Munamato Wapurezidhendi Nebatano Yawo Norudzidziso Rwevagari Vemo rweAmerica

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa chinopfuura chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo, (itsika inobatanidza chizivikanwo chenyika yeAmerica. Makore mana ari ose, purezidhendi ari kuuya anomira pamberi penyika uye anodzokorora mubatanidzwa wamashoko ayo anoramba asina kuchinjwa chifo cha 1789. Ichi chiito chinofananidzira kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba, kupfuurira kwoudzori, uye kuva pamutemo kwebazu repamusoro renyika. Kunyange zvakadaro pasi penzvimbo yaro yepamutemo pane mukurumbira wetsika nerezvomudzimu. Nyanzvi dzakagara dzichicherekedza kuti mhiko yacho inoshanda sechinhu chinokosha chei chezvakapoteredza Robert N. Bellah inodana kuti "American rudzidziso rwenyika yezvitendero, zviratidzo, uye tsika dzinobatanidza rudzi rwacho netsika dzarwo rwetsika namasangano. Nyaya yenhau iyi, nhau yetsika, kunzvera nhau yenhau yetsika, uye kunzvera kwapamhiko yetsika kuti izivikanwe nechitendero chavanhu vose.

Rugwaro Rwebumbiro Remitemo Rweoath

Mashoko chaiwoiwo emhiko yapurezidhendi anorairwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. riri muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8.

Ndinopika kwazvo (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichabata nomoyo wose Hofisi yashe weUnited States, ndichida kuita zvakanakisisa zvandinogona, ndichichengeta, ndichidzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States.

Mubereki "kana kuti isimbise" yakanga iri wedzero yakakomba kugarisa vaQuaker namamwe mapoka orudzidziso ane zvitendero zvinorambidza kupika. Iyi gadziriro inoratidzira kuziva kwavatangi vemhatsa yorudzidziso nokuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende (kunyange sezvo chinoitika chimene chinowanzonyandura revo dzomudzimu. Nemhaka yeicho, Bumbiro reMitemo haridi purezidhendi kuisa ruoko paBhaibheri kana kuti kuwedzera kutaura kwokuti "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari," asi iyi miitiro yazova yavose zvikuru kupfurikidza negamuchidzanwa.

Rugwaro rumene rwakapfava zvinoshamisa. Runonangidzira ngwariro pamabasa matatu: kuitwa kwokutendeseka kwebasa, uye kuchengetedzwa, dziviriro, uye dziviriro yeBumbiro reMitemo. Mhiko inobatanidza purezidhendi kwete kuna mambo, pabato, kana kuti kunyange kuvanhu zvakananga, asi kuBumbiro remitemo rimene (a rugwaro urwo vaAmerica vanobata nechiremera chemagwaro. Uku kururama kwomutauro kunodzivirira ugaro hwepamutemo netsika, kusimbisa mutemo sedock of American udendement.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Newedzero Dzakavapo

Dambudziko raGeorge Washington

George Washington akaita mhiko yokutanga yapurezidhendi pana April 30, 1789, pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City. Mukuwirirana nenhauro dzapanguva ino, Washington akawedzera mashoko "Naizvozvo Mwari" pashure pokudzokorora rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, ipapo akatsvoda Bhaibheri. Nepo vamwe vezvenhau vakakurukura pamusoro pechokwadi cheiyi nhau, yazova ibwe rekona redivi rekutangira. Purezidhendi anotevera akatevera uyu muenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo mashoko chaiwo akasiana. Somuenzaniso, muna Franklin D. Roosevelt akadzokorora nomusoro kuti "Son betserai Mwari" apo aisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri; muna 1961 John F. Kennedy akashandisa Bhaibheri reKaturike uye akawedzera mashoko pasina kunyora. Kuwedzera kwa "IyaMwari" chipikirwa chaakachinja chipikirwa chacho musungano yakapfava muchitendero chorudzidziso rwevamwari, achisimbisa kupupura.

Kusiyana uye Kupindirana

Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwakakomba rwebumbiro remitemo rwakanatswa, mapurezidhendi akambotanga. Muna 2009, Mutongi Mukuru John Roberts akakanganwa mhiko yaidzokororwa naBarack Obama, zvichitungamirira kuruvara zuva rakatevera. Zvikurukuru, vamwe vapurezidhendi vakasarudza kubvisa "Izvindibatsirei Mwari" kana kuti kushandisa mamwe magwaro. Theodore Roosevelt sezvinofungidzirwa kuti akasiya mashoko muna 1905; Herbert Hoover akashandisa Bhaibheri asi haana kutaura mashoko acho; uye muna 2021, Joe Biden akabatanidza maprabhurosi ake amene apo akanga achiri kubatanidza mativi egamuchidzanwa. Uku kuchinja uku kusimbisa kuoma kwemitemo yemitemo netsika dzinodzorwa mutsika dzinoita kuti dzive pakati porudzidziso noupenyu hwavose muAmerica.

Mutambo wemhiko wakawedzera kukura.

Muhara Seshongwe Yorudzidziso Rwevagari Vemo veAmerica

Kurondedzera Rudzidziso Rwomubatanidzwa Wenyika Imwe Chete

Robert N. Bellah ya1967 "Chitendero cheCivil Religion muAmerica" yakataura kuti United States ine rudzidziso rwavagari vemo rwakasiana(mutsa wezvitendero zvavagari vemo, zviratidzo, uye tsika dzinonangidzira pamisoro yechiKristu yaJudhao asi inopfuura masangano akati. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza chitendero munhungamiro youmwari inotungamirira rudzi, ruremekedzo nokuda kweBumbiro reMitemo neChibvumirano cheKuzvitonga semagwaro anoyera, uye kutendwa kwamazororo enyika senguva dzinoyera. Kutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mhiko, ndeimwe yemiitiro inooneka zvikurusa yorudzidziso urwu rwavagari vemo. Inguva apo rudzi ruchisimbisazve kuzvipira kwarwo kumitemo yarwo: rusununguro, ruramisiro, uye kutendwa kwemipimo yezvakanaka zvavose.

Vaoath’s Religious Nevetsika

Mhiko yapurezidhendi chiito chakavhengana: zvose zviri zviviri ichipikirwa chapamutemo nesungano yetsika. Apo purezidhendi anopika (kana kuti anosimbisa) kuti "chengete, dzivirira, uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo," mutauro unoratidzira kusimbiswa kwemhiko yakaitwa pamberi paMwari. Kuwedzera kwokuzvidira kwe "Naizvozvo Mwari" kunondikumbira zvakananga kuyamura kwaMwari, kuisa nzvimbo youtarisiro soutariri hunozvidavirira kwete bedzi kumutongi asi kuchiremera chikuru zvikuru. Rudzi urwu rune chokuita nevemitendi vanoona rudzi serwa mutsvene kana kuti rwakasarudzwa kubva kuFrigia "guta rePurgia" kupfurikidza nehurukuro yechipiri yaAbrahama (tirege kutonga, hatisati titonge tinopiwa ku "vakiyiwa kuguta reGreastrua").

Kupfuurirazve, mhiko yacho inopiwa neChiratidzo chikuru cheUnited States, munhu uyo muaya mashoko akapoteredza anoita sechimwe chinhu chakafanana nomupristi mukuru worudzidziso rwevagari vemo. Chimiro chacho (8kazhinji) West Front yeCapitol, negadziriro yayo yedzidzo yechiGiriki nenongedzero dzokufananidzira kuRoma yeriphabliki, kana kuti, munguva dzenjodzi, nzvimbo yapedyo zvikuru . Kuvapo kweUnited States Capitol Police, rukudzo rwamauto, uye National Mall akazadzwa navagari vemo vose zvinopa mubato wechechi yeRoma wesimba resimbiso.

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Muti Mumamwe Marudzi

Nepo nyika dzakawanda dzichida kuti vadzore mhiko dzavo dzehurumende, shanduro yeUnited States inotsaura mukupfupikisa kwayo, kuisa ngwariro kwayo paBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pemitemo kana kuti pabato, uye zvipikirwa zvayo zvorudzidziso zvakanyanyisa. MuUnited Kingdom, mambo anoita mhiko inobatanidza zvipikirwa zvokutonga mukuwirirana nomutemo uye kuchengeta rudzidziso rwePurotesitendi. MuFrance, Purezidhendi anopika ku "dzivirira Bumbiro remitemo" pasina nongedzero dzorudzidziso. Chipikiso cheAmerica choruvimbiko rworudzidziso rwapamutemo norwusina kuvimbika kwapamutemo rwoumwari rwoumwari rwechienzi rworudzi rwacho: hachisati chiri ubati ushe hwaMwari kana kuti mugariro wenyika wakakwana, asi rudzidziso rwechiPurotesitendi nerwendo.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Kuzivikanwa Nevanhu vokuAmerica

Kubatana Kwetsika Pasinei Nemisiyano

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatira setsika inobatanidza inopfuura mapoka eruwa neruwa. Munyika yakasiana - siana yavanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 330, mhiko inogovera nhambo yengwariro yavose. apo purezidhendi anodzokorora mashoko acho, purezidhendi wapamberi pedu ari wose akaita saizvozvo (kuvambira paGeorge Washington kusvikira kuna Joe Biden) achitanga nhevedzano yokupfuurira kudzivirira kuzivikanwa kworudzi. Iyi tsika ine simba zvikurukuru mukati mokuchinja kubva kuboka rimwe kuenda kune rimwe, apo kuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba kunoitika pamberi pavateereri vomunyika yose.

Uyezve, mutauro worudzidziso unopa mashoko anozivikanwa navose nokuda kwechishuvo chetsika. Kunyange vagari vemo vasiri vorudzidziso vanogona kunzwisisa ukombi hwechipikirwa che "solemn". Saka mhiko inoshanda se "chivil sakramente" (kukwereta chitsama chamashoko chaNancy Ammerman wezvemagariro avanhu) chinobatanidza purezidhendi kukariro dzetsika. Kushatiswa kwemhiko yacho yakadai sechinoyera kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Mazango Panguva Yenjodzi Dzenyika

Mhiko dzinoverengeka dzapurezidhendi dzakava noukoshi hwokufananidzira hwakakura mukati menjodzi, dzichisimbisa rudzidziso rwevagari vemo munguva dzetyisidziro.

  • Abraham Lincoln (1861 na 1865): Mhiko yokutanga yaLincoln yakatorwa mumumvuri wokuparadza. Akagumisa hurukuro yake nechikumbiro ku "mashoko akavanzika eyeuko" uye "ngirozi dziri nani dzorudzi rwedu" (81) yakabva pamifananidzo yorudzidziso rwevagari vemo. Mhiko yake yechipiri, mavhiki mashomanene pamberi pokuurawa kwake, yakateverwa nehurukuro yakanokora mashoko Rugwaro ndokuisa hondo yavagari vemo sechirango choumwari nokuda kwouranda.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 na 1945): Mhiko yokutanga yokutanga yeFDR yakasvika padzikamo yeKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi. Mutsetse wake wakakurumbira "Chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya ndirutyo irwo rumene" rwakakumbira ushingi hwetsika hwainzwika nemisoro yorudzidziso yesununguro yavanhu. China chakaitwa paWhite House mukati meHondo yeNyika II, nechinoitika chakapfava chakadzivisa kuratidzira kwenguva dzose, kusimbisa chibairo nokupfuuridzira.
  • John F.Kennedy (1961): Mhiko yaKennedy yakanga iri yokutanga yakatorwa napurezidhendi weKaturike, iyo imene yakadenha muPurotesitendi murudzidziso rwavagari vemo. Kero yake yaiva namashoko emifananidzo anoti: "Kubvunza chaunogona kuitira nyika yako," iyo yakarongazve basa rehurumende mumitemo yorudzidziso rwavanhu.
  • George W. Bush (2001 na 2005): Mhiko yokutanga yaMuti yakaitika mwedzi mishomanene pashure pekuvhota kunokakavadzana kwa 2000, uye hurukuro yake yakasimbisa chinzwano ne "mhiko itsva kurunyararo." Mhiko yake yechipiri yokutanga muna 2005, pashure pedenho 9/11, yakakumbira "vanhu vakasarudzwa" mufananidzo uye yakataura nezvokutambanudza rusununguko munyika yose(muenzaniso wakajeka worudzidziso rwavagari vemo.
  • Barack Obama (2009 na 2013): Mhiko yokutanga yaOma yakanga iri yenhau yokudzorwa neMutongi mukuru wokutanga weAfrica weAmerica (John Roberts) uye kubatanidza Bhaibheri reLincoln. Boka guru paMall uye musoro we "tariro" uye "kudzorerwa" rakarovererwa munhoroondo dzerudzidziso dzehurumende dzemavambo matsva.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti mhiko yacho inoenderana sei nemamiriro acho ezvinhu asi ichichengetedza mipimo yayo: kugadza purezidhendi somutungamiriri wetsika nowezvamatongerwe enyika werudzi.

Chizivikanwo Chomutsigo Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kupfuura pamusoro petsika, mhiko inoumbawo hurukuro yapamutemo neyezvematongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi anowanzonongedzera kumhiko yavo pakururamisa zvisarudzo zvemiitiro kana kuti kufadza nokuda kwetsigiro yavose. Somuenzaniso, kudzivirira kwaAndrew Jackson kwokubviswa kweIndia kwakadudza basa rake ku "chengeta, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo" sezvo akanzwisisa. Richard Nixon akataura mhiko yake yakamuraira kudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi mukati meWatergate. Muna 2020, Joe Biden akakumbira zvakajeka "musengwa mutsvene kuBumbiro remitemo" muhurukuro yake yokutanga. Ikoku kunoratidzirwazve kuti mhiko yacho inova sei chiparo chokupindura icho chiremera chikuru mumutemo wemitemo.

Kupfuurirazve, mhiko yakashandiswa munharo dzapamutemo pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi. Munhau ya 1974 United States v. Nixon, Dare Gurusa rakaramba kutaura kwaNixon kweropafadzo yechiremera chakakwana, zvimwe pazvikonzero izvo mhiko yapurezidhendi inomuraira kuti a "chengete kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Nenzira yakafanana, mumuedzo wa 202020atendis , manejasi weHouse akataura kuti Trump akanga aputsa mhiko yake kupfurikidza nokukumbira kudzorwa kwevonedzo yokumwe nyika. Chipikiso nokudaro chinobatira sechikwa chapamberi chomufambiro wapurezidhendi, chinosimbisa murangariro wokuti Pékies ari munhu anovimba, kwete.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yeoath

Kusava Nechitendero Kunopesana Netsika Dzechitendero

MuAmerica inowedzera kuva yenyika neyorudzidziso, mashoko okuti "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" akawana kutsoropodza kubva kuvasiri venyika vanopikisana nako. Vamwe vapurezidhendi vakasarudza kusashandisa Bhaibheri kana kuti kuwedzera mashoko. Somuenzaniso, muna 2017 Donald Trump akashandisa maBhaibheri maviri (yake neyaAbrahama Lincoln) uye akataura kuti "Son betserai Mwari," asi muna 2021 Joe Biden akashandisa Bhaibheri uye akabatanidza chitsama. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri chokuzvidira. Kana purezidhendi womunguva yemberi achizopfuudzira gamuchidzanwa kana kuti kumitambo yenyika yose mubvunzo wakajeka. Chinjo ipi neipi ingava chisimutsinhiso pamusoro pebasa rorudzidziso muupenyu hwapachena.

Mutsipa Munguva Dzenjodzi Inonzwisiswa Yebumbiro Remitemo

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinonyevera kuti utsvene hwemhiko hwakaparadzwa nokuparadzana. Apo purezidhendi anorangarira mhiko sechiitowo zvacho kana kuti apo zvikamu zvikuru zvevoruzhinji zvokupanikira kuva pamutemo kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi, simba retsika rinobatanidza rinoderera. Sarudzo 2020 nedenho paCapitol yakasimbisa kushata kukuru. Bva idi rokuti mhiko yacho yakanga ichiri kuitwa, uye kuti Purezidhendi Biden akadudza zvakajeka mhiko yake mumigumisiro yacho, kunoratidzawo kusimba. rudzidziso rwevagari vemo rungakwikwidzwa, asi runoramba rwuri chikwanikiso chine simba nokuda kwezivikanwo yorudzi.

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa iratidzirwo pfupi asi huru yemitemo yeAmerica nerudzidziso rwavagari vemo. Yakavakirwa murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, yakanatswa namazana amakore egamuchidzanwa, uye yakazadzwa nerevo yorudzidziso netsika, mhiko yacho inobatanidza shoko rimwe nerimwe roupurezidhendi kuzvinangwa zvokuvamba zvorudzi. Inguva apo purezidhendi anova asati ari mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika asi chiratidzo chetsika yeboka kuBumbiro remitemo yemitemo, (jerestitu) chinyorwa icho chimene chinoshanda sorugwaro rutsvene murudzidziso rwavagari veAmerica. Sezvo rudzi rwacho rwunova rwakasiana zvikuru noupenyu hwavanhu vose, mhiko yacho ichapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Asi basa rarwo rucharamba ruchingova chiratidzo chikuru kutsika yemitemo yomutemo uye mipimo yakakwirira yeruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kubatanidzwa sezvaikosha nhasi sezvakwakakosha zvikuru mu1789.

[[FLT: 0] Kurava kwakapfuudzira: National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwakazara rwebumbiro remitemo ([FLT: 1] Chipotutidzo cheUnited States). Dare reMasangano makuru paInaugial Curemonies rinopa udzame hwenhau ([JCIC]] INUGURY [[FLT]]]). Robert N. Bellah’s projective inowanika paIndalm ([[[FLT:]] [FLT]][FLT]] .[5] .[FLT]]