLT] [2010], Dare raidavira kuti kodzero yokuroora pasi peChikamu 12 cheDare reEurope reKonsigiramu yekodzero dzevanhu haina kumanikidza kuti pave nehurumende imwe cheteyo yezve, asi yaida kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu okuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo nokuda kwevakaroorana vezvepabopo. Munguva inotonge Dare racho raita kuti rive pedyo nokuenzana, kunyange zvazvo rataura kuruboshwe.

Muna 2018, Dare reAmerica rekodzero dzevanhu rakabudisa pfungwa yokuti vanhu vorudzi rumwe chete voMubatanidzwa weNyika dzeAmerica wekodzero dzevanhu vaisungirwa kuziva kuroorana kwezvevatano. Pfungwa yacho yakanga isingasungiri nyika dzose dziri nhengo, asi yakagovera chishandiso chepamutemo chine simba chevanorwira kodzero dzevanhu muLatin America. Nyika dzakaita seCosta Rica, Ecuador, uye Argentina dzakazonyoresa muchato mumwe chete wacho nedare kana kuti mutemo, zvichitsamira papfungwa dzedare reInter - American Court.

Dare reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wekodzero Dzevanhu rakataurawo kuenzana kweroorano. Muzvinoitika zvakadai se Pvuduku v. Australia [2003] uye [[FLT]Fotova v. Russia [[[FLT]] [25]] [201], Dare rakawanikwa kuti raputsa Dare reNyika Yose reChizvarwa chenyika yose nerevo kupfurikidza nokuramba kuti vakaroorana kana kuti vakaenzana naro. Nepo Dare risati richibatanidza zviri pamutemo munzira imwe cheteyo sedare remhuri, rinoita chiremera uye rinogona kuiswa mukurwisana nemitemo yemitemo yetsika.

Mazano emitemo enyika yose akanga achikosha zvikuru munyika umo matare ehurumende akanga achizengurira kuita chiito.

Kushandiswa kwomutemo wamarudzi ose kwakanga kusina gakava.Vatsoropodzi vakati kukumbira mienzaniso yokumwe kana kuti yamarudzi ose kwakasekesa kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Asi vatsigiri vakadzivisa kuti tsika dzamarudzi ose dzamaruramiro avanhu dzinopa kumiswa kunokosha apo miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yomumba inokundikana kudzivirira zvikamu zviduku. Kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yeroorano nomutemo wamarudzi ose kwakaratidzira kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinobatanidza sei maruramiro omunyika yose dzinogona kutsigira nzanga ndokuparira nzvimbo yapasi pose yekodzero.

Basa Remitemo Yefariro Yavanhu Vose Nemapoka Anodzora

Mazano apamutemo arondedzerwa pamusoro apa angadai asina kubvira kudai pakanga pasina pamutemo wezvirongwa zvechimuko zvehurumende namasangano ezveuranda. Mapoka akafanana Lambda pamutemo[, [[FLT]] , Freedom yeAmerican Libertial Union [[[[FLT:]] , ACLU], [[FLT]] Gaslation [FLT] , [[FLT]]

Lambda Legal, yakavamba muna 1973, yakanga iri sangano rokutanga muUnited States rakatsaurirwa LGBTQ+ pamutemo. Yakaunza dzimwe dzenhau dzekare dzekuenzana kweroorano uye yakatanga unyanzvi murondedzero dzakatungamirira sangano racho kwamakumi amakore. ACLU's LGBT+ Rights Project, yakatangwa muna 1986, yakatora nhau huru kubatanidza denho yehurumende kuDOMA ne Obergefell[. Masangano maviri aiwanzoshanda muwirirano kana kuti muwirirano, kugoverana migove negadziriro.

Rusununguko Kuwana Muchato, wakatanga muna 2003, rwakaita zvakasiyana. Panzvimbo pokupa pfungwa dzakajeka, dzakananga padzidzo yavose, kuvakwa kwehurumende, uye kupiwa chibvumirano nehurumende. Rusununguko rwokuroora kana kukwidziridzwa mari nokuda kwenhimbe dzenzvimbo yehurumende, dzakapa nhungamiro yakananga kumapoka omunzvimbomo, uye dzakashanda kuti dzishandure pfungwa dzavose kuburikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvinobhadharwa uye magorokotera. Nhimbe ye" ye" Hakuiti kuti vakaroorana vabatsire kugadzirisa nhau yorudo, kuzvipira, uye mhuri — kupfuudzira kupfuura zvirongwa zvepamutemo kuti vawane nevoruzhinji veAmerica.

Human Rights Campaign, sangano gurusa reLGBTQ+ advocacy muUnited States, rakaita rutivi runotsigira. HRC lobbed Congress nemisional yehurumende, vatsigiri, uye vaumbidziri.

Masangano aya akanga asina kubvumirana nguva dzose. Nharo pamusoro penguva yokusarudza nguva, kutumirana mashoko, zvakanga zvakajairika. Asi kubatana kwose kwaibudirira zvinoshamisa. Sangano rokuenzana kweroorano rakavaka zvivako zvepamutemo zvebasa, zvakasanorongwa izvo zvaigona kutsigira nhimbe dzenhambo refu uye kuita nokukurumidza kumigariro inochinja.

Munyika dzakawanda, masangano akafanana akabuda mune dzimwe nyika. Egale muCanada, kuvhurazve muUnited Kingdom, uye [[FLT]]ILGA World [ (International Lesbian, Gay, Biesational, Trans and Interssex Association) yakagovera unyanzvi hwepamutemo, mari, uye kushandira pamwe kwemibato yeroorano kupota nyika yose. Zvisungo pakati pemasangano aya [FLT] zvaireva kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakabudirira munyika imwe chete dzaigona kugadziriswa nokushandiswa mune dzimwe.

Kutanga Kwemabharakiti uye Kupinza Mirairo Mumutemo

Nepo kukwirira kwakanga kuri nzira inooneka zvikurusa, sangano rekuenzana reroorano rakazivawo ukoshi hwe , kuumba mibatanidzwa yavanogadzira mitemo inotsigira uye kushandisa dzvinyiriro kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvavose. Mune dzimwe, vakarwisa hondo dzinorwisa roorano dzaitsvaka zvirambidzo zveroorano mumitemo yehurumende.

Gadziriro yomutemo yakabudirira zvikuru. Muna 2009, Vermont yakava nyika yokutanga kunyoresa muchato wevatano nevatano kupfurikidza nomutemo panzvimbo pemirairo yedare. dare guru raIowa rakanga ratoparadza kurambidzwa kweroorano kwehurumende, asi chiito chedare rehurumende muVermont chakaratidzira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vaigona kutsigira roorano pasina ngwavaira yezvamatongerwe enyika. New York yakatevera muna 2011 kupfuudza Marriage Eality Act pashure penhindimu yedare yakakwirira yaibatanidza kukwidza kwomunhu oga naGavhuna Andrewo Cuomo uye nhamburiko yakabatanidzwa zvikuru nemapoka ezvouorigi.

Kupa mutemo kwaida unyanzvi hwakasiana kupfuura kutsinhirana. Vatsigiri vaifanira kunzwisisa mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvaka ukama navagadziri vemitemo, uye mashoko ounyanzvi ayo ainzwika navavhoti vasina kutenderwa. Vakashanda navatungamiriri vorudzidziso, mapoka ebhizimisi, uye masangano enzanga kuparira mibatanidzwa yakafara ingagona kukurira chishoro chinobva kuvatsigiri venzanga.

Nhano dzokutanga dzeballot dzakanga dzakaoma zvikuru. Mukuvamba kwama 2000, kugadziridzwa kweroorano kwakapfuudzwa munyika dzinopfuura 30, kazhinji kazhinji nemicheto mikuru. Iyi nhano haina kungodzivisa bedzi kuenzana kweroorano — dzakaitawo mhinganidzo dzapamutemo idzo vatsigiri vaifanira kukurira gare gare kukunda nokukurirwa kweProces 8 muCalifornia muna 2008 yakanga iri mhinganidzo inorwadza zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo yakaparirawo kufamba ndokutungamirira kudenho inobudirira yehurumende iyo yakaparira chiyero.

Pakasvika pakati pama2010, murangariro wavose pamusoro pekuenzana kweroorano wakanga wachinja zvikuru, uye matanho okuvhota akavamba kushanda mutendero wavatsigiri. Muna 2012, vavhoti muMaine, Maryland, uye Washington vakatendera zvitsauko zveroorano zvokuenzana, kuratidzira roorano yokutanga youtere yakanga yatenderwa pabhokisi rebhokisi. Kukunda uku kwakaratidzira kuti sangano racho rakanga rine tsandanyama yezvamatongerwe enyika yokukunda vavhoti zvakananga, kwete matare bedzi.

The combination of litigation, legislation, and direct democracy created a powerful multi-front strategy. When courts were unavailable or hostile, advocates turned to legislatures. When legislatures were blocked, they turned to voters. And when all else failed, they went back to court. This flexibility allowed the movement to adapt to different political and legal environments and to keep pushing forward even when one avenue was closed.

Zvakaitika Uye Kuramba Tichirarama

Mazano apamutemo akaitwa nevanotsigira roorano akava netapuro huru. Vakava nekodzero yokuroorera vakaroorana vane mitezo yakafanana yevatano muUnited States uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Vakashandura kunzwisisa kwavose LGBTQ+ mhuri uye vakabetsera kuita kuti pfungwa yokuti rudo nokuzvipira ndizvo zvinorondedzera mhuri, kwete munhurume kana kuti munhukadzi. Uye vakatanga tende rekodzero dzevagari vemo rinopfuurira kukurudzira kutsigira mamwe mapoka akapesana.

Muuyo unotambanuka kupfuura roorano imene. Nharo dzapamutemo dzakatangwa munhau dzemitemo yeroorano — zvikurukuru pamusoro pechiremera chakaenzana, dziviriro, uye kuvadziko inoparirwa nokuparadzana kwehurumende — dzakadudzwa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza maruramiro anochinja mamiriro ezvinhu, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye kutamira. Oberge yakapaza [[ chisarudzo, somuenzaniso, chakadudzwa neDare reProtomhene mu [FLT:] Bostock v. Clayton County[[[F:] 2020], icho chairangarira kuti Thistion VII’s reS inofukidza mirangariro yevatano nechiratidzo chouhurevo. Kuumbwa kweroorano kwakagoverwa zvose zviri zviviri muenzaniso nofurira.

Asi nhaka yacho haisati iri isina denho. Kusunungurwa kworudzidziso kwazova nzvimbo huru, nedzimwe nyika dzinoisa mitemo inobvumira mabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe kuramba mabasa kuvakwanyina voutere vakavakirwa pazvitendero zvorudzidziso. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Macarthop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2088) chakakarakadza kuti rusununguko rworudzidziso runofanira kudzikamiswa mukurwisana nedziviriro dzinorwisana netsika dzorudzidziso — asi chakasiya chisarudzo chakarurama chechiyero chechiyero ichocho. Varevererisi vorungana roorano vanopfuurira kudzivirira maruramiro avo okukunda kukunda.

Munyika yose, mufananidzo unotova wakaoma zvikuru. Kunyange zvazvo kuenzana kweroorano kwafambira mberi munyika dzakawanda, kwavewo kuchitarisana nokudzoreka. muRussia, anorwisana naLGBTQ+ mitemo yakasimbiswa. MuHungary, hurumende yakapfuudza miranduko yebumbiro remitemo inorondedzera roorano semubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi mumwe. MuUnited States, chisarudzo cheDare rePamusorosoro mu Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], icho chinodzosa kubvisa kubvisa mimba kwebumbiro remitemo, chakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pomusero wemusero wedare rokubereka — chisakiso che [FK:2]

Asi sangano rokuenzana kweroorano rakaratidzawo kusimba kunoshamisa. apo tyisidziro dzapamutemo dzinomuka, vatsigiri vakagadzirira namazano okusabvumirana, nhimbe dzemitemo, uye nhamburiko dzedzidzo dzavose dzinoparirwa pamakumi amakore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakashandiswa navatsigiri veroorano dzakanga dzisati dziri gadziriro imwe huru asi nhevedzano inochinjika yemitoo inowirirana nemigariro inochinja. Kusarudzwa kweBumbiro remitemo, kusarudzwa kwenhau kwapamutemo, kudzorwa kwamarudzi ose, basa remitemo, uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvose zvakaita mabasa anokosha. Rubudiriro rwesangano racho rwakaratidzira kwete bedzi simba renharo dzapamutemo asiwo chirango, shiviriro, uye kubatana kwamagweta navatsi vakavaendesa mberi.

Chakaita kuti nhimbe yekuenzana yeroorano ive yakasiana kwakanga kuri kuda kwayo kuisa mari muchinjo refu yoruvako. Vatsigiri havana kungoisa zvavo mhaka netariro nokuda kwezvakanakisisa. Vakavaka masangano, vakakudziridza unyanzvi, uye vakaparira muenzaniso uyo ungagona kutsungirira mhinganidzo uye simba rinopfuuridza makumi amakore. Vakanzwisisa kuti chinjo yapamutemo haisati iri chinoitika chimwe asi muitiro — uyo unoda kuronga kwokungwarira, ufakazi chaihwo hwenyika, uye nhau dzavanhu dzinopa revo yadzo yemitemo.

Nokuda kwevatsigiri vanoshanda padzimwe nhau — kungava ruramisiro yedzinza, kusaenzana kwemari, kana kuti mugariro wokunze — sangano rokuenzana reroorano rinopa zvidzidzo pamusoro penzira iyo mutemo unogona kushandiswa nayo kufambisira mberi ruramisiro yenzanga. Inoratidza kuti kuturikira kune simba zvikurusa apo kunenge kuri rutivi rwegadziriro huru inobatanidza dzidzo yavose, kuvaka mubatanidzwa, uye kuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uye kunoratidza kuti kunyange zvimiro zvakadzika midzisa zvikurusa zverusaruro zvinogona kukurirwa nomubatanidzwa wakarurama werondedzero yapamutemo, shiviriro, uye ushingi hwavanhu.

Sezvo kurwira kuenzana kunopfuurira — muUnited States, munyika umo roorano yevatano yakafanana inoramba iri isiri yapamutemo, uye murwisano huru zvikuru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ chiremera — gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakaitwa mukati menhimbe yokuenzana kweroorano dzichapfuurira kutungamirira nokukurudzira.