Kutanga Kumuitiro Wokutonga

Gadziriro yedare muitiro wakarongwa wemitemo umo gakava rinogadziriswa uye ruramisiro inodzorwa munzanga inodzorwa nomutemo. Inobatanidza nhevedzano yamatanho emitemo, kubva panguva ino kunyunyuta kwapamutemo kunopiwa nenzira yakarongwa kudare kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira. Uyu muitiro hausi wechinhu chimwe chete; unosiyana mumativi ose emitemo (magariro echigadziko), marudzi enhau (chivil, utsotsi, udzori hwedare), uye kuvapo kana kuti kusavapo kwedare rinobetsera. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo, sezvo kunoratidza kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzemitemo dzinoshandiswa sei kugariranwa. Nyaya inopa nhambo huru, nhevedzano yokudzivirira, dziviriro, uye vatambi vanoisa.

Vatori Mumibato Yokutonga Vanokosha

Kunzwisisa zvavanoita kunobatsira kuti nyaya yacho ive yakajeka kuti nhandare imwe neimwe inoita sei.

Mapati

Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, boka rinotanga dare i profit, uye papati inokwidzwa i dendendint[. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hurumende (kutambudza) inounza pomero pa

Zano Rapamutemo

Mapoka anomirira mapati acho, anopa zano repamutemo, kugadzira magwaro, kupa ufakazi, uye kupopotedzana.

Mutongi

Mutongi anoshanda somutauriri wemitemo asingatori rutivi. Mutongi anotonga pamusoro pezviito zvetsika, anosarudza kusabvira kwoufakazi, anorairidza vatongi pamutemo unoshanda (mumitongo yedare rinobetsera ramatare anobetsera), uye, mukutonga kwebhenji, anobatira somuwani weidi anoshandura mutongo.

Jury

Mumhaka dzakawanda dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, vatongi vevagari vemo vanosarudza mibvunzo yeidi — somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akaita chiito chakataurwa chaizvoizvo. Basa redare rinobetsera vatongi rakaganhurirwa kunzvera ufakazi nokushandisa mutemo sezvakaraidzwa nomutongi.

Vashandi veDare uye Vanotsigira

Vatori venhau vedare vanonyora nyaya dzakatemwa uye vanochengetedza nyaya dzacho.

Chinotangira 1: Kukwidziridza mhaka (Kuisa Pamusoro Mutemo)

Muitiro wokutonga unovamba apo paboka rinokumbira chiremera chedare nenzira yakarongwa. Chikamu ichi chinodzorwa nemitemo yorumano pamusoro pevhozhowe, nzvimbo, uye mapepa akarurama.

Kunyunyuta uye Kufumura (Chiripo) Kana Kuti Kupa Mashoko (Mutongo)

Mukupomeranwa kwevagari vemo, muparatori wedare anoisa faira complist — chinyorwa chinogadza hwaro hwesimba redare, tsinhiro dzechokwadi, uye kutaura kwapamutemo chakananga (zvikonzero zvechiito) mukurwisana nomukwiridziridzi. Kunyunyuta kunofanira kupiwa pamukwiri pamwe chete ne masmons, kunoraira mukwiridzi kuti apindure mukati menhambo yakagadzwa (mazuva 21 ne2-30). Kukundikana kupindura kunogona kuguma norutongeso rwapamhiko.

Munhau dzoutsotsi, hurumende inovamba mhaka kupfurikidza ne kupomera mhaka (yadzoswa nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi) kana kuti reconstruct[ [[FLT]] (yaipomerwa zvakananga nomuchuchisi). Aya magwaro anopomera mupomeri mutsika noutsotsi uye anoratidzira kuputsa mutemo.

Makotsi Anovirisa Nokuchera Matombo

Vamiririri vehurumende vanofanira kubhadhara mari yemari, kunyange zvazvo vabhadhari vachiwanika nokuda kwamapoka anobhadharwa. Mabharani wedare anogovera nhamba yemhaka yakasiana, anoisa mhaka yacho pachiteshi chedare, uye anogadza miraudzo yokutanga.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Kwokutanga

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vatongi vanohwirudzura kunyunyuta kwokutanga kuti vave nechokwadi chokugutsikana pamutemo (mashoko akashata). Izvi zvinozivikanwa zvikuru mumashekero akanyorwa pachishandiswa mashoko akanyorwa (anozvimirira).

Chinosimbiswa 2: Fambiro Mberi Dzapamberi Pezviito (Mugwagwa Wokutongwa)

Pashure pokunge mhaka yachengetwa uye mukwirirwi apindura (kazhinji kazhinji nedanho mhinduro kana kuti kunzwa kwokudzinga[), mapoka anopinda mudanho resuruvaro. Irori kazhinji kazhinji ndiro nhete yorurefu neyakakomba zvikurusa, sezvo mhaka zhinji dzinopedzwa dzisati dzasvika nguva dzose kutongwa.

Kuwana

Kuwana mashoko anochinjana pakati pevamwe. Chinangwa chawo ndechokubvisa chishamiso pakutonga, kupfupikisa nhau dzinokakavadzana, uye kuchengeta uchapupu.

  • [[[FRATO: 0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko.
  • [[[FOL:0] ZVIRATIDZO: Chipupuriro chapamuromo chinoitwa mumhiko pamberi pokutongwa, umo magweta anogona kubvunza mibvunzo yezvapupu namapoka.
  • Kukumbira Kubudiswa Kwamapepa: Kuraira kunzvera magwaro anokosha, maemail, zvibvumirano, mapikicha, uye humwe ufakazi hunooneka.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubvumira: Tsime idzo rumwe rutivi runokumbirwa kubvuma kana kuti kuramba, kupfupikisa nhau dzokutongwa.

Kuwana kunogona kuva kwegakava, kuchitungamirira kukudzosa kana kuti kudzivirira. Munhau dzoutsotsi, kuwana kwakaganhurirwa zvikuru nemhaka yeitiro hanya dzebumbiro-mitemo, asi murovereri mudare anofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hwokupa mhosva pasi pe Brady v. Maryland[[FLT: 1]].

Muitiro Wezviito

Maattorney anogadzira mafambiro akasiyana- siyana kuumba nhau yacho. Kufamba kunowanzoitwa pamberi pekutongwa kunobatanidza:

  • Kudzinga: Agues kuti mhaka inofanira kuraswa nokuda kwokusashanda kwapamutemo, kushaikwa kwechiremera, kana kuti kukundikana kutaura chirevo.
  • Motion yeRutongeso rwoMupfupi: inotsvaka mutemo wokuti mumwe munhu ane kodzero yokutonga senhau yomutemo nemhaka yokuti hapana gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu.
  • Motion in Limine: inokumbira dare kubvisa ufakazi hwakati kuti kuti hurege kupiwa pakutonga (g., runyerekupe, mifananidzo yechero).
  • [ Comment

Misangano Yapamberi Pezvibvumirano Nokuwirirana

Mutongi anoita misangano namagweta kuti vakurukure kutarisirwa kwenhau, kuronga nguva yokuwana nokunyora mashoko okufambisa, kunzvera mikana yokugadzikisa mikana, uye kuronga musi wokutonga. matare akawanda anoda kuti vanhu vapiwe mashoko akabatana anobvumiranwa, nhau dzinokakavadzana, ndaza dzeuchapupu, uye ndaza dzezviratidziro.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Matare anowedzera kukurudzira kana kuti kuraira kana kuti kuisa pamberi pokutonga. Hurumende inobatanidza chikamu chechitatu chisingatori rutivi icho chinopfavisa kurukurirano. Arbitation muitiro wetsika zvikuru apo mutongi asingatori rutivi anoshandura chisarudzo kana kuti chisiri chokuisa. ADR inogona kupedza nhau pasina kutongwa, kuchengetedza nguva nepfuma.

Chiratidzo 3: Kutonga — Chiitiko Chokudzivirira Chapakati

Muitiro wokutonga unotevera mutoo unowirirana, kunyange zvazvo miitiro ichisiyana zvishoma pakati pemhosva dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi.

Chisarudzo cheJury ([[FLT][0] Dire)

Mukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi, dare rinodana boka ravangada kuva vatongi. MaAttorney nokuda kwamativi ose ari maviri anopanikira venire (panel) kuti afumure tsvo idzo dzingadzivisa kusasarura. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rungaita [ chilhengendi nokuda kwechinhu [ (asina muganhu, kana kuti vatano iri pasi po [FLT:]] bvat v [FLT]].[FLT]]

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Gweta rimwe nerimwe rinopa kupetwa kwoufakazi hwaro hwarinokarira kupa. kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi nharo — ndekwechokwadi.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Ndiwo musoro wokutongwa. Uchapupu hunopiwa nezvapupu nezviratidziro;

  • [[[FO:0] Kunzvera:[[FLT: 1] Kudana vapapati kunobvunza zvapupu zvakwo zvimene kuti zviwane chipupuriro chakanaka.
  • [[FT:0] Cross- Kushatisa: Mupokani anopanikira anopanikira chapupu, achivavarira kuzvidza ufakazi kana kuti kuzivisa kusawirirana.
  • [[[FT:0] Kuraira nokudzosera: Tevera kubvunza kwakaganhurirwa kuzvinhu zvakamutswa mukati mechipiyaniso.
  • Ufakazi hunooneka:[[FL:1] Mapepa, mapikicha, zvombo, zvichingodaro, zvinosumwa ndokuiswa sezviratidziro.
  • [[NHAU] Chipupuriro Chokusagona: nyanzvi dzakakwaniriswa (mutoo, vatarisiri veakaundi, vanachiremba) vanogovera mirangariro chaiyo kubetsera vatongi.

Mitemo youchapupu — zvikurukuru Federal Mirau Yeuchapupu kana kuti yakaenzana nehurumende — inodzora zvinogona kupiwa.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Vatakuri vanopfupikisa ufakazi hwacho, vanopokanidza kuti hunotsigira sei nhau yavo, uye vanokumbira vatongi chisarudzo chakananga. vanganongedzera kuutera muufakazi hwerimwe divi.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pemipimo yapamutemo yavanofanira kushandisa (munzira idi, chibvumikiso chisingapanikirwi zvine mufungo munhau dzoutsotsi; kufungisisa ufakazi munhau dzevagari vemo). ipapo vatongi vanorega basa noune muchivande. Kusarudza kunogona kupedza maawa kana kuti mazuva. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chimwe, miuyo yedare rinotonga rakaturikwa, uye mhaka yacho ingadzokororwa.

Miedzo Yakaoma

Mukutonga kwebhenji (hapana vatongi vanobetsera vatongi), mutongi anobatira semubvudzi weidi uye anopa chisarudzo pamwe chete nezviwanwa zveidi nemhedziso dzomutemo.

Chivako 4: Kutongwa uye Kupinda Mudare

Mutongo wacho unoratidzawo kuti kunenge kuri kukanganisa.

Kushatisa Mutambo Wevacheche

Pashure pokunge mutongo wacho waraviwa mudare repachena, mumwe nomumwe angakumbira kuti vatongi vabvunzurudzwe — vachibvunza mumwe nomumwe ari mudare rinobetsera vatongi somunhu mumwe nomumwe kana vakabvumirana nechisarudzo chacho.

Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure Pejeti

Rutongeso rusati rwava rwokupedzisira, varasikirwi vanganyora zviito zvapashure pomutongo:

  • Motion for Justitu Winapi norw (JNOV): Agues kuti chisarudzo hachibvumirwi pamutemo uye mutongi anofanira kupinda mumugumisiro wakapesana.
  • Commentation for the New Touting: kutaura kwokuti zvikanganiso mukati mokutonga (mutoo., miraidzo isina kufanira yedare rinobetsera, kusazvibata kupfurikidza nezano) yakaramba kutongwa kwakarurama.
  • [[[Nto:0] .Kutonga kwaAmenter kana kuti Rutongeso rwakadzikwa: kutsvakisisa chitsama chorutongeso kana kuti mamwe mashoko.

Kana izvi zvikarambwa, dare rinoita mutongo wokupedzisira.

Chitayera 5: Kukwirira uye Kurapa Kwokubuda Muropa

Dare rinoongorora zvinyorwa zvacho uye mipfupi kuti rione kana dare rokutonga rakashandisa mutemo zvakarurama here; kukwidza nyaya yacho hakusi kutsva; kuongororazve nyaya yacho.

Kunyepedzera Kuziva Kukwezva

Mubato unofanira kuisa rugwaro rwekukwirira [ mukati menhambo chaiyo yenguva (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kubva pakupinda kworutongeso). Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunorasikirwa namaruramiro okukwirira.

Muitiro Wokuda Kuwana Chimuko

  • Yakanyorwa paKukwirira: Mabharani wedare anonyora chinyorwa chapamutemo — zvikumbiro, marekodhi, zviratidziro, uye zvirevo.
  • Briefs:[[[[papati]] Appelant (kutora mubato) inopa rondedzero pfupi yezvikanganiso nezvibvumikiso zvapamutemo. Appelle inoisa mhinduro pfupi, uye appelant anganyora mhinduro.
  • Tsvumo: Muzvikumbiro zvizhinji, magweta anopa nharo pfupi dzokutaura (g., 15-30 km) pamberi peboka ravatongi (zvikurukuru vatatu mumatare apakati; kusvikira ku 9 mumatare makurusa). Vatongi vangabvunza mibvunzo yokunzvera.
  • Decision: Dare rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa, uyo unga threming[ (mutezo), transver [kuchinja, kana kuti uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FT]]

Kumwe Kukwirira uye Certiorari

Pashure pechisarudzo chakaitwa nedare rapakati, mubato unorasikirwa ungatsvaka hwirudzuro nedare rapamusoro zvikurusa (mutoo, dare rehurumende rapamusorosoro kana kuti Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S.). Kazhinji kazhinji, dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rine hwirudzuro yokutonga kwapamutemo — kungasarudza kunzwa nhau yacho kupfurikidza newrit ye cortari.

Kugombedzerwa Kworutongeso

Kana rutongeso rwuri rwokupedzisira uye rusino kumwe kukumbira kuri kumirira, boka rakapararira rinogona kuita kuti rutongeso ruve rwakarurama. Mitoo inobatanidza mari yomubhadharo, mari yenzvimbo, kaundi yebhangi, kana kuti kubvutwa kwezvinhu (mumitongo yavagari vemo). Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mukwirirwi angatongerwa kutorongo, kuchengetwa, faindi, kana kuti zvimwe zvirango.

Kurangarira Chaiko Kwamarudzi Outsotsi

Muitiro wokutonga unochinja zvichitsamira parudzi rwegakava racho.

Kurwisana Nematsotsi.

Nyaya dzeutsotsi dzinosanganisira dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo (kodzero yokupa zano, pakodzero yokuzvipa mhaka, pfungwa yokusava nemhosva). Hurumende inotakura mutoro wouchapupu pasina mubvunzo. Nhau dzevagari vomunyika dzinosanganisira nharo dzakavanzika, nomutoro wakaderera wouchapupu — kufungisisa uchapupu (zvingangova zvakadaro kupfuura zvazvisina).

Federal v. Dare reHurumende Systems

Dare rehurumende rinobata mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, mamiriro enzvimbo emhatsa, kana kuti mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. matare ehurumende anobata nhau zhinjisa — mutemo wemhuri, nharo, zvigunwe, uye mhaka dzoutsotsi hwehurumende. Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo imene yemitemo yeChiviko cheProcedure nemitemo yehurumende).

Zviito Zvakaoma Kunzwisisa Nezveboka

Zviitiko zvinoyera zvikuru, zvakadai semarigiodiation (MDL) kana kuti zviito zveboka, zvinobatanidza nhanho dzokuwedzera, kubatanidza kunzwa kwemasenzi kweboka, kuedzwa kwekero, uye kutarisirwa kwokugarwa. Miitiro iyi inogona kupedza makore.

Basa Rounyanzvi Mumuitiro Wokutonga Wazvino Uno

Masheketi emagetsi (e-filifire) uye gadziriro dzokutarisira nhau dzine kutangwa kwenhau netsinhano yepepa. Kunzwa kwechokwadi nenzvimbo dziri kure, zvinokurumidziswa nedenda, itsika mumatare akawanda. Ufakazi hwemakombiyuta (matsamba, manyuko enzanga, mitezo yemasangano enhau) inoda zvishandiso zvitsva zvokuwana uye kumutsa nhau dzechokwadi nedzekuzvigaro. Matare ari kushandisawo AIB nokuda kwemabasa okutonga, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chedare chinoramba chiri chomunhu chaiye.

Mugumo: Kutsvaka Ruramisiro Kupfurikidza Negadziriro

Gadziriro yedare, kubva panhau inoronga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira uye kupfuura, igadziriro yakasanogadzirwa yechekedzo nedzinoyera. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe — kubva kunyunyuto yokutanga kusvikira kukuwana, kutongwa, uye zvikumbiro — zvinobatira kuva nechokwadi chokuti nharo dzakavakirwa pamaidi nomutemo, kwete simba kana kuti fungidziro. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, kunzwisisa nhano dzeprocedectal dzinopa simba vapasundo navacherekedzi simba rokupinda matare nokunzwisisa mutemo unoshanda. Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0].S. Dare renhau retsika dzemubatanidzwa wedare [[FLT: 1], [FLT], [FLD], [5] , uye stem trans superset transft transs transf]