Kunzwisisa Kubvuma: Sangano Rebumbiro remitemo

Muitiro wokusatendera ikombiri yetsika yeChension yeU.S. inopa Dare chiremera chokuparira pomero uye kubvisa papi napapi Purezidhendi, Vice Purezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye mabhii." Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti hakuna mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa, kubatanidza mukuru mukuru mukuru, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Kusafanana nokutonga kwoutsotsi, kusafanana nokutonga kwoutsotsi, kusabvumirana nemitemo, muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, unoitirwa kutaura kushatisa simba rinotyisidzira riphabliki.

Hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokusatendeutswa hunowanwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 4, icho chinobvumira zvakajeka kubviswa kwemhosva dzakati. Mupimo we “mhosva huru nemhosho” wakadudzirwa munhau kubatanidza kwete bedzi mhaka dzinopomerwa asiwo kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kukuru kwebasa, kuputswa kwechaunga, uye zviito zvinozvidza kudzora kwebumbiro remitemo. Uyu mutauro unochinjika unobvumira kuti Dare rigadzirise mupimo kumamiriro ezvinhu anenge aripo, asi unokurudzirawo kusabvumirana mune zvematongerwe enyika pamusoro pezvinoita. Vanababa vanotorwa, vanobva mumuitiro weparamenderamende, vanoita kuti chitsoro chepfuudzo chepfupiso yokupedzisira.

Simba rezvamabhiya rinokamuraniswa pakati pedzimba mbiri dzeCongress. House of Desiderations ine simba rimwe chete rokusapa mhaka (inowirirana nechakaipa), nepo Dare rine simba rimwe chete rokuedza nokuisa musungwa. Iri boka rebhiyameral rinoparira chipingamupinyi chamaune: voruzhinji muImba vanogona kuunza pomero, asi kumira kukuru kuviri muDare kunodikanwa nokuda kwokubvisa. Iri bara rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti kusava nomutoo wakareruka uye kuratidzira kutsunga kwevamiriri veFramers kuchengetedza kuzvitonga kunze kwezviito zvakajeka uye zvakakomba.

Nhano Nhanhatu Dzokugadziridza

Kunzwisisa matanho aya kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti Congress inoita sei kuongorora uku pabazi revakuru vakuru.

Kupinda Mumba Yevamiririri

Mutezo upi noupi weImba unogona kutanga chisarudzo chekusabvumirana, kazhinji kazhinji pashure pechinoitika chinonyandura chakadai sechinonyadzisa chavose, mushumo wezano chairo, kana kuti pomero dzomufambiro woutsotsi. chisarudzo chacho chingada vhoti yakananga kana kuti kunongedzera nhau yacho kuDare reHouse Judicary. Munhau, Dare reJudiciary rinobatira sedare guru rinoongorora, rinoita kuti nzeve dzinzwiswe, ribudise mapuena, uye rinounganidza ufakazi. Dare racho ringakumbirawo zano kunze kuti ribetsere mukunzvera.

Kana kuongorora kwapera, dare rinowanzovhota nyaya dzokusabvumirana, idzo dziri pomero dzakananga dzinorongwa sepomero dzakarongwa. Nyaya imwe neimwe inofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji vedare racho vasati vatumirwa kuNhau yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano.

Nharo Dzomumba Nechikwata Chemitambo

Apo nyaya dzekusabvumirana dzinosvika paImba yakazara, nhambo yekurukurirano inotevera. Iyi kurukurirano inowanzova inosarudzwa, nevoruzhinji vanodzora rudungwe rwenhurikidzwa uye mitezo miduku inopa zvirambidzo zvetsika. Pashure pekurukurirano, Porosaro reMusha panyaya imwe neimwe yakaparadzana. Voruzhinji vakapfava (inopfuura hafu yeavo vavhota navanovapo, kutora traorum) yakakwana kupfuudza nyaya. Kana voruzhinji vavhota kuti vatendere inenge nyaya imwe, Purezidhendi kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru anosa anosa anosatongova anosabvumirana.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pokusabvumirana nokubviswa. Kunyoresa kunoitwa neImba hakubvisi mukuru mukuru; kunopa mhaka kumhosva. Mukuru mukuru anoramba ari muhofisi achimirira kutonga kweDare. Imba inosarudzawo “vamiriri” (mitezo inoshanda savachuchisi) kupa nhau yacho pamberi peDare.

Kutongwa kweDare

Pashure peImba, Dare rinofanira kuitisa dare. Muitiro wacho unodzorwa nemitemo yeDare, iyo inogona kugadziridzwa nechisarudzo chakapfava chikuru. Kutonga kunodzorwa neMutongi Mukuru weUnited States apo Purezidhendi anenge ari mukwiri (nokuda kwavamwe vakuru vakuru, Mutungamiriri weSanihe kana kuti Purezidhendi propora). Basa reMutongi Mukuru rinobatanidza kutonga pamasangano akajeka nemibvunzo yetsika, kunyange zvazvo Dare richigona kukurira kutonga ikoko kupfurikidza nokuvhota kukuru.

Kutonga kunobatanidza kuvamba nemativi ose ari maviri, kupiwa kwoufakazi, kunzverwa kwezvapupu, uye nharo dzokupfiga. Munhau, Dare rakasiana mukudisa kwaro kudana zvapupu zvipenyu. Somuenzaniso, mukutonga kwa1999 Clinton, zvapupu zvakabviswa asi hazvina kuoneka pauriri hweDare; muna 2020 rokutanga kutongwa kweTrump, hapana zvapupu zvakadanwa, nepo mumuedzo wechipiri weTrump muna 2021, zvapupu hazvina kunzi uchapupu hwenhau asi zvakapiwa. Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwapiwa, Dare ramaune urongwa murusando uye ipapo mavhoti.

Gamuchira Kubvuma Kana Kuti Kureururwa

Kutenderwa kunoda mabhii maviri-tatu evatestance varipo. Kana zvinenge zviviri muzvitatu zvikawana mutungamiriri ane mhaka, mukuru mukuru wacho anobviswa muhofisi nokukurumidza. Dare ringabvisawo, kupfurikidza nevhoti yavose yakasiyana, kusakwanirisa mukuru mukuru akawanwa kuva nehofisi yehurumende yomunguva yemberi. Kana pasina kuvhota kusingasviki matatu maviri nokuda kwokutendiswa panhau ipi neipi, mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anosunungurwa uye anoramba ari muhofisi. Hapana chikumbiro chinobvira; chisarudzo cheDare chinova chokupedzisira.

Nhau Dzenhau: Kurayira Mumuitiro

Chinoitika cheAmerica chokusatendeseka chinobatanidza bedzi zvinoitika zvishomanene zvapurezidhendi, chimwe nechimwe chichijekesa mativi akasiana - siana echekero pasimba ravakuru vakuru.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson, uyo akatsiva Abraham Lincoln pashure pokuurawa kwake, akabonderana arwisanazve neRepublican Congress pamusoro pomuitiro wokugadziridzazve. Iye akarumbidzwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuputsa Tenure of Office Act, iyo yakarambidza Purezidhendi kubvisa vamiriri vakati pasina mvumo yeDare. Kubviswa kwaJohnson kwoMunyori weWar Edwin Stanton kwakanga kuri mutezo. Imba yakatenderwa nyaya 11 dzokusatendera. Padare reDare, kupomera mhaka kwakakundikana kubvumikisa kupunzwa kwemitemo kwakajeka, uye Johnson akasunungurwa nevhoti imwe (35 kusvikira ku19 yaisava nemhaka yemhosva, imwe bedzi inodikanwa yezvitatu). Mhaka yakatanga muenzaniso wokudzivisa kuisa mhaka yokusarutsira mhaka.

Richard Nixon (1974)

Nixon akatarisana netsoropodzo pamusoro pepunziko yeWatergate nebutiro rakatevera. Dare reImba raJudia rakatendera nyaya nhatu: kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kuzvidza kweDare. Imba yakazara isati yagona kuvhota, Nixon akabuda musi waAugust 9, 1974, pashure pokubudiswa kwe “murwi wokusvata. Tape. Kurega kwake kwakaratidzira kuti tyisidziro yokusada kufunda, yakabatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro yavose neyezvematongerwe enyika, inogona kuparira kuzvidavirira kunyange pasina kupwisa kwapamutemo. Chino chakasimbisawo basa rokunzvera kwazvimirira (muchuchirevereri anokosha) uye jari muufakazi hunogombedzera.

Bill Clinton (1998)

Clinton akapinzwa mhaka kudare guru redare rinobetsera vatongi uye mhinganidzo yeruramisiro, kubva muukama hwake neWhite Housenn Monica Lewinsky. Imba yakavhota zvikurukuru mumitsetse yebato. Kutonga kweDare, kwaipedza mavhiki mashanu, kwakaguma nokuregeredzwa: 4555 panyaya yepejiri ne 50-50 panyaya yokudzivisa (pachipfupi ne 67 inodikanwa). Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kuderera kwe “mhosva huru nemhoshoro dzema". Yakashambiso seyainoshandiswa kumufambiro womunhu oga womufambiro unorwisana nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Yakaratidzawo kuti kupfuudza kubereka kubereka kunogona kudzivisa kubviswa kunyange apo vatambi vazhinjisa vedare vanowana mufambiro une mhaka mutsika.

Donald Trump (2020-2020)

Trump akarambwa kaviri, purezidhendi bedzi aifanira kupiwa mhaka kanopfuura kamwe. Kudzorwa kwokutanga (December 2019) kwakapomera kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzivisa kweCongress nokuda kwokumanikidza Ukraine kunzvera mukwikwidzani wake wezvamatongerwe enyika Joe Biden achinyima yamuro yehondo. House yakarega, asi Dare rakamusunungura muna February 2020 pakutongwa kusina kudana zvapupu.

Chitendiso chechipiri (January 2021) chakauya pashure pokudenha kwaJanuary 6 paCapitol, ichipomera Trump nokunyandurwa kwokupandukira. Imba yakamukurudzira netsigiro yebipartisan (kubatanidza 10 vhoti dzeRepublican). Kutonga kweDare kwakaitwa pashure pokunge Trump asiya hofisi; kudzorwa kwemitemo kwokuedza aichimbova purezidhendi kwakakurukurwa. Pakupedzisira, 57 vasatakuri vavhotera kusungwa, namaRepublicans 7 vachikumbanira Democrats namas jheins . Izvi zviitiko zvakasimbisa kuti kusagona sei kuva chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro rePurezimendia uye kukwidza mibvunzo pamusoro pokushanda kweboka rapurezidhendi panenge rakabatana.

Zvinoreva Kuongorora Simba Rine Simba

Kubvumirana kwacho kunoshanda mabasa akawanda anokosha ari mubumbiro remitemo.

  • Kuchengeta Kudzikamiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Kurayira kunopa nzvero yakananga yemitemo pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende uko kungasabvira kupfurikidza nesarudzo kana kuti matare. Kunowirirana nesimba raPurezidhendi neredare rehwirudzuro.
  • Kuedza Kusazvibata: Kuvapowo zvako kwesimba risingatendi kunoodza mwoyo purezidhendi kupinda mukubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba, vachiziva kuti Congress inogona kuita chiito. Zvisinei, kudzorwa kwokubviswa kunobudirira kunokarakadza kuti uyu muuyo unodzivisa unoganhurirwa mukushanda.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Muitiro wokusatendeseka unoparira gakava ravose guru, kurukurirano yezvinobudisa nhau, uye hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kumanikidzira rudzi kunangana nepomero dzechakaipa chikuru uye kunogona kuumba nzwisiso dzavavhoti musarudzo dzinotevera. Somuenzaniso, nguva dzapakati dza 1974 dzakaona fungu reDEmocratic parutivi nemhaka yeWatergate.
  • Kupasa kwaMagariro: Kunzvera kunowanzobatanidza zvinyorwa zvebazu zvapamberi uye chipupuriro, nenzira iyoyo kudenha kutaura kweropafadzo yavakuru vakuru. Kurwa pamusoro pezvinyorwa muzvose zviri zviviri nguva dzeNixon neTrump kwakasimudzira miganhu yesimba rekomhembe.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kusava nomufungo chishandiso chakajeka. Chinodikanwa chikuru zvikuru chokupwiswa chinoreva kushanda nenzira inobudirira bedzi apo panenge pane bvumirano huru pamusoro poukombi hwemhosva. Munhambo dzeboka rakakomba rokusasarura, kusava nomufungo kungakundikana kubvisa purezidhendi asi achingoisa ndyiko huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika (kana kuti, chingarangarirwa sechombo chinobvisa chivimbo chavanhu.)

Kutsoropodza uye Kuitisana Nharo Kunopfuurira

Nyanzvi nevatsinhiri vakamutsa kunetseka kunoverengeka pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu azvino okusabvuma secheki yebazi guru:

  • Parisan Weapolation: Vatsoropodzi vose vari vaviri vakataura kuti mativi ose ari maviri akashandisa kupesana nokuda kwemhindu yezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pokupedza kuputsa kwemitemo kwechokwadi. Kuwanda kwenhamburiko dzokusadzikisa (kubatanidza kuedza kwetsika kumanikidza vhoti) kungarerutsa muitiro wacho.
  • Kuzvinyima kwe “Tribatal neMisdemior": Pasina rondedzero yakajeka yemitemo, mupimo unoumbwa nemuenzaniso nedudziro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kujeka kunobvumira boka rimwe nerimwe kutambanudza shoko racho kuti rikwane napurezidhendi anoshora, sezvinobvira kukura kupfuura izvo vatangi vakarangarira.
  • Kukwana sechiito chokutsiva: Muitiro wacho haugoni kubvisa purezidhendi anoita chiito nokukurumidza kana kuti anochengeta vatsigiri vakavimbika. Masimba makuru ePresidentia anodzora, kudzora kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye simba rechiito chimwe chete chinoreva kusakwanisa kunyanyononoka kana kuti kunyanyova zvamatongerwe enyika kutaura netyisidziro dzokukurumidzira (zvakadai sapurezidhendi anoramba kudzivirira rudzi).
  • Avenues: Vamwe vanokarakadza Gadziriro ye25 (iyo inobvumira Mutongi weSaniheridhe naKabhinai kuzivisa purezidhendi asingakwanisi kubudisa masimba) kana kuti kukwirira utsotsi pashure pokubva pahofisi seminzvero yokuwedzera. Zvisinei, iyi miitiro ine ganhuriro yavo vamene: Kudisa kwe25 Purezidhendi kubatira, uye kupfuudza mhaka pashure kunotsamira pakuzvimirira kweBato reSahluleri.

Mishumo yakawanda yenyanzvi yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nemirau inonzvera zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Congregational Research Service inowanzovandudza mishumo pamusoro pekusatendeseka neungangandi (CRS Impeachement Resourcess [. Constitution Constitution Arective inogovera tsananguro dzenhau dzaCelate yeIacle [[[FLT:]]] [Indation]]] (INjokaro reSistation na Remobate). Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakafanana neCUS Sunsstein yanyorwa zvikuru pamusoro pe [FLT:] [FL:]] [5]

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingaperi Rokusava Nezvakawanda Zvaunoda

Muitiro wokusatendera unoramba uchikosha, kana usina kukwana, webumbiro remitemo pabazu guru. Iro rinobatanidza kuzivikanwa kwaVavambi kuti kunyange purezidhendi akasarudzwa nehurumende anofanira kuva anozvidavirira kumiitiro yokuzvidavirira kupfuura bhokisi rebhokisi. Nepo zvinoitika zvenhau zvichizivisa pesvedzero yedzongonyedzo, mipimo inochinja, uye mhinganidzo yemipimo, kuvapo kwapakarepo kwesimba risingatengi kunosunda purezidhendi kuita nengwariro huru zvikuru kumiganhuro yemitemo netsika. Sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika reAmerica zvari kupfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva.

Kunzwisisa kuronga kwaro, nhau, uye ganhuriro zvinokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anotsvaka kuyera utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Muitiro wokusatendeseka hausi muitiro wapamutemo bedzi; irutongeso rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoedza simba reCongress nevoruzhinji kudzivirira mutemo. Neiyi nzira, kusava nomufungo kunobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti nzvero yokupedzisira pamukuru wehurumende haisati iri mubazu rimwe bedzi asi mukubvumirano kuziva uye kungwarira kwetsika kwavanhu.