Gadziriro yedare inobatira sehwaro hweruramisiro muUnited States, ichigovera gadziriro yakarongeka yokupedza rwisano, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kutsigira mutemo. Kana ukabatanidzwa munhau yemitemo kana kuti kungotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa sei, kuwana nzwisiso pamusoro pamashandiro ematare anogona kuisa mutsinde unowanzoratidzika kuva muitiro wakaoma nounotyisidzira. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera tsika yedare kubva pamusoro kusvikira pasi, kunzvera chimiro chayo, miitiro, uye rwendo rwacho zvinotora nhau kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokutonga.

Kunzwisisa Tsika Yedare Rinotakura Vana muAmerica

United States inoshandisa gadziriro mbiri dzakasiana dzedare: gadziriro yedare rehurumende negadziriro yedare rehurumende, iyo inobatanidza matare ehurumende nenzvimbo.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., Chikamu III, chinosimbisa gadziriro yedare rehurumende neDare repamusorosoro reU.S. ndokubvumidza Congress kuvamba matare ehurumende akaderera ehurumende, ndiko kuti matare eruwa neoruwa. Munguva ino, hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta gadziriro yayo yedare inoshanda mubumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Nemhaka yemibatanidzwa yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, masangano ehurumende akasiyana - siyana akasununguka kushanda munzira dzinosiana zvikuru nedzomubatanidzwa, uye kune imwe.

Matare ehurumende anotonga nharo dzine chokuita neBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, mitemo yehurumende, kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende, uye kukakavadzana kunobatanidza inopfuura $75 000 pakati pevagari vehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana.

Zvivako Zvitatu Zvakasungwa Zvitatu zveDare

Mitemo yose iri miviri yedare rehurumende nerehurumende inowanzotevera gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mitaro mitatu, kunyange zvazvo mazita akananga nesangano zvingasiana. Mukati menzira mbiri dzakatsaukana, mune mitanho mikuru mitatu: matare okutonga, matare edare rapamusorosoro nedare rapamusoro zvikurusa nokuda kwenzira iyoyo yakatsaukana. Kunzwisisa iyi dare ravakuru vakuru kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinofamba sei nomutsika uye kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinohwirudzurwa sei.

Dare Rokutonga: Panotanga Mhaka

Dare rokutonga rinomirira nheyo dzegadziriro yokutonga uye rinobatira senzvimbo yokupinda nokuda kwekakavadzano dzapamutemo. Basa guru redare rinotonga nderokupedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa nheyo dzapamutemo kusarudza kuti ndiani akarurama. Aya matare ndiwo umo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye marutongeso namaune pamaidi enhau.

Mugadziriro yehurumende, matare 94 oruwa kana kuti edare redare reruwa anonzi matare eruwa eU.S., uye anopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Dare re Disiturike, iro rinoparadzirwa mu 50 yose yeUnited States, District yeColumbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, uye Northern Mariana Islands, matare ehurumende apo mhaka dzehurumende dzinotongwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye zvinobatira majaji.

Dare redare rehurumende rinosiyana - siyana muzita uye magariro akasiyana - siyana. matare edare anonzi matare makuru mune dzimwe nyika, uye mukutonga kana kuti mudare guru, mutongi, uye pane dzimwe nguva dare rinobetsera vatongi, rinonzwa ufakazi noufakazi ndokusarudza mhaka kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi enhau yacho. Hurumende dzakawandawo dzine matare okutonga akananga anobata matare emhaka, akadai sematare emhuri, matare ehurumende, matare maduku, uye matare emotokari.

Matare Anodenha: Kuhwirudzura Mhosva Dzapamutemo

Dare rokutonga rine nhurikidzwa dzapakati dzedare rinotonga uye rinoshumira basa rakasiana zvikuru kupfuura matare anotonga. Basa redare rinotonga nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rinotonga, uye mudzimwe nhau, kana mutemo uri weMitemo. Kusafanana nematare edare, matare edare haanzwi ufakazi hutsva kana kuti uchapupu kubva kuzvapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chakanyorwa kubva kudare rinotonga ndokurangarira tsinhiro dzapamutemo dzinopiwa mumipfupi nedzinonyorwa.

Kune matare 13 edare anogara pasi peDare repamusorosoro reUnited States, uye anonzi matare edare reUnited States okukwirira, uye basa redare rinotonga nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rehurumende. Kune matare ematunhu 13: 12 akarongwa mudunhu uye rimwe iDare reAppel of the Federal Circle, iro rinonzwa mhosva dzakananga dzorudzi kusanganisira kukwirira kwepamutemo uye kukwirira kwedare reSangano reSangano reNyika Yose reU.S.

Dare rinoongorora zviito zvedare rokutonga nezvisarudzo ndokusarudza kana mutongi wedare akatevera mutemo nemuenzaniso wemitemo nenzira yakafanira. Iyi hwirudzuro inokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chetsinhirano mumaturikire uye kushandiswa kwemitemo mumhaka dzakasiana- siyana. matare edare anoenda kudare anonzwa nhau mumapoka amatare evatongi vatatu, avo vanohwirudzura nharo dzapamutemo nenhau dzakanyorwa zvinotsanangura mirangariro yavo.

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende munzira dzakawanda. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende zvikurukuru inoratidzira chimiro chegadziriro yedare rehurumende mukuti inowanzoumbwa nemitengo mikuru mitatu: matare okutonga, matare ehurumende neDare gurusa rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika huru dzine matare apakati napakati anobata kukwirira kukuru, nepo nyika duku dzingava nechero dzose dzinoenda zvakananga kudare guru rehurumende.

Matare Makurusa: Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States idare rakakwirira zvikurusa mugadziriro yedare imwe neimwe rinogara dare guru, iro rinoshanda sedare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira.

Kusiyana nematare epamberi, Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rine chisarudzo chine revo chikuru pamusoro penyaya dzipi zvarinotonga. Kusafanana nedare redunhu, Dare Repamusorosoro hariwanzodikanwi kunzwa kukwirira kwacho, uye Dare ringanyora dare kuti "rine mvumo yeceretari" kudare, richikumbira kuti rinzwe nyaya yacho. Certiorari hariwanzopiwa; risingasviki 1% yezvikumbiro kudare repamusoro rinonzwiwa naro, uye Dare rinowanzonzwa nyaya dzacho apo panenge pane zvadzinopesana munyika yacho panhau yakati kana kuti paine chikanganiso chisiri pamutemo mumhaka.

Kune vatongi vapfumbamwe padare – vatongi vasere vakabatana neruramisiro imwe. Vatongi veFederal (napaDare Rapamusorosoro "ruramisiro") vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbisa kuti "nezano nemvumo" zveDare uye "vachachengeta mahofisi avo mukati momufambiro wakanaka. Uku kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kunorongedzerwa kudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa chose chose chose pakududzirwa kwavo mutemo neBumbiro remitemo.

Hurumende imwe neimwe inewo dare rayo imene rapamusoro, iro rinobatira sechiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo wehurumende. matare makurusa ehurumende anosiana muukuru nemitoo yokusarudza. Nyika dzine makumi maviri neimwe dzinogovera sarudza vatongi vakananga pamatare adzo akakwirira zvikurusa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa miitiro yokugadza, namagavhuna anosarudza ruramisiro pasi pemiitiro yakasiana-- siyana. Iyi mitoo yokusarudza inoratidzira gakava inopfuuridzirwa pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwomutemo, kuzvidavirira, uye basa rakafanira rematare munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Matare Anokosha Nezvirevo

Kupfuura gadziriro yavose yemativi matatu, zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzehurumende nehurumende dzinobatanidza matare chaiwo akagadzirirwa kubata marudzi akati enhau nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. aya matare chaiwo anokudziridza unyanzvi munharaunda dzakati dzomutemo uye anogona kazhinji kazhinji kupedza nhau nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura matare ehurumendewo zvawo.

Kune matare 90 okubhuroka eUnited States, uye matare okubhuroka anobetsera vanhu namabhizimisi asingagoni kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo kuwana mavambo “matsva. ” Muitiro wehurumende unobatanidzawo Dare reMitero reUnited States, Dare reFederal Ponties, uye matare anobata ruramisiro yehondo nezvikumbiro zvavarwi.

Panzvimbo yehurumende, matare chaiwo akatozivikanwa zvikuru. Matare edare ehurumende anokosha pamwero wehurumende angabatanidza matare ehurumende ezvemari, matare emhuri, matare epwere, matare maduku, kana kuti mamwe. Aya matare anobvumira vatongi kukura zivo huru mumativi apamutemo, ingava yokutarisira nzvimbo, nhau dzekodzero yokuchengeta vana, kana kuti nharo duku dzehurumende. Masangano akawanda anewo matare emirimo, matare outano hwendangariro, uye matare makuru anoshandisa nzira dzokurapa kubata nenhau dzakati kuti dzive nhau dzepamutemo, dzingava dzenzvimbo dzokuchengeta vana, kana kuti nyaya dzekodzero dzokuchengeta vana, kana kuti nharo duku dzehurumende.

Mhaka Dzinoitwa Nevagari Vemo: Muitiro Wakakwana

Kunzwisisa matauriro anoita nyaya dzehurumende kunobatsira kumisa nyaya dzinogadziriswa nedare.

Kupedzisa Kunyunyuta

Mhaka yehurumende iri yose inovamba apo mupokapoti anotanga chiito chapamutemo.Kuvamba dare rehurumende, mutongi anoisa nyunyuto nedare uye a "nomirira chinyorwa chenyunyuto pamukwiri, uye kunyunyuta kunorondedzera kuvadziko yomupurisa kana kuti kuvadziko, kunotsanangura kuti mukwirirwi akaparira sei kuvadziko, kunoratidza kuti dare rine simba, uye kukumbira dare kuraira kusunungurwa.

Mubato unotanga kukwirira mhaka itsotsi, uye mubato unopomerwa, unodzivirira padare, mukwiridziri. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kutaura zvakajeka hwaro hwapamutemo hwedare, maidi anotsigira kutaura kwacho, uye rusununguko chairwo kana kuti mishonga mupurisa anotsvaka. Ikoku kungabatanidza kuvadziko yemari kutsiva kurasikirwa, kuyamura kwokuraira mukwirirwi kuita kana kuti kurega zviito zvakati, kana kuti kubvisa rusununguko runosimbisa maruramiro apamutemo emapati.

Usati waita nharo dzakawanda, unoita zvokuedza zvisina kurongwa. Kazhinji kazhinji, nhau yapamutemo inokurukurwa muchimiro chetsamba inodikanwa, iyo iri nzira yokuedza kupedza nayo misiano usati waenda kudare, uye kana ukabhadharira gweta kuti ritumire tsamba inoraira, uri kuzivisa boka rinoshora rechinzvimbo chako chapamutemo, uchionesa kutaura kwaunoda kuronda, uye kuvakumbira kupedza nhau dzacho pamberi pokuisa mhaka mudare - pamutemo nguva iri yose nemari.

Kushanda Kwebasa Nezvakaitirwa Nemudziviriri

Pashure pokunge apedzisa nyunyuto, mupomeri anofanira kuzivisa nenzira yapamutemo mukwirirwi wedare kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi basa.

Pashure pokunge aziviswa, mukwirirwi ane nhambo yakati yenguva yokunyora mhinduro yokubvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero dzakaitwa munyunyuto. Kazhinji kazhinji, vakwiri vane mazuva 20 kusvikira ku 30 okupindura, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchisiyana kupfurikidza nehurumende. Mhinduro dzomukwirirwi dzinokurukura pomero imwe neimwe mukunyunyuta, zvimwe kuibvuma, kuiramba, kana kuti kutaura kuti mukwirirwi haana mashoko akakwana okuibvuma kana kuti kuiramba.

Varevereri vanganyorawo mafambiro okutanga panzvimbo penzvimbo pemhinduro. Kudzinga ibasa rinoiswa nomukwiridziri, vachikumbira sutu kuti idzingwe nemhaka yourema munyunyuto, uye zvikurukuru, mafaira anopomerwa basa rokudzinga pakuvamba mudare. Zvikonzero zvinowanzobatanidza kushaikwa kwechiremera chapamutemo, kukundikana kuisa kutaura maruramiro apamutemo, kana kuti mugumo womutemo weganhuriro.

Kuwana: Kuunganidza Uchapupu

Kana zvikumbiro zvokutanga zvangochengetwa, nyaya dzinopinda mukuwana, uko kunowanzova rutivi rwakareba zvikurusa uye rwakakomba zvikurusa rwekuzivisa. Kungava ne "mhosho," apo mapepa anofanira kugovera mashoko kune mumwe nomumwe pamusoro penhau yacho, zvakadai sokuzivikanwa kwezvapupu namakopi ezvinyorwa zvipi nezvipi zvinowirirana nenhau yacho, uye donzo rokuwana nderokugadzirira nokuda kwokutongwa kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vatsigiri varo vaunganidze ufakazi hwavo ndokugadzirira kudana zvapupu.

Mafomu matatu makuru anosanganisira kutora uchapupu hwezvipupuriro usati watongwa, magweta achibvunza mibvunzo uye mutori wenhau achinyora mashoko.

Kuwana kungabatanidza kutora, kuchida chapupu kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pomutongo usati watongwa, uye chapupu chinopindura mibvunzo inobva kugweta riri pasi pemhiko, pamberi pomutori wenhau wedare, uyo anobudisa shoko nokuda kweshoko renhau inonzi trapy. uyu muitiro unobvumira mativi ose ari maviri kunzwisisa simba noutera hwenhau yavo nenzvimbo yeboka rinopikisa.

Kutanga Kufamba Nemisangano

Mugadziriro yose yedare, mapati anganyora zvinhu zvakasiyana- siyana achikumbira dare kuti riite rutongeso panhau dzakati. Rumwe norumwe rutivi runganyorawo zvikumbiro, kana kuti "zvikarakadzo," dare richitsvaka mitemo pakuwanwa kwoufakazi, kana kuti pamiitiro inofanira kuteverwa pakutonga. Uku kudzokororwa kunogona kukurukura nhau dzinooneka, nhau dzenhau, kana kuti kunyange kutsvaka kupedza mhaka yose pasina kutongwa.

Pashure penhambo yokuwana, kungaratidzika kuti maidi haapokanidzwi, uye mubato upi noupi ungaronga chiito nokuda kwechisarudzo chechipfupi, uye mutongi achasarudza kana nhau dzezvinhu dzeidi rechokwadi dzichifanira kusarudzwa pakutonga, uye kana chiito chikapiwa pakutaura kwose, hapasati kuchizova nomuedzo, uye dare richaguma. Kutonga kwakapfupikiswa kunobvumira matare kupedza mhaka apo pasina gakava rechokwadi pamusoro pamaidi ezvinhu, achiita kuti kutongwa kuve kusiri madikanwa.

Misangano isati yatongwa inounza mapati ndokutonga pamwe chete kuzokurukura vatarisiri venhau, mikana yokugadzikisa, uye gadziriro dzokuedza. Iyi misangano inobetsera kupinza mutoo wokutonga kupfurikidza nokuwana maidi anobvumiranwa, kupfupikisa nhau mugakava, uye kurukurirano dzinokurudzira kugadzikiswa.

Kugadzirisa Nokutsiva Kusawirirana

Nyaya dzakawanda dzevagari vemo hadzimbofi dzakatongwa nokuti vanhu vacho vanobvumirana kuti vasaita chisarudzo.

Pane dzimwe nguva, mapati asingabvumirani achapinza murevereri kana kuti kushandisa magweta avo kuvabatsira kukurukura ndokupedza nhau dzavo vasati vatanga dare, uye muitiro uyu unonzi kuyananisa kwakavanzika uye nzira yokupedza nayo nharo kunze kwedare. Mediation inobatanidza boka rechitatu risina divi rinobetsera kupfavisa kurukurirano asi hariisi chisarudzo. Arbitation, nokupesana, inobatanidza muiti wechisarudzo asingatori rutivi uyo anonzwa ufakazi uye anopa chisarudzo chinobatira kana kuti chisingabvumidzi.

Kuvaka kunogovera betsero dzinoverengeka pamusoro pokutonga: kunogovera uchokwadi hwomuuyo, kunoderedza ndyiko dzapamutemo, kunochengetedza nguva, kunochengeta nguva yakavanzika, uye kunobvumira vaparidzi kugadzira zvigadzikiso izvo dare ringasakwanisa kuronga. Dare rinokurudzira nokushingaira kugamuchidza kupfurikidza nemisangano yokugarisa, purogiramu dzetsinhirano, uye misangano yedare.

Kutongwa Kwaiitwa

Apo nhamburiko dzokugadzikisa dzinokundikana, nhau dzinopfuurira kutongwa. Mumhatsa huru yenhau dzevagari vemo, rutivi rumwe norumwe rune mutoro muBumbiro reMitemo kukumbira kutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi. Kana pasina vatongi vanokumbirwa, mhaka yacho inotongwa se "kutongwa kwapamwoyo" pamberi pomutongi oga.

Miedzo inotevera magadzirirwo. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa kutaura kwokuzarura kunoonesa nhau yavo neizvo vanokarira ufakazi kuratidza. ipapo anopa ufakazi kupfurikidza nechipupuriro nezvinyorwa, gweta romukwiridzi rine banza rokuyambuka zvapupu zveantimine. Pashure pokunge mupomeri agara, mupomerwi anopa mhaka yavo, achiteverwa noufakazi hunobva kumupoteri kana kuchidikanwa.

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwanzwiwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe ruchipa gakava rokugumisa, uye mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, mutongi achatsanangura mutemo unowirirana nenhau yacho uye zvisarudzo izvo vatongi vanofanira kuita, uye vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanokumbirwa kusarudza kana mukwiri ane mutoro wokukuvadza mupurisa munzira yakati, uye ipapo kutema chitsama chekuvadziko iyo mupomeri achadikanwa kubhadhara.

Munhau yavagari vemo, mutongi anofanira kupwisa vatongi kupfurikidza ne "kurangarira ufakazi" (imo, kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kunopfuura kusadaro) kuti mukwiridziri ane mutoro wekuvadziko yatambudza mupurisa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura "kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo" kunoshandiswa mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kuratidzira mapango akasiana anobatanidzwa mukuita utsotsi kwavagari vemo.

Kuchema Nokukwirira Nepashure

Pashure porutongeso kana kuti mutongo, mutevedzeri angarasikirwa nechisarudzo chinoverengeka. Vanogona kunyora zvinhu zvinotemwa pashure pokutonga vachikumbira mutongi kuti arangarirezve chisarudzo kana kuti arayire kutonga kutsva. Kana izvi zvikarambwa kana kuti zvikasaiswa, boka rinorasikirwa rinogona kukwirira kudare rapamusoro.

Kana ukarasikirwa mudare rokutonga, unogona kunyora chikumbiro neDare reZvikwiro, uye Dare Rekukwirira richanzvera chisarudzo chedare rokutonga ndokusarudza kana dare rokutonga rakaita zvikanganiso zvipi nezvipi zvinofanira kupiwa. Zvikumbiro hazvisati zviri matarezve; dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chapamutemo chakabva kudare rokutonga kuti rione kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura muuyo wacho.

Kana mubatanidzwa ukasabvumirana nomuuyo pamwero wokutonga, vanogona kuukwidza kudare rapamusoro zvikuru uye pakupedzisira kukumbira kusvikira kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

Mhaka Dzoutsotsi: Kudzivirira Sosaiti Nekodzero Dzemunhu Oga

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzehurumende dzichipedza kupesana pakati pemapoka evanhu, nyaya dzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza kukwikwidza vanhu kana kuti masangano ehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwemutemo wematsotsi.

Kuwedzera Kupomerwa Kweutsotsi

Nhau dzoutsotsi dzinotanga nokusungwa kana kuti kunyoreswa mhaka dzoutsotsi nomuchuchisi.

Nokuda kwepomero dzakakomba, mativi mazhinji anoda kutongwa kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti kutonga kwokutanga mhaka kusati kwagona kupfuurira kutongwa. Vatongi vakuru iboka ravagari vemo vanohwirudzura ufakazi hunopiwa nomuchuchisi kuti vaone kana chisakiso chiripo kudavira kana mukwirirwi akaita utsotsi. Kutonga kwokutanga kunobatira basa rakafanana asi kunoitirwa pamberi pomutongi panzvimbo pedare guru rinobetsera vatongi.

Kururamisirwa Nechipo

Pashure pokunge mhaka dzapiwa, mukwirirwi anooneka padare, apo vanoziviswa nenzira yapamutemo nezvepomero ndokukumbirwa kupinda muchikumbiro. Mukwirirwi anogona kupomera mhaka, kwete mhaka, kana kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, hakuna makwikwi (kubvuma kuva nemhaka pasina kubvuma). Kutenderwa kwacho kunoitwawo pabhegi rebhegi (achasunungurwa mukwirirwi achasunungurwa achimirira kutonga uye mumigariroi.

Zvisarudzo zvinodzikamisa kodzero yomukwirirwi yokusununguka neitiro hanya dzekotsekano yavose nengozi yokuti mukwirirwi angatiza.Vatongi vanorangarira zvinhu zvakadai soukombi hwepomero, nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi, batano nenzanga, uye ngozi yokubhururuka apo anogadza mari yebhedha kana kuti migariro yokusunungurwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwapamberi Pemhaka Dzoutsotsi

Kufanana nemhosva dzevagari vemo, mhosva dzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza kuwana, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakasiyana zvikuru. Vachuchisi vane misengwa yebumbiro remitemo yokuzivisa ufakazi hwokupa uchapupu(*kubvumikisa kuti mukwiridzirwi haana mhaka kana kuti kusekesa mhaka yomuchuchisi. Magweta anodzivirira anonzverawo uye anganyora mabasa akasiyana - siyana asati aitwa.

Kutora zvinhu kunowanzoitwa pamberi penhau dzoutsotsi kunobatanidza kutora matanho okudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kubvunzurudza, kutora matanho okudzinga pomero dzokusafanira kwechisakiso kana kuti kusazvibata kwokuchuchisi, uye kuchinjwa kwokuva munzvimbo kana kuziviswa kwedare kusati kwaitwa kwaita kuti kutonga kwakarurama kuve kusingabviri muhurumende yapakuvamba.

Muchikumbiro chechibvumirano, mukwiridziri anobvuma kupomera mhaka dzakati mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuregerera kunobva kumuchuchisi, zvakadai semhosva dzakaderedzwa, kurambwa, kana kuti kurumbidzwa kwokupa mhosho. Nepo kukumbira kunoitirwa nharo kunobvumira gadziriro kushanda zvakanaka uye kunopa mativi ose.

Miedzo Yeutsotsi

Miedzo youtsotsi inotevera chimiro chakafanana kumiedzo yavagari vemo asi nemisiyano yakakomba. Kupomera kunotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo — mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura kufutunurwa kwoufakazi hunoshandiswa munhau dzehurumende. Uyu mupimo wakawedzera unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yokupwiswa kwoutsotsi uye nheyo huru yokuti kuri nani kurega vanhu vane mhaka vakasununguka kupfuura kushurikidza vasina mhaka.

Varevereri mumhaka dzoutsotsi vakawana dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga nokukurumidza uye kwavose, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, maruramiro okumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira nokuda kwazvo, uye maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara. Rukudzo rweFinter Amendment mukurwisana nokuzvipomedzera runoreva vakwirirwi havagoni kumanikidzwa kupupurira, uye varovereri vemhosva havagoni kutsinhira pachisarudzo chomukwirirwi chokusatora chimiro.

Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika pakusawirirana, nyaya yacho inoziviswa, uye mutongi anofanira kusarudza kana ozogadzirisa nyaya yacho. Kana dare rikadzorera chisarudzo chisina mhosva, mukwirirwi wacho anosunungurwa uye haagoni kupiwa mhosva imwe chete nemhaka yeChikamu Chiviri cheDaioparde Claus weFindment.

Kutambirwa Uye Kukwirira

Kana mukwirirwi akawanirwa mhaka, kungava kupfurikidza nokutongwa kana kuti zvimwe chikumbiro chemhosva, nhau yacho inopfuurira kutongerwa. Kutsiviwa kungaitika nokukurumidza kana kuti pashure pokunzvera kwapamberi pekubvumidzwa uko kunopa mutongi mashoko omugariro wakasiana pamusoro pomukwirirwi nemhosva.Vatongi vanorangarira zvinhu zvakawanda apo vanoisa mitongo, kubatanidza nhungamiro, mamiriro ezvinhu nemhosva, nhau youtsotsi yomupomerwi, uye kudikanwa kwokudzivisa, kugadziridza, uye dziviriro yavose.

Vakwirirwi vane kodzero yokukwidziridza zvavanotenda uye mitongo yavo. Chikumbiro chematsotsi chinogona kudenha ufakazi hwakakwana, zvikanganiso zvapamutemo mukati mokutongwa, kuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti mitongo yakanyanyisa. matare anoongorora kutaura uku uye anogona kusimbisa kutenderwa kwacho, kuhuchinja ndokurayira kutonga kutsva, kana kuti kugadziridza mutongo wacho.

Kupomera: Kuziva Kuti Idare Ripi Rinonzwa Mhaka

Juriscition ndiimwe yepfungwa dzinokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro yedare. Kunokosha kunzwisisa simba: chiremera chedare kunzwa mhaka ndokuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo. Pasina simba rapamutemo, dare harigoni kusarudza nenzira yakarurama mhaka, uye rutongeso rupi norupi rwarinoshandura rungasava rwamaturo.

Nhau Yemhosva

Hurukuro yenhau inonongedzera kuchiremera chedare chokunzwa marudzi akati enhau. Matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chenhau, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa nhau dzinowira mumapoka akagadzwa nemitemo yeBumbiro remitemo nehurumende. Idzi dzinobatanidza mhaka dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende (simba renhau), nhau dzinobatanidza gakava pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana umo chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura $75,000 (hudzo hwemiganhu), uye nhau dzinobatanidza United States sebato.

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, matare ehurumende, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa rudzi rwunenge rwenhau rupi norupi kutoti rwava mukati mesimba rakazara redare rehurumende. Dzimwe nhau, dzakadai sokubhuroka, kukakavadzana kwekodzero, uye kutongwa kweutsotsi kwehurumende, dzinogona bedzi kunzwiwa mudare rehurumende.

Kuzvinyima Kwomunhu Oga uye Kuzvinetsa

Kutonga kwomunhu oga kunonongedzera kuchiremera chedare pamativi mumhaka. Matare anofanira kuva nebatano yakakwana kumukwirirwi kuti ashandise simba pamusoro pavo. Ikoku kunowanzoda kuti mukwiridziri ave nebatano shomanene nehurumende, dzakadai sokugara ikoko, kuita bhizimisi ikoko, kana kuti kuita mabasa ikoko anoparira kukwirira mhaka.

Venue anosarudza kuti idare ripi rinofanira kunzwa nyaya. Kunyange apo gadziriro yedare ine nzvimbo, mitemo yenzvimbo inoratidza nzvimbo yakakodzera zvikurusa nokuda kwokutongwa. Venue inowanzovakirwa panzvimbo inogara mukwiridziri, apo zvinoitika zvinomutsa nhau yacho zvakaitika, kana kuti apo nzvimbo inokakavadzana iripo. Paruwa dzimwe nguva dzinogona kukumbira chinjo yenzvimbo kana migariro ikaita kuti dare riitwe zvisina kururama kana kuti zvisina kufanira.

Vatambi Vanokosha Mugadziriro Yedare

Dare rinoshanda nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzichironga, mumwe nomumwe achiita mabasa akasiyana - siyana mukutongwa kweruramisiro.

Vatongi Nevatongi

Vatongi vanoshanda sevatongi vasina kwavakarerekera vanova nechokwadi chokuti nyaya dzepamutemo dzinotevera miitiro yakarurama uye kuti mutemo unoshandiswa zvakarurama.Vatongi vanotonga nyaya dzedare, vanotonga nezviito uye vachiramba, vanorayiridza matare edare, uye mumatare epabhenji, vanobatira somuwani weidi.Vatongi vanohwina zvisarudzo zvedare zvakaderera, vanorangarira zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo, uye vanobudisa mirangariro yakanyorwa iyo inotsanangura nokujekesa mutemo.

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, nepo vatongi vehurumende vangasarudzwa, kugadzwa, kana kuti kusarudzwa kupfurikidza namasangano akafanirwa akavakirwa pahurumende. Iyi mitoo yakasiana - siana inoratidzira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira.

Maattorney

Magweta anomirira mabato mumatare, anopa zano rapamutemo, kunzvera, kunyora magwaro, uye kutsigira nokuda kwefariro dzavatengi vavo. Munhau dzehurumende, magweta anohaiwa namapato. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta vane maruramiro emitemo okugadza zano, rinogoverwa kupfurikidza namahofisi edziviriro avose kana kuti magweta akagadzwa edare.

Vatongi vanomirira hurumende mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vachisarudza kuti ipomeroi yokunyora pasi, kutaurirana zvibvumirano, uye kupa mhaka yehurumende pakutonga. Basa ravo rinobatanidza kwete kungochengeta bedzi zvitendero asiwo kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro inoitwa, izvo zvinobatanidza ufakazi hwokuzivisa nokuramba kupomera apo ufakazi hunenge husina kukwana.

Juries

Vatongi vedare (vatongi vedare) vanowanzosanganiswa ne6 kusvika ku12 vanonzwa uchapupu uye vanoona chokwadi munyaya imwe neimwe.

Basa reJury ikodzero uye basa rehurumende. Gadziriro yedare rinovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvedare zviratidze mipimo yenzanga uye zvinopa chekero pasimba rehurumende.Vatongi vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarongedzerwa kuparira boka rinoruramisira nerisingasaruri, namagweta nokuda kwamativi ose ari maviri ane mikana yokupanikira vatongi vanobvira ndokupembedza avo vasingagoni kusarura.

Dare Staff

Vamwe vanamazvikokota vazhinji vanoita kuti gadziriro yedare ishande. Vanyori vedare vanochengeta zvinyorwa, mabudisirwo enhau, uye vanotarisira mafaira enhau. Vanyori vedare vanoita mashoko enhau akajeka enhau. Vabati vanochengeta chengeteko yedare uye vanobetsera vatongi.

Kunzwisisa Kutongwa Kwematare Nemitemo

Matare anoshanda mukuwirirana nemitemo ine udzame inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuti magwaro anofanira kurongwa sei kusvikira kumisi yokuita zvinhu. Iyi mitemo inobatira madonzo anokosha: iwo anova nechokwadi kupfurikidza nokugovera mativi ose ziviso yechinokarirwa, kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka kupfurikidza nokugadza miitiro yetsika, uye kudzivirira maruramiro kupfurikidza nokuda kuti matare atevere miitiro yakagadzwa.

Matare eFederal Areal of Civil Procedure nokuda kwenhau dzavagari vemo uye Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture nokuda kwemhaka dzoutsotsi. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo imene yetsika, ingasiana zvikuru nemitemo yehurumende uye nemirau yedzimwe nyika. Matare anewo mitemo yomunzvimbomo inokurukura miitiro yakati muhurumende dzakati.

Mitemo iyi inosanganisira uchapupu husingavimbiki, inodzivirira ropafadzo dzinokosha uye mitemo, uye inova nechokwadi chokuti kutongwa kwacho kunoreva mashoko akakodzera. Kunzwisisa mitemo yakajeka kunokosha nokuda kwegweta rinenge richigadzirira kutongwa uye nokuda kwevatongi vanotonga pakuramba kutongwa.

Kusvika Kururamisiro Nezviwanikwa zveDare

Masangano akasiyana - siyana anobatsira kuti pave nokugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kururamisira, kubvumira kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuoma.

Dare rakawanda rinopa zviwanikwa zvokuzviyamura nazvo, kubatanidza zvirongwa, mirayiridzo, uye zvinhu zvokutaura zvevanhu vanomiririrwa. Masangano emitemo anopa mabasa epamutemo apachena kana kuti akaderera kuti vanhu vasvike munhau dzehurumende. Probono purogiramu dzinobatanidza magweta okuzvipira nevanhu vanoda kubatsirwa zviri pamutemo. Dare ringabhadharisa mari yemari yemasangano anenge aita zvokutongerwa, uye sezvambotaurwa, vakwiri vemhosva vane kodzero yepamutemo yekupa zano rakagadzwa.

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kuwedzera kuwanika mumatare.Matare akawanda ava kupa mashoko enhau paIndaneti, uye kutongwa kwemavhidhiyo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanhu vatore rutivi mukutonga kwedare vasina kuenda kumatare.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, shanyira United States Courts pamutemo pawebsite pa . Kudzidza pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende yako, tsvaka website yebazu rokutonga yehurumende yako kana kuti shanyira National Center for State Courts nokuda kwezviwanikwa uye masangano ehurumende.

Kukosha Kwomutemo Wapakuvamba Newevatungamiriri Venhau

Sangano remitemo reAmerica rinoshanda mudzidziso yeslant decisis, izvo zvinoreva kuti "kumira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo. Iyi nheyo inoti matare anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa munhau dzapakuvamba apo anosarudza nhau dzakafanana.

Zvisarudzo zvinosungirwa mukati medare rehurumende. matare akaderera anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare makuru mukati megadziriro yawo. Somuenzaniso, matare eruwa ehurumende anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvedare rawo remikumbiro neDare guru reUnited States. matare ehurumende anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare ehurumende nedare rapamusorosoro. Zvisarudzo zvinobva kune mamwe zviremera zvingarangarirwa sechiremera chinonyengetedza asi hazvisungi.

Zvisinei, izvi hazviwanzoitiki, sezvo kudzikama kwomutemo kuchikosheswa. Apo matare anoputsa muenzaniso, anowanzopa tsananguro dzine udzame dzechinjo yacho.

Nhano Dzinozivikanwa Navose Munhau dzeDare: Kupfupikisa Kunodenha

Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakananga dzokutonga dzichisiyana pamhosva dzevanhu uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, nyaya dzakawanda dzinoitwa nedare dzichitevera kufambira mberi kwenyaya dzinokosha dzakawanda:

Kufara Kwokutanga Nokugamuchira

  • Kupa kukumbira kwokutanga: Munhau dzavagari vemo, mupurisa anoisa nyunyuto; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, muchuchisi anoisa pomero kana kuti anowana mhaka
  • Kushanda kwebasa: Mukwirirwi anoziviswa nenzira yepamutemo nezvenhau yacho
  • Tsinhiro yeDefantant:[[FL:1] ... faira inopomerwa mhinduro, kufamba kuti idzingwe, kana kuti mumhaka dzoutsotsi, inopinda chikumbiro
  • [ Kuoneka: Mapati anooneka pamberi pedare nokuda kwokunatsiridza, kuronga, kana kuti misangano yavatariri venhau

Faya Yapamberi Peresa

  • Threecha: Paripo dzinotsinhana mashoko kupfurikidza nebvunzurudzo, zvikumbiro zvepepa, nzvimbo, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvokuwana
  • Kutora nhau dzematongo: Mapati emifananidzo inobata nhau dzenhau, nhau dzinooneka, kana kuti kutsvaka kupedza nhau pasina muedzo
  • [ Tsvakaro: Mapati anoedza kupedza nhau kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kurukurirano, kutaurirwa, kana kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo zvegadziro yenharo
  • Misangano yePrequal : Vatongi vanosangana namapati kuti vatarisire nhau yacho, nhau nhete, uye kugadzirira nokuda kwokutongwa

Kutongwa

  • Kusarudza kwokusafunga: Kana kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, vatongi vanobvira vanobvumwa ndokusarudzwa
  • [ Kutaura kunobatanidza: rutivi rumwe norumwe runorondedzera chinoitika chavo uye chavanokarira ufakazi kuratidza
  • Kupiwa kwoufakazi: Mupurisa kana kuti kuroverera mhaka inopa nhau yavo pakutanga, inoteverwa nedziviriro
  • Tsvakauro: MaAttorney anopfupikisa ufakazi ndokupikisa chikonzero nei rutivi rwavo ruchifanira kukurira
  • Mirayiridzo yejeko: Mutongi anotsanangura mutemo unoshanda kudare rinobetsera vatongi
  • Kupedzisa uye chisarudzo: Vatongi vanokurukura nhau yacho ndokusvika chisarudzo
  • [[FOLT:0] ` Dare rinopinda mutongo wakarongwa wakavakirwa pachisarudzo kana kuti, mukutonga kwebhenji, chisarudzo chomutongi

Kuzopfuvura

  • Kufamba kwepokupotera: Varasikirwi vanganyora zvinhu nokuda kwokutonga kutsva kana kuchinja rutongeso
  • [[FOLT:0] Kuisa mumatare: Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, dare rinoranga pashure pokupwisa
  • : Mapati angakwidza zvisarudzo zvakaipa kumatare makurusa
  • Kumanikidza: Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, boka rakapararira ringada matanho okuunganidza rutongeso

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nedare Ramazuva Ano

Gadziriro yedare reAmerica inotarisana nedenho dzakawanda muzana ramakore rechi 21. Kutonga kwezvokudzorwa kwemitengo inodzorwa nokudzosa ruramisiro mumativi akawanda. Kushandisa ganhuriro kunoganhurira mano ematare okupinza vashandi vakakwana, zvivako zvinochengetedzwa, uye kushandisa unyanzvi hutsva. Kuoma kwemari yazvino uno, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nepfuma yedzidzo nemitemo yemitengo, kunoda unyanzvi hwezvipo zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kutanga.

Kusvika kururamisiro kunoramba kuri itiro hanya inopfuurira. Vanhu vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara magweta, uye kuoma kwemiitiro yapamutemo kunoita kuti kuzvimirira kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Miganhu yemitauro, urema, uye kuparadza nzvimbo zvinoparira mhinganidzo dzokuwedzera nokuda kwavamwe vanhu. Matare namasangano apamutemo anopfuurira kushanda kupedza zvinetso izvi kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, miitiro yakapfava, uye mabasa apamutemo akakudzwa.

Kuvimba nedare kunokosha nokuda kwokutonga, bva matare anotarisana nokutsoropodzwa nemirangariro yakasiana - siana.

Nguva Yemberi Yematare

Matare ari kugadziridza kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvinochinja uye kushandisa ruzivo rutsva. Gadziriro dzemitongo yemagetsi nedzokutarisira mhaka dziri kuva dzinova dzinodikanwa, dzinovandudza kusanoita nokuwana. Kuteerera mavhidhiyo kunobvumira vanhu kutora rutivi kure, kuchengeta nguva nendyiko dzokufamba. Mitemo yokutaurirana yenhau dzakati iri kutangwa nokuda kwemhaka dzakati, zvikurukuru kutaura kuduku nekakavadzano duku.

Matare anotonga zvinetso, akadai sematare emirimo, matare outano hwendangariro, uye matare akabudirira, anomirira chinjo kukutaura nhau dziripo dzinoparira zvinetso zvapamutemo. aya matare chaiwo anobatanidza tarisiro yedare nemabasa okurapa netsigiro, achivavarira kuderedza kusununguka uye kunatsiridza migumisiro.

Ungwaru nemashoko zvakagadzirwa zvava kutanga kupesvedzera kushanda kwedare, kubva pakufanotaura migumisiro kusvikira kumigumisiro yokuziva nzira dzokutonga. Nepo izvi zvigadzirwa zvichipa betsero dzinobvira, zvinomutsawo mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuona zvakanaka, kusawirirana, uye basa rechisarudzo chavanhu mumatare.

Mazano Anoshanda Pakutungamirira Gadziriro Yedare

Kana ukaona kuti pane nyaya yauchataura nayo, kunzwisisa zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda mudare kunogona kukubatsira kuti unyatsoongorora:

  • Funga nezvokupinza basa gweta: Nepo kusava kunodikanwa muzviitiko zvose, kumirira kwepamutemo kunogona kuvandudza zvikuru bviro dzako dzebudiriro uye kukubetsera kudzivisa mhosho dzinodhura
  • Pasi pemiganhu yemisi: miganhu yedare inomanikidzirwa zvakasimba, uye kurasikirwa nayo kunogona kuguma nokurasikirwa namaruramiro anokosha
  • Chengeta zvinyorwa zvakarongwa: Chengeta makopi ose akachengetwa nedare ndokugamuchirwa kubva kumamwe mapoka
  • [ gadzirira: Kana uchipinda mutezo, kuisa, kana kuti kutongwa, gadziriro yakakwana inodikanwa
  • mirau yedare: Dhirowa rakafanira, kusvika panguva, kudzima midziyo yemagetsi, uye kuratidza ruremekedzo nokuda kwedare
  • Zvitsinhano: Rangarira kana kutsiva, kutora, kana kuti kugadzikisa zvingapedza gakava rako nokukurumidza zvikuru uye nenzira inokwana kupfuura
  • Shandisa zviwanikwa zviripo: shandisa matare anozviyamura, masangano epamutemo okuyamura, uye zvinhu zviri paIndaneti
  • budisa zvakajeka: Kunyarara kutaura mudare kana kuti kunyora magwaro, kurukurirano yakajeka uye pfupi inokosha

Mugumo: Dare Sechikamu Chehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda sechinhu chinokosha chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, ichigovera mutoo une rugare wokupedza makakatanwa, kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa muganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti matare anoshanda sei kunopa vagari vemo simba rokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira mugadziriro yeruramisiro, vangave semapoka okupa mhaka, vatongi, zvapupu, kana kuti vacherechedzi vakaziviswa.

Gadziriro yedare inopfuurira kuchinja, kuchichinjira kudenho itsva nepo tichichengeta nheyo huru dzokururama, muitiro wakafanira, uye ruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa gadziriro, miitiro, uye nheyo zvinotungamirira matare, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani basa rawo munzanga yedu ndokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru apo nhau dzapamutemo dzinomuka.

Kana uchitarisana nenhau yapamutemo, uchibatira mudare rinobetsera vatongi, kana kuti kungotsvaka bedzi kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa sei, zivo yedare inokosha. matare ndeevanhu, uye kuzivikanwa kunokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti anopfuurira kuita basa rawo rinokosha munzanga yedu inosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuda kwenhungamiro yokuwedzera panhau dzapamutemo dzakananga, rangarira kubvunza gweta rinokwaniriswa kana kuti kunzvera pfuma inogoverwa nehurumende yako, dare renyika.