Kutanga: Nzira Yomunyika Yose Yokudzika Mitemo

Sangano rimwe nerimwe razvino uno rinotsamira pamuitiro wakarongeka kuumba nokugadziridza mitemo yaro. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa semuitiro wemitemo, unochinja pfungwa yemitemo (ichochi chinobva kuhurumende, muparamende, chikumbiro chevagari vemo, kana kuti chikumbiro chesimba (chinoisa mutemo unobatira pamutemo). Nepo nhanho huru dzechikarakadzo, kutendera, kutenderwa, uye kugadzwa zviri mumativi ose, zvinosiyana zvinoshamisa zvikuru mumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi inoratidzira kurongwa kwenyika imwe neimwe, magamuchidzanwa enhau, uye dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti zvikwereti zvinova sei mitemo munyika dzakasiana-pasi penyika zvinokosha kunzwisiswa bedzi nenzira ipi neipi asi kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rishandiswe sei. Nyaya inopa kunzvera, kunzvera kukuru kwemagaro, masangano eUnited States, United States, uye pasi pemitemo inosimbiswa pasi peJapan.

Gadziriro Yomutemo muUnited States

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yapurezidhendi wehurumende ine bacameral Congress inoumbwa neNzvimbo yaVamiririri (435, inogoverwa navagari vemo) uye Dare (mitezo 100, miviri pahurumende). Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunopa Purezidhendi basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nesimba. Rwendo rwegweta rehurumende rwakawanda uye rwakareba kazhinji kazhinji.

  • Introduction: Mutezo unotangwa nomutezo weDare mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Mutungamiriri weimba anougovera kudare rine simba pamusoro penhau.
  • Committee Action: Dare(kana kuti dare repaduku) rine kunzwa, nharo, uye vhoti kana mari yokushuma bhiri racho iri pamutemo. Mabhiri mazhinji anofa mudare. Chitsama chinoshumwa chinoperekedzwa nomushumo unotsanangura donzo racho.
  • Nharo yeFloor and Vote: Mumba, gakava rinoganhurirwa naSamendi yeMitemo. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti rakumbirwa (kuvhota 60). Vatongi vangadaidza vanaichi, vanononotsa kana kuti vanovhara vhoti. Pane imwe nguva, vhoti dzemukamuri papepa.
  • Dare redare: Kana muromo upfuura imwe kamuri, unoenda kune imwe. Kamuri iroro rinotevera miitiro yaro rimene. Kana imba yechipiri inopfuura shanduro yakasiana, dare redare redare (rinobatanidza mitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri) rinofanira kubvumira misiyano. Mushumo wemusangano unovapo unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Presidile Action: Mutemo wokupedzisira unotumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Purezidhendi angasaina kumutemo, kana kuti kuudzorera nokuramba, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (MaSvondo okuwedzera). Kana Paramende yakashongedzwa uye Mutungamiriri weProfesi asingasayina, homwe , kana kuti chikwama chinogona kuitika.

Muitiro weU.S. unosimbisa nzvero nedzikamo. Gadziriro yedare inobvumira nzvero chaiyo, nepo nharaunda yegadziriro nokukunda mirairo inobvumira kubvumirana. Nokuda kwechiono chine chiremera, ona .gov’s as nhungamiro kumuitiro wewirogiro.

Gadziriro Yomutemo muUnited Kingdom

United Kingdom ine gadziriro yeparamende pasi pehurumende inotongwa nebumbiro remitemo. Paramende ibhiharari: Imba yaCommons (yakarongwa) neImba yaMadzimu (yakagadzwa nenhaka). Hurumende (mukuru mukuru) inotorwa kubva kuParamende uye inozvidavirira. Mutemo wakawanda unobva kuhurumende, kunyange zvazvo zvikwereti zvemitezo yomunhu oga zvichibvirawo.

  • Kutanga Kurava: Mutengo unotangwa nenzira yakarongwa; hapana gakava kana kuti vhoti zvinoitika. Musoro unoraviwa uye mutengo unorairwa kutsikirirwa.
  • [ Kurava kwapamutemo: Imba yose inokakavadzana nheyo dzose dzemitemo. Hapana kugadziriswa kunoitika padanho rino. Vhoti inosarudza kana mari yacho ichiripo.
  • Committee Stage: Dare remitemo (kazhinji kazhinji 16-50 MP) rinonzvera chitsama chomutemo kupfurikidza nechikamu, uchirangarira gadziridzo. Nokuda kwezvikwereti zvinokosha zvikuru, Imba yose ingabatira seDare reVose.
  • Mushumo: Dare rinoshuma kudzokera kuImba. Kugadziridzwazve kunogona kukarakadzwa uye kukurukurwa.
  • Read Read: Shanduro yokupedzisira inokakavadzana; kugadziridzwa kuduku bedzi, kwounyanzvi kunobvumirwa. House inovhota kana kupfuudza bhiri racho.
  • [[Nzira:0] Imba yaMadzishe:[ Muganhu unopfuura nhano dzakafanana muMadzishe. Ishe anogona kupedza kana kuti kuramba zvikwereti, asi chibviro cheParamende Mabasa a1911 na 1949, VaSangano rinogona kukurira chishoro chaMadzishe pashure pokunonoka.
  • [[[Nto:0] .Asact:[[FL:1] Mambo anotendera nenzira yakarongwa mutemo (iyi itsika). Mutemo unova Mutemo weParamende.

Devolution inowedzera kuoma: Paramende yeScotland, Sed Cymru (Welsh Paramende), uye Northern Ireland Assembly inobata nhau dzakawanda dzomumba. Muitiro weUK unocherekedzwa nokuda kwekumhanya kwawo kwakati kuenzana mukushandisa mutemo wehurumende, asi nzvera mutemo wechipiri (zvishandiso zvokudzidzisa) unogona kufuratira kurukurirano yakazara. Uniongororo yakawanda inowanika pa [[FLT: 0]UK] Paramende yenhungamiro yezvikwereti nemitemo .

Gadziriro Yomutemo muGermany

Germany irepabhuriki yeparamende yehurumende ine chibvumirano chemitemo chebhikameral: Bundestag (yakasarudzwa zvakananga) uye Bundestrat (inomirira hurumende 16 dzeLänder). Muitiro wemitemo unoumbwa nehurumende yehurumende uye kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe.

  • Kupinza nokubudisa mashoko: Mabhiri mazhinjisa anonyorwa nehurumende yehurumende. Kana kuti, mabhiri anogona kutangwa neboka remitezo yeBundestag (kubva paboka rimwe kana kuti 5% yemitezo) kana kuti neBoundesrat. Zvikwereti zvehurumende zvinotanga kuenda kuBundesrat nokuda kwetsinhiro, ipapo kuBundestag.
  • Kutanga Kurava muBundestag: Mutengo unotangwa, nheyo dzinodzokororwa, uye unonongedzerwa kumatare mamwe kana kuti akawanda.
  • Committee Review: Dare renhungamiro (uye sezvinobvira mamwe matare) rinonzvera muudzame hwemari. Kutongwa kwavose kungaitwa. Dare rinorumbidza kugadziriswa uye mishumo.
  • [ Kurava kwapauriri kupokanidzana muganhu sewachinjwa nedare. Kugadziridzazve kunogona kukarakadzwa.
  • Kurava kwakakomba: kurukurirano yokupedzisira nevhoti. Kana bhiri repepa rine chokuita neLänder (zvikurukuru), vhoti yeBundestag inoteverwa nehesterel kuBundesrat.
  • [FUNDESRAT I - Ivontion: Dare reBoundesrat rinogona kutendera, chinhu (kana chiri “mutemo usingabvumirwi”), kana kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko rinofanira kubvumira (mitemo inobvumirwa). Zviteshi zvinogona kukanganiswa neBoundestag nevhota. Kana dare rokuvhota richida, zvinokarakadza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
  • [ Purezidhendi weFederal: Mutungamiriri anonzvera mutongo wekuteerera kwebumbiro remitemo uye zviratidzo zvayo mumutemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende haawanzoipira pazvikonzero zvemitemo asi angaramba kana mutengo wacho uchiputsa Mutemo waSiningwa.

Muitiro weGermany unovimbisa kuti fariro dzeLänder dzinomirirwa. Simba raBundesrat rinotsamira parudzi rwemitemo inobvumirwa (iyo inotapura mari yeLänder kana kuti utarisiri) inoda tendero yayo; dzimwe dzinogona kuva dzisina kujeka. Nhano dzine udzame dzinonyorwa ne German Bundestag[.

Gadziriro Yomutemo muCanada

Canada ine gadziriro yeparamende yehurumende ine dare rinotonga. Paramende inoumbwa neImba yaCommons (inosarudzwa, ine mitezo 338) neDare (rakagadzwa, rine 105 vatestator). Gavhuna General anoita basa roumambo nokuda kwamambo. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinobva muImba yeCommons.

  • Kutanga kurava: Mutengo unotangwa ndokutsikirirwa, pasina kurukurirano kana kuti vhoti.
  • [ Kurava: Nheyo yemupingo inokakavadzana. Vhoti inosarudza kana mutengi wacho uchipfuurira kuva dare.
  • [[FOL:0] Committee Stage:[ Dare rimire kana kuti chairo rinonzvera chitsama chorugwaro norugwaro. Zvapupu zvingapupurira, uye gadziridzo dzinoitwa. Dare rinoshuma bhirindi, nezvinogadziriswa kana kuti zvisina kugadziriswa.
  • Mushumo: Imba inorangarira mushumo wedare. Kugadziridzwa kwokuwedzera kungakarakadzwa (zvinowanzova nomunyori mukuru bedzi weparamende).
  • Kurava kwakakomba: kurukurirano yokupedzisira nevhoti papepa serakagadziridzwa. Kugadziridzwa kwemichina kuduku bedzi kunobvumirwa.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Dare: Mutongo unopfuura nomunhanho imwe cheteyo muDare (kurava kwokutanga, kurava kwechipiri, dare, mushumo, kurava kwechitatu). Dare rinogona kupedza kana kuti kuramba zvikwereti, asi nemhaka yokuti harina kusarudzwa, hariwanzokudziri chikwereti chehurumende chose chose.
  • [[[NHAU]] Assance:[[FT:1] Gavhuna Mukuru (kana kuti mutevedzeri) anoratidzira muripo wacho, achiuita mutemo.

Muitiro weCanada wakafanana neUK' asi une imba yakagadzwa zvizere. Hurumende inodzora purogiramu yemitemo muMasangano. Kubvisa kunogona kugumisa rusando ndokuuraya mabhiri anoramba akamirira. Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko, ona Dzidza pamusoro peParamende – The Legislative Programme.

Gadziriro Yomutemo muFrance

France irepabhuriki inotangira napamberi penyika ine paramende: Gungano reNational Assembly (rakasarudzwa zvakananga) neDare (rakasarudzwa zvakananga). Hurumende ine masimba akasimba okuronga, uye Purezidhendi anogona kubvisa National Assembly uye kudana kuti assendendium.

  • Kupinza: MaBhiri (projets de loi) anonyorwa nehurumende. Zvikwereti zvemitezo yapachivande (mabhiri de loi) zvinogonawo kusumwa. Dare reHurumende rinohwirudzura zvikwereti zvehurumende nokuda kwechimiro chapamutemo.
  • Kupinda uye Referral yeDare: Mutengo unotumirwa kudare rakakodzera muimba inotanga (mumagamuchidzanwa Gungano reNational nokuda kwomutemo wakawanda).
  • [ Committee Cendue Centre: Dare rinonzvera bhiri racho, rinoriruramisa, uye rinogadza kuwirirana. Kutongwa kwavose kunobvira.
  • Nharo: Mutengo unokurukurwa mukurava kumwe (kana kuti, kuchitsamira pakurumidziro). Hurumende inogona kushandisa zvishandiso zvokushandisa nguva zvakasimba, zvakadai se “vhoti yakavharwa,” kuganhurira ganhuriro.
  • [[FOT: 0] : Imba inovhota papepa serakagadziridzwa. Kana inopfuura, inoenda kune imwe imba.
  • Navatette (Shuttle): Zvitundu musere pakati pedzimba kusvikira zvose zvapfuura rugwaro rwakafanana. Kana pasina bvumirano isvikwa pashure pokurava kuviri paimba imwe (kana kuti imwe kana kuti kukurumidzira), Mutungamiriri weProfester anogona kugadza dare rinobatanidzwa (muvhenganiso unopinza) kuti akarakadze kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, Gungano reNational rine shoko rokupedzisira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Constigational Review: Pamberi pokuyeuka, muromo unganongedzerwa kuDare reMitemo nokuda kwehwirudzuro, zvimwe nenzira inozvidira (mitemo yesangano) kana kuti pachikumbiro chaPrezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti vatarisiri veparamende 60.
  • [[FUT:0] Rondedzero: Mutungamiriri wenyika anoisa chiratidzo chomutemo mukati mamazuva 15. Mutungamiriri wenyika haagoni kukumbira kurangarira kwechipiri.

Muitiro weFrance unodzokororwa: hurumende inogona kuisa mipimo yayo yezvikwereti ndokuganhurira kunonoka kweparamende. Basa rakasimba rechiremera chokupedzisira chomukuru mukuru neNational Assembly muchinoitika chegumbo rakafa. Udzame hwokuwedzera hunowanika mu Gungano reNyika reFrance.

Gadziriro Yomutemo muJapan

Japan ine madzimambo eparamende anodzorwa nebumaral Diet: Imba yaVamiriri (imba yapasi) neImba yeCouncils (imba yapamusoro). Imba yaVamiriri ine simba zvikuru; inogona kukurira imba yapamusoro panhau zhinjisa.

  • [[FT:0] Kupinza nokubudisa: Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinopiwa neKabhinati (hurumende). Mitezo mimwe nemimwe yeDieti inogonawo kusuma zvikwereti, asi mabhiri eKabhini anodzora.
  • Committee Mugove:[[FL:1] Mutengo unogoverwa kudare rimire muimba umo unosumwa. Dare rinonzvera bhiriti, rinoita kuti vanhu vatongerwe, uye ringavhota pamichina.
  • Committee Vote:[[FL:1] Kana dare rikapfuudza bhiri, rinoshumwa kurusando rwechikamu.
  • [ Nharo Nharo ne Vote: Kukakavadzana kupfupi kunovapo, kuchiteverwa nevhoti. Kana ipo ipo inopfuura, mari yacho inoenda kune imwe imba.
  • Imwe Imba: Imba yechipiri inotevera dare rakafanana negadziriro yemari. Kana ikaruramisa pamutemo, dare rinobatanidzwa ringaunganidzwa. Kana dzimba dzikasabvumirana, Imba yeVamiriri inogona kukunda Imba yeCouncils nokuramba nechiverengero chezvikamu zviviri. Nokuda kwetsananguro nezvibvumirano, chisarudzo cheimba yakaderera chinoshanda pashure pamazuva 30 okusaita basa.
  • [[FURU:0] Chirango: Mambo anoputsa mutemo mukati mamazuva 30. Ichi chiito chetsika chisina simba.

Gadziriro yeDiet yeJapan inodzorwa zvikuru neCabitte nebato rinotonga. Marusando emitemo anogadziriswa, uye mabhiri ayo asingaitwi pamugumo wenhambo (asina kuendeswa). Ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo yakakwirira. Imba yeVamiriri veJapan inogovera rondedzero dzehurumende.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Kwezvirongwa Zvemitemo

Magen’a eUnicameral System

Nyika dzose dzinonzverwa pano ibhiharari, asi marudzi mazhinji (zvikurukuru, New Zealand, Sweden, nyika dzakawanda dzeU.S.) ane masangano emitemo echikwata chehove anopinda mumvura. Bimeralism inogovera imwe nzvero uye inobvumira kuratidzirwa kwefariro dzakasiana - siana (somuenzaniso, mufananidzo weruwa muGerman Bundestrat neDare reU.S.

Basa Remukuru

Hurumende inodzora purogiramu dzemitemo uye kazhinji kazhinji yakavaka mibatanidzwa mikuru; zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa nokukurumidza apo hurumende ine nhevedzano yakasimba. Gadziriro yeFrance inopa Sanihedrini simba rokuparadza uye chiremera chehurumende, nepo hurumende ichigona kudzosa zvirongwa zvemitemo uye kazhinji kazhinji yagadzira zvirongwa zvikuru; zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa nokukurumidza apo hurumende ine nhevedzano yakasimba.

Simba Redare Nokunzvera

Matare idi renzvero yemitemo mumasangano ose, asi simba rawo rinosiana. MuU.S., matare anogona kuuraya nenzira inobudirira zvikwereti; muUK, matare ane simba shoma zvikuru muuriri. Matare eGermany anopesvedzera, zvikurukuru panhau dzounyanzvi. Matare eCanada anoshanda zvishoma mukuzvimirira kupfuura U.S. matare eFrance anogona kupedza asi hurumende inogona kuganhurira nguva yawo. Matare eJapan anodzorwa nebato rinotonga. Ukuru hwenzwi ravose hunosiyanawo (U.S.) kunzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndokwenguva refu uye kusinganzwisiswi zvikuru, nepo kunzwa kwechiJapan kupfupi uye kusingadzoreswi zvikuru.

Kugadziridzwa Kwepurogiramu Ye Amendeko

Kugadziridza kunotangwa ndokurangarirwa kuva kunoumba mutemo wokupedzisira. MuU.S., kugadziridza kunowanzokarakadzwa mudare napauriri; Dare rinobvumira kugadziriswa kusina kuganhurirwa mune zvimwe zvinoitika. MuUK, kugadziriswa kunoiswa mudare uye madanho. Germany inobvumira kugadziriswa panguva yechipiri neyechitatu. France inoshandisa “vhoti yakaiswa muganhu” (vhoti yemabhukwana) kuti igamuchire bedzi midzo yehurumende. Japan inoganhurira kudare nemheni; mitezo mimwe nemimwe inobvumira kugadziriswa.

Kutenderwa Kwavakuru uye Kushatisa Michina

Chikamu chokupedzisira chokuita mutemo chinobatanidza musoro wehurumende kana kuti hurumende. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru wehurumende (Presidenti weU.S.) anogona kuvhura ndokushatiswa nemitemo inopfuura dzose. Mumasangano eparamende, mambo kana kuti gavhuna mukuru anotenderwa nenzira yapamutemo, asi izvi zvinongoerekana zvichingozviitikira. MuFrance, Purezidhendi wepromulgence asi anogona kukumbira kubvunza kwechipiri. MuJapan, Mambo promulvicesss. Purezidhendi weGermany anogona kuramba nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemitemo bedzi. Mutevedzero mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende weGermany anogona kuramba kusimba muU.S., anoratidzira kuparadza kuparadza masimba.

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokuona Zvakajeka

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, dare remitemo rakatanga masangano aro. Kuvapo kwenharo, mapepa emitemo paIndaneti, uye gadziriro dzokudzokorora zvinyorwa zvakajairika. Dare reU.S. rinogovera kufora kukuru paIndaneti (conmor.gov). Dare reUK rine dare rokukumbira ringakumbira kukurukurirana. Canada rinopa mitemo yepamhesano yepaIndaneti nokuda kwokuoneka kwedare. Zvisinei, mwero wevagari vemo vakananga pamitemo unoramba uchiganhurirwa. Referendendiums haapindwa pamwero yenyika (Swtitzland idistance). Muitiro wokuoneka kukuru zvikuru unopfuurira, asi kudzoresarudzo mumiitiro yedare rehurumende kazhinji inoganhurira mumiteko yehurumende kuti asarutsirirwe kurusarusarudzo.

Zvinetso uye Kuchinja Zvinhu Mumafambiro Okudzika Mitemo

Pasinei zvapo noungwaru hwazvo, miitiro yose yemitemo inotarisana nedenho dzinodzokororwa. Gridlock . Zvikurukuru muU.S. nemhaka yokuparadzaniswa kwenyika nemubatanidzwa wemabhiri anokosha. Mukuru mukuru anonyengera anoitika apo hurumende dzinorega paramende kupfurikidza nomutemo wakapiwa. MuUK, kushandiswa kwe “Masimba eHenry VIIII” (kubvumira vashumiri kugumisa mutemo wokutanga nechishandiswa chishandiso chemitemo). MuFrance, kushandiswa kweChikamu 49.3 cheBumbiro remitemo kumanikidza kupfuudza pasina kuvhota pasina kuvhota) kunotsiva. Kutonga kweJapan kudzorwa kwechinzvimbo nechirongwa chipfupi kunotungamirira kumhanya nokukurumidza, kupesana kusina kufanira. Canada yakatarisana nokutsoropodza kwedare redare rehurumende risingawanzonetsa.

Zvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvinobatanidza kusimbisa basa rokunzvera vanhu, kuganhurira maruramiro avakuru vakuru, uye kuvandudza kuzvimirira kwedare. Kutanga kwemichina, zvakadai sokuvhota negadziriro yokugadziridza yekombiyuta, kwavandudza kushanda zvakanaka asi kwete hazvo kunaka kwehurumende. dzikamo pakati pokubudirira nokuronga inoramba iri chikanganiso chikuru mugadziriro yomutemo.

mhedziso

Muitiro wemitemo usati watongova muitiro mumwe, unowirirana. Sezvinoratidzwa nouku kunzvera kunowirirana, nzira kubva pamutemo kuenda kumutemo inoumbwa negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mhindumupindu yenhau. MuUnited States, kunzvera uye maavhareji zvinoumba muitiro wamaune asi unowanzokakavadza. MuUnited Kingdom neCanada, udzori hwevakuru vakuru mukati megadziriro yeparamende inobvumira kukurumidza kuratidzwa, kudzorwa nedare remitemo nemba yapamusoro. Mubatanidzwa weGermany unowedzera chidimbuko chebvumirano chehurumende yeFrance inopa simba kutungamirira mutemo. Gamende reJapan rinoparidzo yakasha pamutemo nokukurumidza asi nokuganhurirwa.

Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi vanodzidzisa vanhu vehurumende namatongerwe enyika, nokuda kwavadzidzi vanodzidza kuti simba rinoshanda sei, uye nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kupinda zvine revo nemitemo yavo vamene. Hapana gadziriro yakakwana, uye zviso zvose zvinoramba zvichitarisana nenhamburiko dzokuchinja. Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti muitiro wemitemo haisi bedzi nhevedzano yenhano dzematanho nedzematondiro anokosha enyika pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kuva nesimba, kuti zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuitwa sei, uye kuti fariro dzavanhu dzinomiririrwa sei. Kupfurikidza nokufunda kuti misengwano inova sei mitemo iri kumativi ose, tinowana kuonga kukuru nokuda kwokuoma uye kudzorwa kwoutongi hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.