Kurondedzera Mazita Asina Kubatanidzwa Munzvimbo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Yazvino Uno

Matare ePendekosti asingabatanidzwi anomirira boka rakasiana remari yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshanda pasina zvisungo zvesangano zvakananga kumutevedzeri, mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano chairo rinotsigira kufanana nesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa webasa. Mupasi peFederal Ecompuction Campaigment Act (FECA), aya matare anorongwa chose chose chose nokuzvimirira kwawo. Kusafanana nemari yakaparadzaniswa nemitemo (SFSFS) inobatanidzwa nesangano romubereki, risingabatanidzwi nePACIC inoumbwa navanhu vamwe navamwe, mapoka, kana kuti masangano epfungwa anotsvaka kupesvedzera masangano ehurumende. Chimiro chepamutemo chinobvumira aya masangano anochinja zvinoshamisa makumi maviri emakore akapfuura, dhipatika anosha maitiro anoshara maererano munzira shomanana anofanotaurwa.

Federal Ecommution Commission inoziva marudzi anoverengeka akasiyana ePACs. Mapoka echinyakare asingabatanidzwi anoshanda pasi pemiganhu, achigamuchira $5 000 gore negore kubva kuvapi voga uye achipa zvakananga kumatare avanoda kutevedzerwa. Nhamba inowirirana, Independent Expenditure-Frectureal, inozivikanwa sePUCs, yakabuda ichitevera [[FL:0] SpeechNO.org v.FEC chisarudzo muna 2010. Masangano aya haana muganhu wepamutemo pakupa mari kana kuti mari, akaaipira asingazvishandisi maererano nezvirongwa. [FURC]

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo Kunoita Kuti Kuwedzera Kwemari Kuwedzere

Nhimbe dzemari dzazvino uno hadzigoni kunzwisiswa pasina kunzvera zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinokosha zvakazvigadzira. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosaresa muna 1976 chisarudzo mu Buckley v. Valeo yakatanga nheyo yokuti kushandisa mari kupesvedzera kusarudza kunoumba kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Ichi chisarudzo chakawana musiano wakakomba pakati pemipiro yenhimbe, iyo ingagona kuganhurirwa kudzivisa uori kana kuti chitarisiko chouori, uye ndyiko dzinozvimirira, izvo Dare rakatsunga kuva nengozi shoma yokusarutsiridza uori uye nokudaro risingagoni kubviswa.

Muitiro Wokuchinja Wechibvumirano Chokubhinanisiwa Nemigumisiro Yacho Yaisatarisirwa

Congress yakapfuudza Bipartisan Champaigment Reformation Act muna 2002 nevavariro yakataurwa yokubvisa mipiro yemari kumapoka ezvematongerwe enyika. Mutemo wairambidza matare ebato renyika kusimudza kana kupedza mari kunze kwemipiro yehurumende uye mari inoganhurirwa yesangano uye mari yezvokukurukurirana. Zvisinei, BCRA yakagadzira zvirongwa zvine simba zvikuru zvemari yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti iende kunze kwegadziriro yebato. Apo Dare Rapamusoro renyika rakatsigira gadziriro dzakawanda dzeBCRA mu MCnnell v. FFEC, masangano ezvematongerwe enyika akavamba kuongorora zvimwe zvirongwa zvemasangano zvezvamatongerwe enyika kuti aenderere kunze kwegadziriro yemipiro yebato.

Vagari Vakabatana Nechinjo Huru yePC

Nguva yakapera yakasvika ne Chisarudzo chamasangano . FEC muna 2010. Dare rakatonga 5-4 kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurira ndyiko dzamasangano ezvematongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira, kubatanidza bhizimisi risingapinduri purofiti. Chisarudzo ichi chakaparadza makumi amakore echirongwa chemari yebhizimisi ndokuvhura suo resangano risina muganhu nokuda kwemari yebato yezvamatongerwe enyika yebato. Yakabatanidzwa neDC. Dare reruwa ramasangano rakatevera kutonga SOW. . . FFEC[FFLT:3], iro rakabvumira vanhu pachena kuisa pfuma isina muganhu nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemitemo yePCC, rakavakwa nemwedzi yakakwana, seISCrouniorks Coodwarst Acts, Masangano akavamba kukwiration, mabhiriti ose anotejinga.

Kushandisa Zvemari: Kuongorora Kuwedzera kwePUC Kusingabatanidzwi

Kunzvera mashoko okushandisa mari kunoratidza kuchinja kukuru kwemari yenhimbe. Mumwaka wekuvhota wa2008, mapoka anenge mamiriyoni 300 emari yaasingashandisi mari mumitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakasvika 2012, sarudzo yokutanga yapurezidhendi yakatevera Chibizen United, kunze kwokushandisa mari yakapfuura mabhiriyoni $5 [Z $5], nePC inoparwa mari isingabatanidzwa nokuda kwemitengo hurusarira yewedzero iyoyo. Iyi bhiri yakaramba ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, ne20202020 000 000 000 000 000 mumikoro yendyo dzinowana mari dzinoshumwanwa kuFOC.

Kugadzirwa kwemari iyi kunoratidza kugadziridzwa kwemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika. MaPUSA asina kubatanidzwa akawedzera kuisa zvinhu paImba neDare zvine makwikwi zvikuru uko kudhura kwaigona kupesvedzera migumisiro yakananga. Nzvero kubva kuvagadziri vemichina yezvemari yezvemari inoratidza kuti kupedza pakushambadzira kwemakambani okunze kwemasangano eterevhizheni kwakawedzera kubva pa15 muzana yesesesero yematongerwe enyika yaishandiswa muna 2010 kusvika ku35 muzana yezvikamu zvesarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura. Kushambadzira kwemagedhi kwakato kwakato huru zvikuru, nemazano maPC anopayona ane unyanzvi okushambadza anotakura zvinhu zvave zvichidzorwa zvishoma kuti matare echikwirira aenderane nokudzosera kudzoro.

Kupinzwa Kwezviwanikwa Munhangemutange Dzemakwikwi

Nzvero dzemaburi endyiko anozvimirira dzinoratidzira mutoo wakajeka wezvitsama zvemibato. Chiverengero chiduku zvikuru chamakwikwi chinorangarira goverano yehwerengedzo yakakwirira yemari inotengwa kunze. Munhambo 2022 yepakati penhambo dzapakati, marusarudzo makumi maviri akakwirira anokwezvwa na 60 muzana yendyiko dzose dzakazvimirira, namaPC asingabatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura tsigiro yapamutemo ivo vamene. Iyi tapuro yezviito zvokusarudza, sava vanofunda mumakwikwikwi vanobetserwa mumabhandero anobetserwa zvikuru nemari inobetserwa nezvinoremadzwa apo aya ari mumaruwa akakotsekana anowana tsigiro shomanene yakazvimirira.

Kuongorora Kunoenderana Kwemari Yakagadzirwa Yakabatana Neyayanga Isina Kubatanidzwa

PCs dzamagamuchidzanwa, idzo dzinobatanidzwa namasangano evashandi, uye masangano ezvokutengeserana, dzakaona pesvedzero yadzo ine mwero ichiderera kunyange sezvo kudyira kwadzo kwakakwana kwakura. Nepo maPC akabatanidzwa akagovera inenge mamiriyoni US $400 kusangano munhengedzero ya2022, maPC nePACIS asingabatanidzwa anopedzerwa anopfuura mabhiriyoni $2,2 pandyiko dzawo. Iyi transc inomirira kurongwazve kwemari yemibato yesangano kumibato yetsika negadziriro dzinopfumisa miuyo mitsva. Miuyo yemitemo inotarisana nePACIC inowirirana nezvinodzo inoraira kuvanyungurira kuvatsvene vemari inowirirana navanowirirana navanobatira pamwe chete.

Kushandisa Mari Kunoitirwa Mupiro Kunotyaira

PACIC inopa simba remari inoiswa kunze kwemapoka anotengwa nguva dzose inobva panzvimbo inopa mupiro mukuru. Kunzvera kwenhau dzeFEC inoziviswa kunoratidzira nguva dzose kuti chikamu chiduku cheakaunzi dzemipiro nokuda kwechikamu chikuru chemipiro yesese yakapiwa kuPUS. Vapi vanopfuvura vane zana rimwe kumapoka anopambadzwa kunze kunopa 50 muzana yemari yose inotsigirwa mumitengo yose yeSarudzo. Uku kurangarira kunowedzera kwechikamu chikuru pamusoro pemireza nepesvedzero muAmerica.

Masangano avapi anotsigira maPUC asingabatanidzwi ava anowedzera kuva akaoma uye akarongwa. Koch inenda yeIndaneti, yakanyura makavakirwo echiAmerica nokuda kweHunguriro namasangano akabatana, yakavaka gadziriro yechigarire yezvamatongerwe enyika inokwanisa kusimudza nokupa mazana amamirioni amadhora mumativi akawanda okusarudza. Kurutivi runofambira mberi, mibatanidzwa yakadai seDemocracy Alliance Alliance system yemist yakadai sePrescie USA Action ne Genaciomanity PC. Iyi mibatanidzwa inoparofecratement inogovera pamutemo kumitection, inoita zvirongwa zvemasangano anoshanda kunze kwegadziriro yebato.

Vadiri Vaduku Vanoita Mari uye Kumuka KwemaProcec

Chinjo duku yemari inodzorwa yakapesvedzerawo PACI isina kubatanidzwa. Masangano akadai seAct Blue naWin Red akagonesa vapari kuvaka zvivako zviduku zvinoshingaira zvokupa, uye dzimwe PC dzisina kubatanidzwa dzakashandisa nenzira inobudirira muidzi purogiramu. Kukwira kwePACINUPU dzinobudirira, idzo dzinowedzera kana kuti kushora mutezo wakati, zvakawedzera muzvikamu zvenguva pfupi yapfuura. Masangano aya kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anokwidziridza mari yakawanda kubva kuvose vari vaviri vapi navatsigiriki, kunyange zvazvo anoramba achirambidzwa nomutemo kubva mukuwirirana navadaviri vanotsigira. Kukwira kwePACIFUPC yakabudirira kuwedzera miitiro yokushandisa, sokushandisa nokukurumidza masangano aya masangano mumibato makuru apo kurongwa kwamapoka anokakakakakamuka.

Kuronga Mitemo Yokubatana uye Musiyano Wokumanikidza

Musiyano wapamutemo pakati pendyiko dzakazvimirira uye kudyira kunotsinhirana kunoumba nheyo yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwePPACs namamwe matare asina kubatanidzwa. Mumirairo yazvino uno, kubatana kunoitika apo boka rokunze nenhimbe yokuda kushandira pamwe zvinokurukura pamusoro pechisiko, kugadzirwa, kana kuti kuparadzirwa kwekurukurirano. FEC yakagadza miraudzo yakananga inoedza kubvisa basa rokuzvimirira rinobvumirwa kubva mukusashanda zvakanaka. Zvisinei, mhoteredzo yokuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakasimusiyano yakaparira izvo vaongorori vazhinji vanorondedzera semusiyano inokosha pakati pezvinodikanwa zvepamutemo nomuitiro wezvematongerw enyika.

"Mashoko anoshamisa" dzidziso, inobva mu Buckley v. Valeo, yakasimbiswa kuti inoratidzira bedzi mashoko akananga akadai se "gate," kana kuti "date" ingagona kudzorwa sekurukurirano yechirongwa. Nepo zvisarudzo zvedare zvinotevera nemiraudzo yemajini zvakafutunura uyu, mitemo yokubatanidza inoramba iri yakaoma zvikuru kuteererwa. Varevernoloji vanoshandisa zvirongwa vanowanzofamba pakati pemibato nePach, vachigadzira suo inodzokororwa inobvumira kurongwazve pasina kurongwa kwakananga. Chirongwa chedare, kunyange chitanhatu chakakamuraniswa pakati peRepublican neDhectic, chakaparira kuparadzwa kwapasi. Vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotsinhiranwa vadzokorori vanotsigira nokubudirira kutungamirira kupfurikidza nokuronga kurongwa kweiyi nhevedzano.

Kubatana Kwemadhigirii uye Zvinetso Zvinowedzera

Kuchinja kwokuedza kugadzira zvinhu kwakatanga mikana mitsva yokubatanidza zvinhu. Nhimbe dzemajeni uye mapoka okunze zvinogona zvino kugoverana miganhu yemakombiyuta, zvikuva zvokuvhota mashoko, uye nzira dzokuronga nzira dzinoshandiswa kukurukurirana nenzira dzingasatanga mipimo yetsika. Kuchinja kwokubatanidza kunobva kumagweta ezvemari kwakaronga nzira dzinobvumirwa dzokugoverana mashoko anopesana nemiganhu yemitemo iripo. FEC yakabudisa Mirangariro inoitwa neAdvisysteory Advisbook Mieootions inobata nemiraudzo yakananga kutsika dzakagara dziripo, asi kukurumidza kuchinja kwemitengo yokushanda kwemitevendi yemichina yokugadzira zvinhu kwakatemwa.

Kunetsa Kunoita Kuti Pave Nokukwikwidzana Nekutonga Kwehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Kudzora kwokushandisa kusingabatanidzwi kwakaparira gakava guru pamusoro petapuro pamimiririri yedemokrasi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ndyiko dzisina kuganhurirwa dzinowedzera inzwi rezvamatongerwe enyika ravapi navapfumi nefariro dzebhizimisi pandyiko dzavagariwo zvavo. Vatsigiri vanokwidza kuti kupambadza kwokuzvimirira kunokudza kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunogonesa mifungo yakasiana- siyana kutora rutivi mukurukurirano yechisarudzo. Ufakazi hwemiitiro inokarakadza miuyo inosiana inopesana mumativi akasiana - siana nemhoteredzo dzavanhu nemhoteredzo dzesangano.

Migumisiro Yomufambiro Womuitiro Woruzvinatso Nemigumisiro

Kunzvera ukama pakati pekushandisa mari kunze nomufambiro wemitemo kwakabudisa zviwanwa zvakasiyana. Dzimwe nzvero dzinoratidzira kuti mitezo yeCongress inobetserwa zvikuru netsigiro yeSuper PAC inoratidza kupindura kukuru zvikuru kuzvisarudziro zvemitemo chaiyo. Dzimwe nzvero dzinokarakadza kuti ukama pakati pendyiko yokuzvimirira nokuvhota hahuna kunanga, hunoshanda zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemiuyo mukusarudza kukuru. Ufakazi hwakasimba zvikurusa hunobatanidza kupedzera kuwedzerwa kwechikamu, sezvo masangano epfungwa anotsigira vanoomerera kunzvimbo dzakasimba dzechikamu chakati panzvimbo chavanhu pane avo vanotsvaka kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Sarudzo huru dzakawana tapuro dzinokosha zvikuru kubva mukubatanidzwa kwePACI kwakabatanidzwa. Nhimbe dzendyiko dzezvitsamisiro dzinozvimirira dzakagonesa vapamberi kuti vapikire vakavakirwa mumitengo nenzira inobudirira. Kukwanisa kweSuper PAC kusimudza nokushandisa mari isina ganhuriro kwakaderedza mhinganidzo dzokupinda nokuda kwavadaviriri vanodisa kuwirirana nesangano ravapi vakapfuma kana kuti masangano makuru epfungwa. Iri simba rakaparira kuchinjika mumapoka uye rakawedzera vatongi mumapoka ose ari maviri makuru.

Kushanda Kwavoruzhinji Nomutemo Wedemocratic

Kufunga kuti sarudzo dzinopesvedzerwa nevapfumi vane migumisiro yokuva vapamutemo kwehurumende. Nzvero dzenzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti vazhinji veAmerica vanodavira gadziriro yemari yenhimbe inopa pesvedzero huru zvikuru pavapi vanopa miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kunzwisisa kunobatana nokuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano ehurumende uye kuderera kwebatano yezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pekushandisa kwenhimberi nemigumisiro inovapo zvinokakavadzana, murangariro wavose weuori unoratidzika kuva une miuyo yakazvimirira pakuvimbisa kwehurumende nechivimbo chesangano.

Kujeka uye kuvhara muPaC Ecosystem Isina Kubatanidzwa

Gadziriro inodzora gadziriro yokurangana nokuda kwemaPACI anoumbwa inomirira basa rakamanikana rezvinodikanwa zvine zvikamu zvinokosha. MaPACI anofanira kushuma vapi vavo kuFEC, asi idzi ziviso dzinowanzoitika mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi pashure pendyiko dzakakodzera. Zvikurukuru, masangano emari yakasviba akarongeka pasi pechikamu 501(c)(4) chebumbiro remitemo remitero anogona kupinda mumubato rezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kuzivisa vapi. Masangano aya egarikano anowanzopa ruwaro anogovera kuPACIC kana kuti mari inobhadhadza mari yakasununguka zvakananga, achibudisa mipapu inovha inovhara miuyo yokupedzisira yetsimbadzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masangano echinjo akadai seBrennan Center for Justice neCampaign Legal Center akapupurira kushandiswa kukuru kwemasangano namakambani anopfuudza mashekero kuvhara ufakazi. Makambani anoganhurirwa (LLC) anogona kupa mipiro kuSuper PAC pasina kuzivisa varidzi vawo vari pasi, achigovera mikana yokuwedzera yokushandisa kusingazivikanwi kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvinoda Hurumende kuzivisa mupi wezvipo zvinosiyana zvikuru, nedzimwe nyika dzichida kuoneka zvakajeka apo vamwe vanoisa misengwa misengwa mitengwa. Iyi inokamura mipiro inodzo inodzo inodzorwa kuti iende kumidze mipiro ichishandisa miteo yehurumende isati isati yakaderera.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kwakavimbiswa

Nhamburiko dzomutemo dzokupedza kubuda pachena dzakadzokororwa kakawanda muDare. DISCLOSE Act, yatangwa muzvikamu zvakawanda, ingada masangano anopedza mari inopfuura $10,000 munhambo yokusarudza kuti azivise vapi vaipa mari inopfuura $10,000. Mari yapfuvura Imba panhambo dzinoverengeka asi yaramba achikundikana kufambira mberi muDare. Chiito cheBazu reBazi reBatine reBatine. Kutungamirira kupfurikidza neSacureties neExchange Commission zvakate, nokukumbira mitemo inoda kutengeswa pachena kuti zvizivikanwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero dzinoita kuti Hurumende izivikanwa kuti iparate mari ive iparadzirwe kubudirira zvikuru, neCalifornia neNew York inoita kuti izivikanwezve zvinodikanwa zvehurumende.

Kuronga Chinjo Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Nhimbe dzezvemari dzinopfuurira kugadziridza kupindura kudenho dzemitemo, chinjo dzeruzivo rwezvinhu, uye mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika anochinja. Zvikarakadzo zveBumbiro reMitemo zvinotsvaka kubvisa Citamizens United yakawana tsigiro kubva kuvagadziri vemitemo yedemocratic namasangano okuvandudza asi yakatarisana nemhingani huru. Kudzora Dare kunoda zvikamu zvikuru zviviri muzvikamu zvose zveCongress neractiation kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvitatu zvina zvehurumende, mukova usina kusvikwa nokuda kwechirongwa chekugadziriswa kwemari.

Nzira Dzokutungamirira Nedzokutungamirira

Chiito chokutungamirira kupfurikidza neFEC neInternvotion Service chinogovera dzimwe nzira dzechinjo. IRS ingagona kujekesa mirau inodzora mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika ne 501(c)(4), ingagona kuderedza kuyerera kwemari isina kuziviswa kupfurikidza negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. FEC ingagona kutevera mitemo inodenha zvikuru pamipimo yokushandira pamwe, mirauriro yeredhiyo, uye miitiro yokudzika mutemo. Zvisinei, FEC's redrocky yakaganhurira maererano nenhau yesangano rezviito zvinokosha, uye chinjo huru dzemitemo dzinoda kuti zvisawanzoitika.

Kuchinja kweNhanho yeHurumende nePublic Finansing

Nyika dzazova marabhoritari okuedza nhimbe dzemari. Maine neConnecticut vakashandisa gadziriro dzemari dzavose dzinogovera mari yavose mukutsinhana nokuda kwokugamuchira ganhuriro nokuramba mipiro mikuru yavanhu voga. Purogiramu yeNew York City yakafanana inobatanidza mipiro miduku kupfurikidza nokugovera mari yavose panhambo yakawanda. Zvikarakadzo izvi zvinoratidzira mimwe mipimo yemibato yenhimbe inodzo yenhimbe inoderedza ruvimbiko pavapi vazhinji vePUPUS. Vamwe vatsigiri vegadziriro yemari yavose yavose yakaitwa semienzaniso yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo zvikarakadzo zvakadaro zvichitarisana nezvipingamupingamupinyi zvinokosha zvezvamatongerwe enyika nezvisingabataniswi.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi Yokushandisa Mari Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuwedzera ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunogovera mikana nedenho dzose dziri mbiri dzekudzora kwemari. Mipiro yokuwedzera inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekuziviswa kwemanyuko nezvinorambidzwa zvemari zvisiri zvekunze. Zvishandiso zvokugadzira zvokushambadzira zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoda kudzorwa sezvo mutsetse pakati pekutaura kwemagariro enyika nemubato wenhimbe unotsinhiraniswa uchiva wakajeka zvikuru. Gadzirira kuti gadziriro dzemipiro yeProcratinay dzakavakirwa panzvimbo yezvo dzakavakirwa panzvimbo yemari dzinogona kugovera kujeka, nguva chaiyoiyo yemipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi kushandisa gadziriro dzakadaro kuchada kuva nomugariro wakajeka wakajeka. FEC iri kurangarira zvino kuronga kuzivisa kuzivisa kugadzirwa kwemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika mukushambadzira, zvichiratidza kuti kuchinja kuchapfuurira kugadziridza kugadzirwa kwezvirongwa.

Mugumo: Nzvimbo Yakashandurwa

Kumuka kwenhimbe yePUC yakachinja zvikuru nhimbe dzemari dzeAmerica, kubvisa nzvimbo yemari yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kumatare ebato nenhimbe dzezvirongwa zvinozvimirira kusangano rinoshanda neganhuriro duku. Zvisarudzo zvapamutemo kubatanidza Chitamisiss United uye [[FLT]] SpechNOW.org yakagadzira gadziriro yapamutemo yokuchinja uku, nepo kuisa mutsinhano kwomupi nokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaendesa kumwero yenhau. Zviteshiwo zvamato zvehurumende youtongi hunoramba zviripo panzvimbo inopisa, noufakazi hunokarakadza miuyo pamusoro pokushatiswa kwenzvimbo dzapasi, mufambiro, uye kuviriranwa kwavose mumasangano ehurumende yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa basa rePUCs dzisingabatanidzwi kunokosha mukuyera utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica uye kurangarira chinjo dzingavapo. Kana kupfurikidza nechiito chomutemo, kudzikamisa, kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoitwa mukupindura kutsika dzokushandisa kwadzo kuchaumba makwikwi akasarudzwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira kuchinjika uye gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzichichinjira kumhoteredzo itsva dzemitemo nedzomutezo, gadziriro yezve mari icharamba iri nzvimbo huru yokukwikwikwidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzwi rezvamatongerwe enyika, kumirira, uye revo yokuenzana kwehurumende yehurumende.