Hurumende dzemaguta dzine mutoro wokupa mabasa anokosha avose (panochengetedzwa mapurisa nemoto kuunganidzwa kwemarara, mapaki, uye zvikoro. Injini yemari iyo inoita kuti mabasa aya ave bhajeti yemari yehurumende, urongwa hwakagadzirwa nokungwarira hunogovera zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa kuti zvisvitse zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvisingagumi. Kunzwisisa kuti maguta anounganidza mitero nokutarisira mari hakungoviwowo zvayo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo; inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwemunhu wose anogaramo. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana mari yehurumende yomunharaunda, mihombe dzemari inochengetedza maguta, uye zvirongwa uye zvinetso zvinobatanidzwa mukuronga mari yepuranga.

Basa Remitero Yomunzvimbomo Mumari yeMasipatsi

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inoumba mari yemari yepepabhurasi. Maererano neU.S. Censurence Bureau of State and Local Government Surveys, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakaunganidza inopfuura $1,9 mabhiriyoni emari yose muna 2020, netsama yemitero yeinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehwerengedzo iyoyo. Mitero chaiyo inosiyana zvikuru nehurumende nenzvimbo, asi mapoka anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira mitero yemari, mitero yemari, uye mitero yebhizimisi yakasiyana - siyana.

Mitero Yezvinhu

Mitero yenzvimbo ndiwo manyuko makuru emitero yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwamaguta mazhinjisa eU. inorongerwa zvikurukuru pamusoro poukoshi hwakacherekedzwa hwenzvimbo inodzorwa yenzvimbo inosimudzwa nejenaguru nezvivako. Mwero wemitero, unowanzoratidzirwa muzvigadziko (chimwe chikamwe chinokwana $1 000 pamutengo wemari inotemwa), unogadzwa nehurumende kuti uite mari inodikanwa nokuda kwemitero. Mitero yenzvimbo inochengetedzwa nemhaka yokuti mipimo yenzvimbo haisi yokukurumidza kuderera semari inotengwa kana kuti mari inotambirwa. Zvisinei, inogona kudzorwa, kudzorwa, kudzorwa kwakaderera zvikuru kwemari inowana muridzi wapa misha nerendi inodzo, inoparira kuchengetedzwa kwapa mari yakaderera yemisha, kana kuti varendi vadzokorori vanogona kugadzira mari inodzorwa.[5]

Kutenga Nokushandisa Mitero

Mitero yemari inotengeswa nderimwe mutengo mukuru, zvikurukuru mumashoko anobvumira mitero yemunzvimbo dzinoda kutengeswa. Mitero iyi inoiswa pakutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinooneka uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, mabasa. Mitero yemari inotengeswa munzvimbo inosarira kuva inowedzerwa kuuremu. Kusiyana nemitero yemari, mitero yokutengesa inochinja zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vatengi vanotenga mari, inodzorwa nemitero inotengwa nemari inotengwa kunze kwemari inotengwa. Vatsoropotera vanoramba kuti mitero yemari inotengwa nemhaka yokuti mhuri dzinowana mari yakaderera inopedza mutengo wakawanda wemari yavo pazvinhu zvinobhadharwa. Kupa mari iyi mitero yakawanda inodzorongedzerwa nemitero inodzoro yakawanda. Kutaura izvi, mitero yakawanda inotengori inotengwa semidzwa semitero, mirimo inobvumirwa nemishonga inobhadharo, uye zvinodhaka zvokubhadharwa. Mitero inobvumira mitero inodzodzodzo inobvumira kubhadhara mari kunze kwemari inotengwa neyamutero yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo. [36]

Mitero Inobhadharwa Munharaunda

Mitero inotambirwa yemari yomunzvimbomo inowanzozivikanwa zvikuru asi inoshandiswa munyika dzinoverengeka, zvikurukuru Ohio, Pennsylvania, uye Maryland. Iyi mitero inogona kuiswa pavanhu vamwe navamwe (mari inodzorwa), mabhizimisi (purofiti), kana kuti ose ari maviri. Mitero yemari inobhadharwa inowanzonyimwa nevashandirwi, ichiita kuti ive inoshanda zvakanaka kuunganidza. Inova inowanzova inotanhamuka kupfuura mitero yenhumbi. Iyi inokura nokukurumidza apo mari inokwira asi inoderera zvikuru. Mamwe maguta anoshandisa mwero wakatara, nepo vamwe vakapedza mitero. Chinetso chemitero chomunzvimbomo ndechokuti vanogona kuparira makwikwikwidzano emitero pakati pemitengwadzano yemitezo, sezvo vashandi namabhizimisi angaenda kunzvimbo dzakaderera. Uku kukurukurwa mumishumo yakadai se [FL: 0]

Mamwe Manyuko Emari YaMabhazi Makuru

Kupfuura “mitero mitatu yakakomba”, maguta anowana mari kubva mumhatsa yamamwe manyuko:

  • [[[FOL: 0] Mitero yebhizimisi namarezenisi: inoripira mitero, mitero yemari, uye mitero yerezinesi.
  • Mitengo yemari yemushandisi nokuda kwemari inoshandiswa, mvumo, mirairo, uye zvirongwa zvenhandaro.
  • Kutamisirwa kwehurumende:[ Hurumende nezvipo zvehurumende, kugoverana mari, uye yamuro nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakati dzakadai sechengeteko yavose kana kuti imba.
  • Tkiti dzemotokari nemhindu: Tsamba dzemotokari, faindi yedare, uye mari inobhuroka. Kunyanyovimba naidzodzi kunogona kuparira kurudziro dzakashata, sezvinosimbiswa neBato renzvero dzeRuramisiro.
  • Mubereko unotambira: Fariro pamatura emari asingashandi, zvikurukuru apo mwero yemubereko yakanaka.

Mari yakanaka inobhajetirwa muguta inowanzanisa manyuko ayo emari kuti idzivise kunyanyotsamira parwizi rupi norupi, nokudaro ichizvidzivirira imene pakuvhiringidzika kwemari.

Gadziriro Yebhajeti Yeguta: Kubva Pakuda Kurerwa Navabereki Vasiri Vako

Kuronga mari kwaMasipala hachisi chinoitika chenguva imwe asi nhambo inopfuurira inovambira pamwedzi gumi nemiviri kusvikira kugumi nemisere. Muitiro unodzorwa nemitemo yenyika nechata yomunzvimbomo, asi maguta mazhinjisa anotevera mutoo wakafanana.

Vanofanira Kuongorora Nokuronga Zvakanaka

Madhipatimendi eguta nevakuru vakuru vasati vanyora kuti vanyorei mashandiro emari, vanoongorora zvinenge zvichidiwa nevagari vemo, zvinhu zvinoda kugadzirirwa, uye kubvumira nzanga. Maguta akawanda anoronga mabhajeti azvo nourongwa hunokosha hunoronga zvinhu zvinokosha kuti pave nokubudirira kwemari, kusasarurana, kuchengeteka, uye kuchengeteka.

Kufungidzira Mari

Kudeya kutaura kwakarurama kwemitengo yemari iri yose iri miviri younyanzvi nesayenzi. Vatarisiri vemari vanoshandisa mifanikiso yemipimo yenhau, miitiro yenhau, uye zviratidzo zvemari zvazvino uno kuti varongedze mari kubva kumanyuko mamwe namamwe. Nokuda kwemitero yezvinhu, vanoparira kuvakwa kutsva, wirirano, uye mwero yemitero yokuunganidza. Nokuda kwemitero yokutenga, vanorangarira chivimbo chavose, kushaya basa, uye mitoo yokushandisa mari inotengwa panguva. Kufungidzira kwakaoma nenzira yembiriso; Govermentment Movements Association (GOA) kurumbidza kushandisa kusvika nokuchengeta mari inodzoreka inodzorwa kudzivirira mari kudzivirira mari pamipi.

Kuronga Mabhangi Nokuronga Zvinzvimbo

Nezvikarakadzo zviri mumaoko, maneja weguta kana kuti meya anoshanda nemisoro yedhipatimendi kuti aronge bhajeti yakakarakadzwa. Igwaro rinoronga ndyiko dzemari inobhadharwa, mabasa, zvirongwa zvezvikwereti. Inofanira kudzikamisa mirau nemari inokarirwa, kutoti guta ritenderwe kudzora mari inobvumirwa kubhadhara . (_chimwe chinhu gandanga) rega rega rega rega kuita pasina vhota. Roorano yezvokuronga muchato inoiswa kudare reguta, zvikurukuru richiperekedzwa neshoko rebhangi rinotsanangura mipimo nezvinokosha.

Kunzwa Kworuzhinji uye Kupiwa Kwemashoko Anogara Munharaunda

Kugamuchira kwokupedzisira, maguta anobata matare avanhu vose kuti anzwe mashoko apamutemo. Iyi inhano inokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Vagari vanogona kutaura tsigiro kana kuti kuramba kukarakadza kutemwa, kuwedzera kwomutero, kana kuti nhano itsva. Mamwe maguta anoshandisa bhajeti yokupa mari, umo vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga nzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari. Iyi nzira yakagamuchirwa munzvimbo dzakadai semaruwa edare reChicago neNew York City. Kunzwa kwavose kunowanzoparira kubatanidzwa kwezvirevoro zvenhau uye kunogona kudzora mavhoti edare.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwomutemo Nokutenderwa

Dare reguta rinohwirudzura mutsetse wemari inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza nemisangano yedare nezvikamu zvebasa. Mitemo inogadziriswa, kazhinji kazhinji inoratidzira kubvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mashoko matsva. dare ipapo rinovhota pamutemo wokupedzisira webhajeti. Kana dare rikakundikana kupfuudza bhajeti kupfurikidza nenguva yemitemo, hurumende ingavhara kana kuti kushanda mukuwirirana nemari yakarongwa gore rakapfuura. Pakare, mari inotenderwa inova mvumo yapamutemo nokuda kwemari inotengwa nokuunganidzwa kwemari nokuda kwegore remari riri kuuya.

Mari Yemabhangi Inokosha Nezvinangwa Zvayo

Kuchengeta kuzvidavirira nokujeka, mari yeguta inokamurwa kuva mari yakaparadzana, mari yokuzvirongera yeakaundi inosarudzwa nokuda kwemibato yakati. Mhando dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa dzinosanganisira:

Mari Inoshandiswa Nehurumende – Kushandisa Mari Yokubhadharisa

Mari yehurumende ndiyo homwe huru yokushandira guta. Inotsigira mabasa makuru akadai semapurisa, moto, mapaka, maraibhurari, vatarisiri vehurumende, uye mabasa avose. Kazhinji kazhinji, mari iyi inotsigirwa nemitero yenzvimbo, mitero yemari, uye mari yefaindi. Nemhaka yokuti inofukidza mabasa anokosha, mari yese yese yese yese yesero yakakosha. Mutengo wehurumende unofanira kuchengeta mari isina kugoverwa yemari (chikamu chemari) yezvinenge mwedzi miviri yezvitsama zvinoshandiswa, sezvinorumbidzwa neGSOA.

Mari Chaidzo Yemari Yakagadzirwa – Maakaundi Ane Chinangwa Akatsaurirwa

Mari chaiyo yemari inoshandiswa kuzvidavirira nokuda kwemiuyo inobva kumanyuko akati emari inoganhurirwa pamutemo kundyiko dzakati. Mienzaniso yavose inobatanidza mari yomutero wepeturu yepeturo nokuda kwokugadziridza mugwagwa, mari yemitero yehotera yehotera nokuda kwokusimudzirwa kwezvokushanyira, uye mari yezvishandiso zvemvura yemafungu.

Mari Dzinokosha Dzinopfuudzirwa Kubudirira – Kuvakira Nguva Yemberi

Zvirongwa izvi zvinotsigirwa nemari yezvibvumirano, mitero yakatsaurirwa, kana kuti mari yemari yedzimbahwe. Maguta akawanda anochengeta gadziriro yokuvandudza dzimbahwe yemakore mashanu (CIP) inoisa zvivako zvinoda kugadziriswa kwemabhizimisi, zvivako zvokurapa, zviteshi zvemvura, zviteshi zvemapurisa, mapaki, uye mitero.

Mari Yezvikwereti – Kushandisa Zvikwereti

Apo maguta anoronga kubhadhara zvibvumirano zvezvirongwa zvemari, vanofanira kutanga mari yezvikwereti kuti vaunganidze mari yechikwereti yaikwereteswa nevane mingava. Mari iyi inowanzotsigirwa nemukoto wemari yakazvitsaurira, yakadai semari yomutero wezvinhu kana kuti mari yemari. Masangano anoyera mari yechikwereti anoongorora mari yechikwereti yezvikwereti (mari inowanika kubhadhara zvikwereti) asati agovera mutengo wechikwereti, unotapura kukwereta.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzovapo Pakutarisirwa Kwebhajeti Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Kunyange nokuronga kwokungwarira, hurumende dzemaguta dzinotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinopfuurira zvinotyisidzira utano hwemari.

Kuderera Kwemari Nokusagadzikana Kwemari

Mitengo yemari yomunharaunda inotapurwa nemirando yemari inodzorwa nemari. Mukati mvudzi dzemari inoderera, mitero yemari inogona kuderera kana mitengo yezvinhu kana kuti kusindimara. Kutengeswa nemitero yemari inotambirwa ikaderera nokushandiswa kwemari. Munguva ino, kudikanwa kwemabasa akawanda avose (kunyanya mambure okuchengeteka munzanga uye mapurogiramu ane chokuita nokushaya mabasa) anowedzera. “Kusvika kwamaguta anomanikidzirwa kuderedza mabasa, kukwidza mitero, kana kuti kuderedza mitero. Chirweremba cheCHOVHOID ne19 chakaratidzira izvi zvakajeka: maguta akawanda akaona mari yakatemwa nenzira yakanyanya semari yakatengwa nokuda kwoutano hwevoruzhinji uye mabasa ari kure.

Ndyiko Dziri Kukwira uye Misi Yacho Isina Kutenderwa

Ndyiko dzeguta dzinokombamira kukwira nokukurumidza kupfuura kukwira kwemitengo. Mitemo yenzvimbo yakapoteredza, betsero dzezvoutano, mibhadharo inowirirana, uye kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro dzose dzinoshandisa dzvinyiriro inowedzera. Uyezve, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinowanzoisa mirairo isina kunyorwa kuti isvitse mipimo yakati (zvikurukuru, mirau yemhoteredzo, kunyorwa kwemitengo) pasina kugovera mari. Iyi mirairo inogona kupedza chikamu chikuru chebhajeti yeguta, inoganhurira.

Kutsigira Kwakaita Mari uye Kuchengetedza Kwakaoma

Maguta akawanda eUnited States anotarisana nenzvimbo huru yokugadziridza yakachepererwa pamigwagwa, mabhiriji, gadziriro dzemvura, uye zvivako. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) inotsika nguva dzose zvivako zvenyika, nezvikamu zvakawanda mu “D. Kunonoka kugadzira kungagovera rusununguko rwenhambo pfupi yemari asi kunoparira ndyiko dzakakwirira gare gare. Maguta anofanira kudzikamisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvinopesana pakati pezvinodikanwa zvokushanda zvino nemari inotengwa zvikuru.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwemari Neganhuriro Dzemitero

Mitero inotenderwa nendyiko inotenderwa (TELS) inozivikanwa navose mumitemo yakadai seCalifornia (Procento 13), Colorado (TABOR), uye Massachusetts (Procesition 22/2). Iyi ganhuriro inoisa mitero yemari yemari, kuyera kunowedzera, kana kuti kukura kwesese. Nepo yakarongedzerwa kudzora kukura kwehurumende, TELS inogona kudzora maguta apo mari inotererwa, ichitungamirira kukushairwa kwemitengo yakaoma yezvokutengeserana. Mamwe maguta akatendeukira kumamwe manyuko emari kana kuti mitero yousenhemupidhi kuti arege mitero, iyo inogona kubvisa mutoro panzvimbo yavatengi kana kuti vashandi.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuronga Mari Inobudirira

Maguta anotungamirira anoshandisa nzira dzokuita kuti zvivako zvirambe zvichisimba uye kuti zvive nezvinangwa zvenzanga.

Kuronga Mari Kwamakore Akawanda

Panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro bedzi pagore rimwe remari, maguta anobudirira anova negadziriro dzemari dzinoita mari inogadzirwa inowanwa namari inopfuura makore matatu kusvikira kumashanu. Urongwa ihwohwu hunobetsera kuziva miganhu yomunguva yemberi, kubatanidza misengwa yenhambo refu (semipiro yomudyandigere nebasa rechikwereti), uye kuisa parutivi pfuma nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvinozivikanwa. Maguta mazhinji anoparadzira iyi gadziriro pamwe chete nebhajeti yawo yegore kuti agovere mashoko akapoteredza uye kujeka. GFOA inopa nhungamiro ine udzame pakuronga mari kwenguva refu.

Kushandiswa Kwemabhangi Nemashandiro Anoita Mari

Kuronga mari kwamagamuchidzanwa kazhinji kazhinji kunonangidzira ngwariro pamanyuko (mutoo wemasting centre), “takapedza $X padhipatimendi rokudzima mwoto”. Kuiswa kwemari kunochinja ngwariro yezvisakiso kumiuyo (mutoo, “noyera nguva kuidza moto wakaderera pa20%”. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mari kumipimo yokuita, maguta anogona kugovera zviwiro zvakanaka zvikuru uye kuzivisa mapurogiramu anoshanda. Marobhodhi ebasa, kufanana neanoshandiswa naBaltimorence’s Citissat purogiramu, bvumira vanamabhinya kufambira mberi nokushandisa nguva chaiyo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kuvimba nehurumende kunovakwa apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti mari yavo yemitero inoshandiswa sei. Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza kubudisa mabhajeti akarongwa uye okupedzisira paIndaneti mumafomu eshamwari dzinoshandiswa, kuva nemhesano dzavose panguva dzinosvikwa nenzvimbo, uye kugovera kupetwa kwemashoko kwomutauro wakajeka. Mamwe maguta, kufanana neSan Francisco, anopa zvishandiso zvemari zvinobatsira kubvumira vagari vemo kunzvera mabhizimisi. Kuoneka kwakanakisisa kunobatanidzawo kunyora mashoko emari uye kuita kuti mashoko awanike.

Kuparadzanisa Mari

Kuvimba nenzvimbo imwe yomutero kune ngozi. Maguta anofanira kuvavarira kuva nenzvimbo yakadzikama yenzvimbo, yokutengesa, mari, uye mari inotsigirwa nevashandi. Kudimburana hakungotsigiri mari pamamiriro ezvemari chete asiwo kuparadzira mutoro wemitero kumapoka akasiyana- siyana ezvemari. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kunofanira kutsvakwa nokungwarira kuti vasaita mitero inodzoresa kana kuti kudzinga mabhizimisi nevagari vemo. Kubudirira kwemari kunokudza chivako chemitero (dzimba itsva, kubudirira kwezvokutengeserana, kukura kwezvokutengeserana, kukura kwebasa) ndiko nzira inowirirana.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokushandisa Mari

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwamazuva ano hunopa zvinhu zvakasimba zvinoita kuti mari ishandiswe uye icherekedzwe.

Kuronga Mari Negadziriro Yekombiyuta YeERP

Kuronga matura (ERP) kunobatanidza kutarisirwa kwemari, kuwanikwa, pfuma yavanhu, uye kubhadharwa muchiteshi chimwe. Iyi michina inoshanda senguva dzose, inoderedza zvikanganiso, uye inogovera kuoneka chaiko kwenguva mukushandisa maererano nebhajeti. Mitemo yokubudirira kwemari inobvumira kubatana kwemibatanidzwa yemadhipati, kuenzaniso, uye kudzorwa kweshanduro. Masangano okutungamirira akaita seDENK, SPA, kana kuti Tyler Techniologies anoshandiswa namaguta makuru akawanda.

Mashoko Anotaura Zvinoda Kusarudza Zvakanyatsozivikanwa

Kufambira mberi kwekuongorora kunogona kuchinja mashoko emari kuva nzwisiso inoshanda. Michina inofungidzira inobetsera kuzivisa mari yavanowana uye mari inoshandisika. Kuwana nenzira yokuchenjera kunogona kudzora mashandiro echienzi okushandisa angaratidza kubiridzira kana kuti kusashanda. Maturusi okuongorora anobvumira maguta kuyera kudzoka kwenguva refu pazvivako zvedzimbahwe. Mamwe maguta ari kuedza ne “mari inobhadharwa mari,” kupfurikidza nokushandisa muchina kudzidza kuisa mari yakakwana panzvimbo dzose dzebasa.

Kuona Zvinhu Sematope Ane Ruvara Rwomunyika

Zviteshi zvemari zvinobvumira vagari kuti vaone mari inoshandiswa, mari, uye mashoko ebasa mumichina inoonekwa, inoita zvokunyorwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Open Gov, Clare Gov, uye checkbook NYC. Zvikamu izvi zvinowanzobatanidza madavi enhau dzinorevererwa vatori venhau nenyanzvi. Kunze kwokuoneka.

mhedziso

Mabhajeti emaguta anopfuura zvikuru mativi apasi nezvinoiswa pasi nezvinoiswa panzvimbo yazvo nezvinoiswa pakutanga. Kubva pakuunganidzwa kwemitero yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kukugoverwa kwemari mugadziriro dzisingaverengeki, muitiro wacho unoda unyanzvi hwezvounyanzvi, unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuzvipira kukuru kubasa ravose. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti guta ravo rinobata sei mari yaro vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vaite mabasa avanhu, vatsigire fariro dzavo, uye vachengete vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira. Sezvo maguta anopfuurira kurwisana nokusava nechokwadi kwemari, kukwegura, uye zvinodikanwa zvinokura, nheyo dzokuoneka kwenguva refu, kurongwa kwemitengo, uye mipiro yakasiyana - siyana vacharamba zviri madikanwa kuti avake nokubudirira munzanga.

nokuda kwokuravazve mari yemanisiparati, shanyira Hurumende Offices reMarial Association (GOA) neNational League of Cities ([] NLC[[FLT]]), zvose zviri zviviri zvinobudisa nhungamiro huru nenzvero pamusoro pemiitiro yakanakisisa yemari.