Kutonga Kusiri Kwepamutemo Chii?

Utongi hwehurumende igadziriro yehurumende umo simba guru rakanangidzirwa mumaoko omunhu mumwe kana kuti boka duku zvikuru, pasina nzvero dzinobudirira dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzapamutemo pachiremera ichocho. Muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, mutongi kana kuti vatongi vakakwirira vanoshandisa udzori hwakakwana pazvamatongerwe enyika, zvemari, uye upenyu hwenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji vachidzvinyirira nokubvisa makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika. Autocracy inogona kuita zvimiro zvinoverengeka, kubatanidza madzimambo echiuto, uye kutonga kumwe kworutivi. Munhau, masangano ezvokutonga anodzora anodzora akaruramiswa nokutaura kweruramisi, kworudzi, kana kuti kushaiwa, asi mukuita nguva dzose kutora rutivi rwavagari vemo nerusununguko.

Mativi Eautocracy

  • Kutora simba: chiremera chikuru chinogara mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti boka rakasungwa zvakasimba (junta, polituro).
  • Kupesana kwavazhinji kwezvamatongerwe enyika: mapoka anoshora anorambidzwa, anodzvinyirirwa, kana kuti anodzorwa; chaunga chavanhu chakazvimirira hachina simba.
  • Kudzika miganhu yavanhu: Rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokutsikirira, rwegungano, uye rworudzidziso runodziviswa zvikuru.
  • Simba revakuru vakuru risina kucherekedzwa: Mutongi anogona kuita zvisarudzo pasina mvumo yemitemo kana kuti hwirudzuro yedare.
  • [ Kushandiswa kwokumanikidza: mauto echengeteko, mapurisa epachivande, uye mashoko anoparadzirwa zvinoshandiswa kuchengeta udzori.

Marudzi Eautocracy

Utongi hweautocracy hahusi rudzi rwekuchinja; hunosiyana mumarongerwo nepfungwa.

Mutongi Wakakwana

Muumambo hwakakwana, mambo (mambo, mambo mambo) ane uchangamire hwakakwana, kazhinji kazhinji achitaura murairo woumwari. Saudi Arabia neUnited Arabhu Emirates mienzaniso yapanguva ino umo mhuri inotonga inodzora yose iri miviri hurumende nezviwanikwa zvikuru zvemari. Kusafanana namamonarchy ebumbiro remitemo (zvikurukuru, United Kingdom), madzimambo akakwana haasungirwi nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti paramende rakasarudzwa.

Tsitsi rokunze: Britannica – Autocracy inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwemiitiro yeautocratic nemhindumupindu yayo yenhau.

Kudzvinyirira

Hudzvinyiriri chimiro chazvino uno chavanhu apo munhu mumwe (mudzvinyiriri) kana kuti chikwata chiduku chinobata simba, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokubvuta kana kuti udzori hwehondo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza North Korea pasi paKim Jong-un, Belarus pasi paAlexander Lukashenko, uye Siria pasi peBashar al-Assad. Ruramisiti runoratidzirwa nokunzverwa kwakapararira kwehurumende, masekete ohunhu, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamaruramiro avanhu.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu Chii?

Democracy itsika yokutonga umo simba rinowanwa kuvanhu, zvakananga kana kuti zvimwe kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa norusununguko. Shoko rinobva muchiGiriki ēmokratia, kureva kuti "tonga navanhu." Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okutora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika, kusarudza vatungamiriri vavo musarudzo yenguva dzose nemururaniso wakarurama, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri ivavo vazvidavirire.

Mativi Akakwana Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

  • uchangamire hwaPopua: Manyuko makuru echiremera ihurumende.
  • Sarudzo dzakasununguka nedzakarurama: Sarudzo dzenguva dzose, dzamakwikwi nezvisarudzo zvapachivande zvenyika yose.
  • Kupesana kwamashoko: Mapati akawanda ezvamatongerwe enyika namapoka ezvisarudzo anokwikwidza nokuda kwepesvedzero.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro: rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakadai sokutaura, kutsikirira, kuungana, uye rudzidziso runovimbiswa nomutemo.
  • Rwenzi rwomutemo: Vanhu vose namasangano, kubatanidza hurumende, vanozviisa uye vanozvidavirira pasi pomutemo.
  • Kubhadharwa nemari nokujeka: mabasa eHurumende anogona kuongororwa uye kutarisirwa nevanhu.

Marudzi Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Madhimocracia aripo mumativi akawanda, nemienzaniso miviri yakatanhamara zvikurusa ichiti:

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Muhurumende yavanhu yakananga, vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga panhau dzemitemo panzvimbo pokusarudza vamiriri. Ichi chimiro chaishandiswa muAthens yakare uye chichiri kushandiswa mumimwe michina yeSwitzerland uye kupfurikidza nokutanga kumhanya - mhanya munzvimbo dzakadai seCalifornia.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Ubati ushe hwamadokero hwazvino uno huzhinjisa vamiriri: vagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru vakuru kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo. Iyi tsika inogonazve kukamuraniswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzeparamende (mutoo, Germany, India, Canada) uye hurumende dzinosarudzwa napurezidhendi wehurumende (mutoo, United States, Brazil).

Tsitsi rokunze: United Nations – Democracy inoratidzira mipimo nenheyo zvamarudzi ose zvinotsigira udzori hwedemocracy.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Poutongi Hwehurumende Hunodzora Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo

Nepo zvose zviri zviviri utongi hwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji zviri gadziriro dzokuronga chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinoderera zvikuru mumawaniro esimba, rinoshandiswa, uye rinomanikidzirwa.

Kuparadzirwa Kwesimba uye Kunobva Chiremera

Muhurumende inotonga, simba rinoyerera kubva pamusoro-pasi(8) mutongi anotaura chiremera chakakwana, kazhinji kazhinji chakavakirwa panhevedzano yokugara nhaka, kukunda kwehondo, kana kuti kuva pamutemo kwokuchinja. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba riri pasi: rinobva mukubvumira kwemvumo inodzorwa, inoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo nenzanga. Uyu musiano mukuru unoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwehurumende.

Kuronga Zvirongwa

Kuita chisarudzo kwechiuto kunokurumidza, kwapakati, uye kwakajeka. Mutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti mutungamiriri muduku anogona kuita miitiro pasina kurukurirano yavose, tendero yemitemo, kana kuti hwirudzuro yedare. Iyi speed inogona kuva inobetsera munjodzi (sezvinei, migariro yehondo) asi kazhinji kazhinji inofuratira zvinodikanwa nezvishuvo zvavagari vemo. Kuita chisarudzo chedemocratic, kupfurikidza nokupesana, kunononoka, kunobvisa maruramiro, uye kunojeka. Kunoda kubvumiranwa, kuwirirana, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pevaki vashori, kubatanidza mapoka anoshora, mapoka ezviwandutso, uye nzanga. Nepo muitiro uyu unogona kutungamirira kuwedzero, kugamuchirwa kwakafara, uye kutendwa kwemitemo.

Kubatanidzwa Mune Zvenyika uye Kodzero

Muhurumende, vagari vemo vanhu, havasi vatori rutivi. Havana nzira ine revo yokupesvedzera nayo muitiro kana kuti kubvisa vatungamiriri. Kusada kudzorwa utsotsi, uye kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoganhurirwa kumasangano anodzorwa nehurumende. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanofarikanya maruramiro akawanda: vanogona kuvhota, kushandira hofisi, kuumba vasando, kutsoropodza hurumende, uye kuwana masangano akasununguka. Masangano eDhemocratic com anoshandisa mibato yevagari vemo, senzwiro dzavose, masangano ezvigaro, uye rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko.

Kuzvidavirira uye Kunzvera Simba

Uori hunowanzosashaikwa nemhaka yokuti hakuna kuparadzana kwamasimba. Ma Democracracia, mukupesana, anotanga nzvero nedzikamo: judicary, mutemi wehurumende wakasununguka uyo anogona kunzvera nokusaidzira, uye nzanga yehurumende inonzvera zviito zvehurumende.

Matambudziko Ezvemari Nenzanga

Nepo hurumende dzeDhemocracy dzinogona kuwana kukura kwepfuma kunokurumidza (sezvingaonwa muSingapore pasi peLee Kuan Yew kana kuti China mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura), kazhinji kazhinji dzinodaro pamutengo werusununguko rwomunhu oga, kusaenzana kwemari, uye kushata kwemhoteredzo. Masangano eDhemocratic anowanzoparira kukura kunotsigirwa zvikuru, dziviriro iri nani yekodzero dzezvinhu, uye mwero yakakwirira yokukura kwavanhu, kunyange zvazvo angarwisana nokuita chisarudzo nerwisano inodzivisa. Kunzvera kubva kumasangano akadai seFree House neEconomist Intelligence Unity Unity kunoratidza kuti uhnwirira hwakakwirira zvikuru pamatanho ekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, rusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye kunaka kwoupenyu.

Manyuko okunze: [[FT:0] Freedom House – Freedom in the World [[FLT: 1] anobudisa mushumo wegore negore unoyera nyika pakodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwavagari vemo, achipa mashoko okuchinjana pamusoro pemisiyano iri pakati pemaautocracy nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu.

Mienzaniso Yehurumende Dzinodzora Nedzoutongi Husina Umwari Munyika Yazvino Uno

Zviitiko chaizvoizvo zvenyika zvinobetsera kuisa pfungwa dzezvokufungidzira. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso yakatanhamara yegadziriro imwe neimwe, pamwe chete nerondedzero pfupi dzemashandire avanoita.

Utongi Hwepanguva Yacho

  • North Korea - A Tomalcy utongi hwamatongero pasi porudzi rwaKim, ine mamiriro emari akadzorwa nehurumende, isina mapepanhau akasununguka, uye sekete rohunhu rakapoteredza mutungamiriri. Nyika ine imwe yehurumende dzinodzvinyirira zvikurusa dzenyika, inoshandisa misasa yetorongo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapararira.
  • Chayina - Nepo iri republic yesocialist, China ihurumende imwe inodzorwa neKomonisiti Party yeChina. Bati rinodzora mapazu ose ehurumende, rinodzvinyirira kusabvumirana kupfurikidza nemitoo yapamutemo neyomuraudzo, uye vatarisiri vavagari vavanhu kupfurikidza nehurumende huru inonzvera.
  • RUSSIA – Under Vladimir Putin, Russia yakasimbisa simba mubato rechishoro, rakaderera, uye kudzorwa kwezvinobudisa nhau. Kuvhota hakuna kusununguka uye hakuna ruramisiro, uye hurumende inoshandisa kuranga kwakasarudzwa, kunzvera, uye masimba masimba kuchengeta udzori.
  • Saudi Arabia - madzimambo ehurumende umo mambo ane chiremera chapamusoro, chemitemo, uye chokutonga. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anorambidzwa, kusabvumirana kwavose kunoparadzwa, uye kodzero dzavakadzi dzakaganhurirwa zvikuru munhau, kunyange zvazvo chinjo dzakaitika misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi.

Kuramba Kuchiitwa

  • chiGerman – A remocracy yeparamende ine bumbiro remitemo rakasimba (Mutemo mukuru) rinodzivirira maruramiro makuru. Hurumende inokamurwa kuva mukuru mukuru (muchina), chibvumirano (Boundstag neBundesrat), uye mapazu okutonga. Mitambo yakasununguka, uye mapoka akawanda anokwikwikwidzana nguva dzose.
  • India - utongi hwukurusa hwenyika, hune gadziriro yeparamende, dare rezvigaro, uye nzanga yavagari vemo ine simba. Pasinei zvapo nedenho dzakadai souori nenyanduko dzorudzidziso, India anoita sarudzo yenguva dzose nomuvhoti mukuru nomutsigiri wakasununguka.
  • yeJapan – umambo hwebumbiro remitemo hune hurumende yeparamende. Diet (paramende) inosarudzwa, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende. Japan inochengeta dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo uye kutonga kwakasimba kwomutemo.
  • Canada-A reparamende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo. Simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzeruwa, necheki dzinogoverwa neDare rapamusorosoro uye muchina wapachena. Zvisarudzo zvinochengetwa makore mana ari ose, nokutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba.

Tapuro Yokutonga Panzanga

Pasi apa tinoona kusiyana kwakaita kutonga uye hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu mumativi akawanda.

Kukura Kwemari

Maautocracrac anogona kuwana mwero yokukura kukuru munguva pfupi kusvikira kunhambo yepakati kupfurikidza nokutungamirira pfuma kuzvinhu zvakasarudzwa nehurumende, kudzvinyirira maruramiro ebasa, uye kudzivisa kurangarira kwoubati ushe hwehurumende. Zvisinei, kutsigirwa kwenguva refu kwemari kazhinji kazhinji kunotambura nemhaka yechinyakare, kushaikwa kwekodzero dzezvinhu, uye kudzivirirwa kusina kunaka. MaDemoracrace, nepo dzimwe nguva achinonoka kuita chiito, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoparira kukura kwakadzikama kwakati wandeikwo. Vanowanzoita mari yakawanda zvikuru mudzimbahwe ravanhu (kubudirira, utano) uye mambure okuchengetera vanhu, zvichitungamirira kukubudirira kukuru. Zvidzidzo zvinobva kuWorld Bank zvinoratidza kuti mademocracy angangova nekamwero yokuwa kana kuti kukwira kwemari.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Norusununguko

Utongi hunoputsa nenzira yakarongwa kodzero dzavagari vemo. Kupfigirwa kwapachivande, kutambudzwa, kuongororwa, uye ganhuriro pamasangano zvakarovedzeka. VaDemocracrace, kupfurikidza negadziriro, vanodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga ndokugovera dziviriro yapamutemo mukurwisana nokubatwa zvisina kufanira. Vanowanzovawo nemwero yakaderera yokuuraya kwomuraudzo, kunyangarika, uye kuiswa mutorongo kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yakagamuchirwa neUN General Assembly muna 1948, inoisa mutepfekedzo idzo hurumende dzinovavarira kutsigira, nepo maacracracy anoramba nguva dzose.

Kugadzikana Kwenzanga Nokupesana

Urongwa hwemaocracracy hunowanzodzvinyirira nokumanikidzira, kuparira kusagadzikana kunogona kuvanza kusawirirana kukuru. Apo chishoro chisingagoni kuzviratidzira chimene murugare, chingatendeukira kumasimba masimba kana kuti kupandukira, kuchitungamirira kuhondo yavagari vemo (g., Siria, Libhi). MaDemoracrac anobvumira kutsutsutsumwa kworugare uye chinjo kupfurikidza nesarudzo, izvo zvinoderedza bviro yerwisano yamasimba masimba. Zvisinei, democracy haisati ichidzivisa kuderera kana kuti kusagadzikana, zvikurukuru apo masangano anosarudzwa navanhu anenge asina kusimba kana kuti apo gadziriro dzinosarudzwa dzinova dzinoshataputswa. Muse chose, masangano edeoruzhinji anotsunga zvikuru uye anokwanisa kukunda kusabvumirana namasimba masimba.

Kuvandudza uye Kukosha Kwetsika

Unyanzvi hwemaocracracy hunodzivisa kuronga zvinhu norusununguko rwendangariro nemhaka yokunzverwa, dzvinyiriro, uye kutya matsive. Unyanzvi hwekuzvimirira, zvinyorwa, uye nzvero yesayenzi zvinowanzodziviswa. MaDemocrac, kuno rumwe rutivi, zvinosimudzira tsika yekurukurirano yapachena nokuedza, izvo zvinosunda kuvandudzwa kwemifungo, yakadzivirirwa nemitemo yakasununguka, yave iri chinhu chikuru mukufambira mberi kwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwamarudzi anosarudzwa navanhu.

Tsitsi rokunze: Economist Intelligence Unity – Democracy Index 2023 inogovera nzvimbo dzakatanhamara dzenyika panzvimbo nenzvimbo idzo dzinobatanidza pesvedzero dzinodzora nokushanda kwemari, rusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye kunaka kwoupenyu.

Mirangariro Yenhau: Chinjo Yechitongi Nechido Chose Choutongi Hutsva

Kunzwisisa kwakabva nhau yegadziriro idzi kunokudza kunzwisisa kwedu misiyano yadzo.

Kutanga Kwechisimba

Utongi hwehurumende hweautocracy hwakatanga sohwekaresa. humambo hwekare Ijipiti, Persia, Roma pasi pamadzimambo, China musimba redenga . hwakanga huri umambo hwose. Kuchinja kweRoma Republic kuUmambo hweRoma muna 27 BCE kwakaratidzira kuchinja kubva kuchimiro chehurumende inomirira hurumende kudzorwa nehurumende yaAugustus nemutsivi wake. MuMiddle Agest, umambo hwehurumende hwakava hwakakurumbira, madzimambo aitaura kuti ane kodzero yaMwari. Zana ramakore rechi20 akaona kuvamba kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muNazi, Italy yeFascist Union, umo hurumende yakavavarira kudzora mativi ose oupenyu. Nhasi, Hurumende yehurumende inotonga muzvimiro zvakasiyana - , kazhinji achichinjira kuruzivo rwokuongorora rwazvino uno.

Kutanga Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu anowanzorondwa kusvikira kuAthens yakare (c. 508 BCE), uko vagari vemo vakavhota zvakananga pamitemo. Asi demokrase yakanyangarika zvikuru kwamazana amakore, yakatangazve muchimiro chehurumende inomirira muzana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19. Chinjo yeAmerica (776) uye Chinjo yeFrance (1789) yakagadza maripabhuriki yakavakirwa pauchangamire hwakakurumbira, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga yakaganhurirwa kuvanhu vakarurama. Maza edendercracy edendercracy akapararira namazana amakore echi19 nerechi20, kubatanidza kukura kwemasangano eparamende muEurope, uye kukwira kwemasangano ehondo yepasi pevhu pashure peHondo yeNyika II. Mugumo weRemoult Crecurection, kunyange zvazvo makore achangobva kupfuura apfuura aona kupararira munyika yose nokuda kwemiitiro yehondo yehurumende yenyika yose, serenje, India, Turkey neIndia.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Musiyano Kuchikosha

Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakarongeka, kusiyanisa pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji hakusi muitiro wedzidzo yapamusoro. Iro rinotapura zvakananga nzira yatinoyera nayo vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, kududzira nhau, uye kutora rutivi mukudzora kwedu timene. Munhambo yokuwedzera kwehurumende yedzoresa nedemokrati, kuziva zviratidzo zvenyevero pajudicary, kudzivisa kubudisa nhau kwamavoresa, uye kudzvinyirira chishoro chamatongedzero kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yega yoga yoga. Uyezve, iyi nzwisiso inosimudzira tsitsi nokuda kwavanhu vanorarama pasi pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye inotsigira nhamburiko dzokusimudzira kodzero dzavanhu munyika yose.

mhedziso

Utongi hunotonga nohunosarudzwa navanhu hunomirira uzivi hunopesana zvikuru hwehurumende. Humwe hunonangidzira simba mumaoko avashomanene kana kuti vamwe; humwe hunoparadzira pakati pavazhinji. Mumwe anotsamira pakumanikidzira nokudzora; mumwe unotsamira pamvumo nokutora rutivi. Rumwe runoganhurira; rumwe runodziviririka. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mavara arwo, mienzaniso, uye tapuro dzamagariro, tinowana kujeka pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakatarisana netsoro. Kana uri mudzidzi anonyora pepu, mudzidzisi anoronga mapepa, kana kuti muroyi anonzvera mudaviri, aya masangano maviri anokosha kufambisa nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yezana ramakore rechi21.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira [[FLT: 0] Mitemo inotsauranisa Dare , iyo inonzvera gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, ichipa kunzvera kukuru zvikuru pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinoratidzira kana kuti dzinodzvinyirira sei.