Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Sepfungwa Yefandesheni Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chibvumirano chenzanga chinomira seimwe yepfungwa dzinogara zvikuru nedzine simba mumafungiro ezvamatongerwe enyika okuMadokero.

Kunzwisisa chibvumirano chenzanga haisi dzidzowo zvayo. Pfungwa inochinja mafungiro anoita vagari vemo nezvekodzero dzavo, maruramisire anoita hurumende zviito zvavo, uye kuti nzanga dzinokurukura sei miganhu yorusununguko nechengeteko. Kubva pagadziriro dzemitemo kusvikira kuzvinotarisirwa zuva nezuva pamusoro peruramisiro, chibvumirano chenzanga chinogovera magirazi okuongorora nawo zvibvumirano zvinoita kuti vanhu vemazuva ano varambe vakabatana. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoongorora kwakabva pfungwa iyi, nheyo dzayo dzinorondedzerwa, zvadzinoita pakudzora, kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, uye kupfuurira kwayo munyika inochinja nokukurumidza.

Mavambo Ane Ungwaru Echibvumirano Chenzanga

Rondedzero yenzanga yakatanga mukati meNzvererwo, nhambo yaivambira pakati pezana ramakore rechi17 kusvikira kunopera rechi 18, apo vafungi veEurope vakavamba kudenha manyuko egamuchidzanwa echiremera akadai seumambo, dzidziso yorudzidziso, uye ropafadzo yokugara nhaka. Uzivi hwokuvhenekerwa hwakasimbisa chikonzero, kodzero, uye bviro yefambiro mberi yomunhu oga. Mumugariro uyu woungwaru, chibvumirano chenzanga chakagovera nzira kuchiremera chevhu mumvumo mukubvumira kwavadzorwi panzvimbo pesimba roumwari kana kuti roumwari.

Vazivi vatatu vakatanhamara savagadziri vakuru verondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Mumwe nomumwe akapa chiono chakasiana chohunhu, mugariro wechisiko, uye mipimo yebvumirano, uye mumwe nomumwe akaita mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pechimiro chakafanira chehurumende.

Thomas Anoda Kutongwa Nokutongwa Kwakakwana

Thomas Hobbes akabudisa Leviathan muna 1651, bhuku rakanyorwa mukurwisana nehondo yeChirungu yeChirungu. Hobbes rakatanga nemaonero asina kunaka ezvakaita vanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu echisiko, hurumende isati yavapo, akapikisana kuti upenyu ihondo inorwisana navose. Pasina simba rimwe rokuchengeta munhu ari wose achitya, vanhu vairarama vachitya rufu rwamasimba masimba. Upenyu muichikamu chake chakakurumbira, "hasha, , urombo, upenzi, unyoro, upfupi nahupfupi."

Koswana yenzanga yaizova bedzi kupukunyuka muuyu mugariro unotambudza. Vanhu vamwe navamwe, vachisundwa nokutya rufu nechishuvo chokuzvitsiva, vakabvumirana kupa rusununguko rwavo rwokuzvarwa narwo kuchiremera chaidzo. Changamire uyu, angava mambo mumwe kana kuti gungano, aizova nesimba rakakwana rokuita kuti mitemo irambe iripo nokuchengeta rugare. Nhaka dzakachengeta kodzero idzo bedzi idzo mutongi akasarudza kudzisiya. Chibvumirano chaHobbes chakanga chiri chisero chinokosha: teerero mukutsinhanhamisa. Chibvumirano changoitwa, chaizova chakadokuva chisingachinjiki, nemhaka yokuti kuedza kupi nokupi nokupi nokumwe kubvisa uchangamire kwaizodzokera kumugariro wechisiko.

John Locke Nokudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

John Locke akapa chimwe chinotsiva kuva netariro zvikuru mu Treasumod of Government , yakabudiswa muna 1689. Locke akataura kuti mugariro wechisiko, nepo usina kukodzera, wakanga usiri hawo mugariro wehondo. Vanhu vomuzvarirwo vakanga vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Kodzero idzi dzakanga dziri dzamagariro, dzisingapiwi nehurumende ipi neipi, uye vakaisa misengwa yetsika pavamwe kuti vasazvityore.

Zvisinei, mugariro womuzvarirwo wakanga usina zvinhu zvitatu: mutemo wakagadzwa, mutongi asina kwawakarerekera wokupedza gakava, uye simba rokuita kuti rutongeso ruvepo. Naizvozvo vanhu vakabvuma kuumba nzanga ndokutanga hurumende kudzivirira maruramiro avo okuberekwa nawo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Cruciodo, Locle akataura kuti pamutemo wehurumende waitsamira pakubvumira kwevadzorwi. Kana hurumende yakaputsa kodzero dzomusikirwo dzavagari vemo vayo, yakaputsa chibvumirano chenzanga, uye vanhu vakanga vane maruramiro okuidzivisa nokuiputsa. Mifungo yaLockero yakapesvedzera zvikuru American Declaration of Independence neU.S., inoisa nheyo dzemitemo yemvumo, hurumende yakaganhurirwa, uye maruramiro okupandukira mufariro yehurumende yazvino unotonga nyika yazvinotonga.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau naMutungamiriri wehondo Will

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, achinyora pakati pezana ramakore rechi18, akagovera kududzirwazve kukuru kwebvumirano yenzanga. Mu Contract [1762], akarangarira kuti vafungi vapakuvamba vakanga vanzwisisa mamiriro erusununguko rwechokwadi. Nokuda kwaRousseau, chinetso chakanga chisati chiri chokungodzivirira maruramiro avanhu asi kuyanana rusununguko rwomunhu norusununguko rwenzanga.

Rousseau akatanga pfungwa ye mubatanidzwa wezvisarudzo, izvo akasiyanisa nezvido zvavose. Mukuru mukuru achamirira zvakanaka zvinozivikanwa nenzanga yose zvayo, kwete zvose zvinofarirwa nomunhu oga. Nokutora rutivi mukuumbwa kwezvinodiwa navose, mumwe nomumwe akava rutivi rweboka rakaita mufariro dzavose. Kuteerera mukuru kuchava kusati kuri kuzviisa pasi pechiremera chokunze asi kuteerera kwomunhu amene wechokwadi somugari wemo. Chiono chaRousseau chakanga chiri chikuru uye chikamutsawo chinotambudza pamusoro pemibvunzo yavose inobvira nokuda kwomutezo wavose kubvisa. Mifungo yose iri miviri yakafuridzirwa kupfurikidza navose yavedzokororo yadzokororwa kukuva kuzviisa pasi pechiremera chokunze kwehurumende yenyama asi kuzviisa pasi pengozi yomunhu oga somugari wehurumende.

Mavambo Akanaka Esangano Renzanga

Kunze kwezvibvumikiso zvakananga zvevazivi vamwe navamwe, chibvumirano chenzanga chiri panheyo huru dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira kuzivisa rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kubvumirwa Sohwaro Hwokuva Apamutemo

Nheyo huru zvikurusa ndeyokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chinobva mukubvuma kwavadzorwi. Iyi pfungwa inodenha kutaura kupi nokupi kwokutonga kwakavakirwa pagamuchidzanwa bedzi, simba, kana kuti kugadzwa kwoumwari. Kutendera kunogona kuva [ kubatira [, seapo vagari vomunyika vanosarudza kana kuti kuita mhiko yougari hwemo, kana kuti tacit[[, seapo vanhu vanobetserwa nedziviriro yetsika dzapamutemo uye vanofungidzirwa kuva vakagamuchira mashoko adzo. Mufungo wekubvuma urefudzi hwetsika unopa gadziriro yehurumende inotonga uye unogovera mupimo unorwisana nehurumende inogona kutongwa.

Kodzero Dzemuzvarirwo Nedziviriro Yadzo

Vatsigiri venzanga vanowanzofunga kuti vanhu vane dzimwe kodzero nemhaka bedzi yokuva vanhu. Idzi kodzero dziripo pamberi uye pasina hurumende. Chinangwa chebvumirano yenzanga hachisi chokugadzira kodzero asi kudzichengetedza zvinobudirira. Hurumende dzinokundikana kudzivirira kodzero idzi, kana kuti dzinodziputsa, dzinorasikirwa nechiremera chadzo chetsika.

Musengwa Nebasa Rokuteerera

Kana vanhu vakabvumirana nebvumirano yenzanga, vanopinda mumisengwa. Vagari vane basa rokuteerera mutemo, kubhadhara mitero, kubatira pamatare ematare anobetsera kudzivirira vose. Zvisinei, misengwa iyi haisi yakakwana. Vatsigiri vazhinjisa venzanga vanoziva kuti mitemo inoputsa kodzero huru kana kuti inopfuura chiremera chapamutemo ingava isina kururama uye ingasasunga hana. Nhau yeapo kusateerera hurumende inoruramiswa inoramba iri nhau ipenyu muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chibvumirano chenzanga chinogovera gadziriro yokufunga pamusoro payo.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Nokuumbwa Kwehurumende

Chibvumirano chenzanga chinopa ruramiso nokuda kwehurumende imene. Pasina hurumende, vanhu vamwe navamwe vangafanira kushandisa maruramiro avo vamene, kuchitungamirira kurwisano nokusagadzikana. Kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kuchiremera chimwe chete, vanhu vanoumba gadziriro yokugarisana kune rugare. Mumurangariro uyu, nyika haisi chinhu chavanhu asi chivako chakasikwa asi chinoitwa nevanhu. Iyi nzwisiso ine revo dzine simba. Inokarakadza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aripo kuti ashumire vanhu, kwete imwe nzira. Zvinorevawo kuti masimba ehurumende anoganhurirwa nemitemo, kunyange kana mashoko iwayo asina kunyorwa pasi.

Kuumbwa kwehurumende kunobatanidza chibvumirano chakapetwa kaviri mudzimwe rondedzero. Chokutanga, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanobvuma kuumba nzanga, kuumba mutumbi wakabatana. Chechipiri, mutumbi uyu unobvuma kugadza hurumende ine masimba akatarwa. Uku kusiyana kunobvumira vatsigiri kuparadzanisa nhau yomusengwa wezvamatongerwe enyika nenhau yehurumende. Sangano ringachinja hurumende yaro pasina kubvisa chibvumirano chenzanga.

Kutapura Kutonga Kwazvino Uno

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende shomanana dzichinyatsotaura nezvepfungwa yacho, nheyo dzadzo dziri mugadziriro dzemitemo, uye masangano ehurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu pasi pose.

Utongi Hworuzhinji hweBumbiro remitemo Nehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Utongi hunosarudzwa neBumbiro reMitemo hunoisa pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rakaganhurirwa nomutemo uye nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa anowanzovamba nesumo inotevedza mutauro webvumirano yenzanga, achirondedzera vanhu semanyuko echiremera. Mutezo weMitemo weU.S., somuenzaniso, unovamba ne "Isu Vanhu," nongedzero yakananga kukubvumira kweboka uko kunoisa chinyorwa chose. Chitendero chekodzero chinodzivirirazve maruramiro omuzvarirwo pahurumende inopindira, kuratidzira pesvedzero yaLocke.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Chibvumirano chenzanga chinoreva kuti vatongi havasi kudarika mutemo.

Kumiririra uye Kuzvidavirira

Munzanga huru dzazvino uno, kutora rutivi kwakananga muchisarudzo chiri chose hakubviri. Chibvumirano chenzanga chinoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nehurumende inomirira, umo vagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru vakuru kuti vaitire chimwe chinhu. Kusarudza kunogovera mutoo wemvumo inopfuurira, uye kuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kunovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichiita kuda kwavanhu. Sarudzo yenguva dzose, kuita zvisarudzo zvinooneka, uye rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau masangano ose anopa revo rezvibvumirano zvenzanga.

Mazano Okudzidzisa Vanhu

Pasinei zvapo nepesvedzero yaro, rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga yave ichitsoropodzwa nenzira inopfuurira.

Kuzvidzwa Kwevakadzi Nekuparadzwa Kwavakadzi

Vazivi vezvechikadzi vakadai saCarole Pateman vakataura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chave chiri chibvumirano chevatano cha munhau. Vazivi vakakurumbira, Pateman vanokwikwidza, vakadzi vanobviswa muboka ravagadziri vakazara. Vakadzi vaifungidzirwa kuva vanozviisa pasi pomutoo womuzvarirwo kuvarume uye vainyimwa kodzero dzakaenzana dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Chibvumirano chamagariro, mumurangariro uyu, chakanga chiri chibvumirano pakati pavarume kuti vadzore vakadzi. Rondero yazvino uno inoraira kurangarirazve chibvumirano chacho kubatanidza vanhu vose zvakaenzana.

Rudzi Nebatano Yenzanga

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti rondedzero yenzanga yakabatanidza kazhinji kazhinji nzanga yavachena, vanodya zvinhu varume. Nhau youranda, udzori, uye rusaruro rwedzinza inoratidza kuti vanhu vazhinji havana kutongorangarirwa kuva vatsigiri kubvumirano. Charles W. Mills, mubhuku rake Contract , inoramba kuti chibvumirano chamagariro chavanhu chinonzwisiswa zviri nani sechibvumirano chedzinza chinoumba nokuchengeta ukuru hwechichena. Iye anoda chibvumirano chakahwirudzurwa icho chinobvuma kusaruramisira kwomunguva yakapfuura uye chinoita kuenzana kwechokwadi.

Chinetso Chokuva Akakodzera

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chinhu chisiri chechokwadi uye chinofungidzirwa. Hapana chaunga chenhau chakamboumbwa nechibvumirano chokuziva pakati pavanhu vakasununguka uye vakaenzana. Nzanga chaidzoidzo dzinosikwa kupfurikidza nokukunda, kutama, nhaka, uye tsaona yenhau. Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga ingavhara basa resimba, kumanikidza, uye kusaenzana mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoumba. Inoisa mungozi shanduro yakajeka yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inofuratira maidi akanyonganiswa erwisano nedzoro.

Kuchinja Kwemagariro Evanhu

Pasinei zvapo neiyi rwisano, chibvumirano chenzanga chinoramba chiri chishandiso chine simba chokufunga pamusoro penhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga.

Kodzero Dzevanhu uye Masangano Okutonga Munzanga

Kubva kuCivil Rights Movement in the United States kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kwevarume neLGBTQ+ maruramiro, vashingairi vakakumbira chibvumirano chenzanga kutaura kuti hurumende yakundikana kudzivirira kodzero dzavagari vose vose. Kudikanwa kwedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo kuraira kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chiremekedzwe nokuda kwomunhu ari wose, kwete bedzi nokuda kwevashomanene vakaropafadzwa. Chibvumirano chenzanga chinobvumira vatsigiri kunongedzera kuchipikirwa chakaputsika uye kukumbira kuzadzikwa kwacho.

Kudzora Kwakatipoteredza uye Mutoro Wokuunganidza

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunopa denho yechienzi kubvumirano yenzanga. Zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zvinoyambuka miganhu yenyika uye zvinotapura zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvisingagoni kubvumirana nemitemo yazvino uno. Vamwe vatsigiri vanopikisa chibvumirano chakawedzera chenzanga icho chinobatanidza vanhu vomunguva yemberi nenyika yomusikirwo. Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvakadai seParamende yeParis zvinomirira kuedza kuita chibvumirano chenzanga chenyika yose nokuda kwechiito cheboka pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Chinetso chiri mukudzikamisa fariro dzenyika yose nomutoro mumwe chete.

Kushandira Pamwe Munyika Yose Nomutemo Wemarudzi Ose

Chibvumirano chenzanga chakatambanudzwawo kusvikira kumwero wamarudzi ose. Vafungi vakaita saImmanuel Kant vakatsigira kuwedzerwa kwamarudzi aizotanga rugare rusingagumi. Masangano amarudzi ose azvino uno akadai seUnited Nations Trade Organization, uye International Criminal Court anoratidzira kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kwokuti zvinetso zvenyika yose zvinoda zvigadzikiso zvakabatana. Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga yenyika yose inoramba ichirwiswa, asi inopa gadziriro yokufunga pamusoro pekodzero nemitoro yehurumende navanhu munyika inowirirana.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Munguva Yetsika Netsika

Kukura kwemichina yemakombiyuta uye mapurogiramu esocial network kwaita kuti pave nemibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pechibvumirano chenzanga. Makambani etech akadai seFacebook, Google, uye Twitter akaita kuti vanhu vagarisane nemitemo yavo, mashandiro, uye zvirongwa zvokutonga. Vanoshandisa mashoko aya vanobvuma, kazhinji vasingaaverengi, kuti vawane.

Zvisinei, chibvumirano chemibatanidzwa yenzanga chinomutsa funganyo dzakakomba. Kuvanza kunoparadzwa, mashoko anounganidzwa ndokubatanidzwa, uye maarufabheti anoumba izvo vashandisi vanoona ndokudavira. Simba remakambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rinokwikwidzana nehurumende dzakawanda, asi havazvidaviriri. Nyanzvi nevanorwira mari vari kukumbira chibvumirano chitsva chenzanga chezera remadhigirii icho chingadzivirira kodzero dzevashandisi, kuva nechokwadi chokujeka, uye kuva nemhosva.

mhedziso

Chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chinyorwa chenhau kana kuti rondedzero imwe youzivi inochinjika uye inogarisa icho chinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Kuvambira paHobbes naLocke kusvikira kunharo dzapanguva imwe cheteyo pamusoro pekodzero dzemipimo nehurumende yenyika yose, chibvumirano chenzanga chinogovera gadziriro yokunzwisisa zvibvumirano zvinoita kuti upenyu hubvire. Chinotiyeuchidza kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chiri pamvumo, kuti vanhu vane maruramiro ayo hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza, uye kuti vagari vemo vane misengwaro kunzanga dzavanofanira kuva rutivi rwadzo.

Munhambo yokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, njodzi yemhoteredzo, uye chinjo yokugadzira zvinhu inokurumidza, chibvumirano chenzanga chinopa nzira yokufunga pamusoro pezvatine mungava nomumwe nomumwe uye zvatinogona kukarira mumasangano edu. Kurukurirano yacho iri kure. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kududzira ndokuvandudzazve chibvumirano chenzanga kwenguva yacho chimene, chichivimbisa kuti zvibvumirano zvatinoita zvakarurama, hazvibatanidzwi, uye zvinofanirwa nemvumo yedu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy sumo pa unani [[FLT:], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy rondedzero ye yemagariro enzanga [, uye Charles W Mills Ù ibasa [[ Contract[ yemurangariro unotsoropodza rugwaro rwenhau.