Mifungo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga neinomirira inoumba rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno, bva inomirira mitoo yakasiana zvikuru kukutora rutivi muutongi. Kunzwisisa iyi mienzaniso miviri inokosha nokuda kwokuyera kuti gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoshanda sei, kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei, uye kuti manzwi mamwe namamwe anoumba sei zvisarudzo zvakabatana. Nepo marudzi mazhinji achishanda zvikurukuru sehurumende dzinomirira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, masangano edemocracy yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (8) kubva kumisangano yetaundi romunzvimbomo kusvikira kumibato inokosha. Iyi nyaya inogovera mukuenzanisa kukurusa kwehurumende yakananga neinomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mashandiro enhau, mabasa anoshanda, mano, uye ukama hunodzokororwa pakati padzo muzana ramakore rechi21.

Chii Chiri Dhepatimende Yakananga?

Ubati ushe hwakananga chimiro chokudzora umo vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga panhau dzemiitiro, mitemo, uye pamutemo panzvimbo pokugovera zvisarudzo izvozvo kuvamiriri. Mutsika ino, mabasa akasarudzwa sechibvumirano, achiita zvisarudzo zvakabatana kupfurikidza namavhoti oruzhinji pazvikarakadzo zvakati. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti mugari ari wose ane akaenzana uye anotaura nokukurumidza mumitemo inovadzora.

Mavambo Enhau uye Mienzaniso Mikuru

Muenzaniso wakanyorwa zvakanaka zvikurusa wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iAthens yakare (zana ramakore rechi5 nerechi4 BCE), umo vagari vemo vechirume vakaungana nguva dzose mu Ekklesia [zvisingakwaniswi] kukurukura nokuvhota pamitemo, zvisarudzo zvehondo, uye nhau dzedare. Nepo nyanzvi yazvino uno inocherekedza kuti hurumende yehurumende yetene yaibvisa vakadzi, varanda, uye vasiri vagari vemo, inogovera kupfuurira kwomuenzaniso wehwaro hwehwaro hwouchangamire hwakakurumbira hunoshandiswa zvakananga.

Nhasi, Switzerland inongova muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wedemokrase yakananga pamwero wenyika. Vagari vemo veSwitzerland vanovhota kanoverengeka pagore pamitemo yehurumende, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro-mitemo, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvapamutemo uye nhano dzakakurumbira. Mwero yeCantonal nemanistor inoshandisawo vhoti dzakananga panhau dzomunzvimbomo. Unogona kunzvera tsika yeSwisss muudzame zvikuru pamusoro pe [[FLT: 0] chibvumirano chezviteshi chezviteshi chezviwi cheSwis .

MuUnited States, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga inoshanda zvikurukuru pamwero yenyika neyomunzvimbomo. Nyika dzine makumi maviri namana dzinobvumira nhano dzokutanga nemhedziso, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kukarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti yazvino uno kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvemipimo. Misangano yeguta muNew England inobatira somuenzaniso mupenyu wedemocracy yakatarisana nechimiro chakananga, apo vagari vanoungana gore negore kuti vavhote bhajeti, mitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvenyika.

Michina Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Chaiyo

  • Referendam: vhoti pamuitiro wakati kana kuti mutemo wakatogamuchirwa nedare romutemo; ingava iri madikanwa (mutoo, chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo) kana kuti yokusasarudza (muchigaro chapachigaro).
  • Initititi:[ Vagari vemo vanounganidza nhamba inodikanwa yesiginicha kuti vaise chibvumirano chinokarakadzwa chomutemo kana kuti bumbiro remitemo pavhoti nokuda kwevhoti yakananga.
  • Gadziriro: Muitiro unobvumira vavhoti kubvisa mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa panzvimbo pamberi pomugumo wenhambo yavo kupfurikidza nesarudzo chaiyo.
  • Musangano wakavanzika: Magungano umo vagari vemo vanokakavadzana uye voti panhau dzomunzvimbomo somunhu, munhauro chinhu chikuru cheNew England chinodzora.

Utongi Hwomumiririri Chii?

Ubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, hunozivikanwawo sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vasina kunanga, igadziriro umo vagari vemo vanosarudza vanhu kuti vashande savamiriri vavo muhurumende. Ava vamiriri vanoronzeswa chiremera choune, kurukurirano, uye kupfuudzira mitemo nokuda kwakasarudzwa. Gadziriro yacho yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwebudiriro nemwero, ichibvumira vanhu vazhinji, vakasiana - siana kudzorwa pasina kuraira mugari wemo ari wose kuvhota panhau iri yose.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu hwakabuda mumagamuchidzanwa eEurope apakati enzvimbo neparamende. Magna Carta (1215) yakatanga nheyo yokuti mambo aisagona kusimudza mitero pasina kubvumira kwedare ravakuru-vakuru(akatanga kumirira paramende. Chimiro chazvino uno chakajekeswa mukati meNjereso, navazivi vakafanana naJohn Locke naMontesquieu vachitsigira kuparadzanisa masimba namagungano akasarudzwa. Chinjo dzeAmerica neFrance dzinoita mifungo iyi, kuumba miitiro umo vamiriri vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza neSarudzo yenguva dzose.

Nhasi, hurumende inomirira ihurumende inodzorwa nevanomiririra nyika yose, kubatanidza United States, Canada, Australia, India, Germany, France, neJapan. Nokuda kwechiono chikuru, Encclopedia Britannica pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [ inogovera mashoko enhau nenzvero yakaenzanisirwa.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzevamiririri

  • Parliamentation System: Bazu ravakuru rinowana maruramiro aro kubva kudare remitemo (mutoo, United Kingdom, India, Germany). Vagari vemo vavhotera mitezo yeparamende, avo ipapo vanosarudza mutungamiriri wehurumende nekabati.
  • Presidential System: Mutungamiriri anosarudzwa akaparadzana nedare remitemo (g., United States, Brazil, Philippines). Mapazu ose ari maviri ane chiremera chakazvimirira uye anonzvera pane mumwe nomumwe.
  • Systems dzakagadzirwa: Dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza zvinhu, zvakadai semibatanidzwa yepasina nguva (imo, France) umo purezidhendi nemutungamiriri wehurumende vanogoverana simba.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Poubati Ushe Hworuzhinji Hwakananga Nohunomirira

Nepo masangano ose ari maviri achivavarira kuratidza kuda kwavanhu, anochinja - chinja pamativi anoverengeka akakomba.

Chikero uye Kukosha

Democracy yakananga inoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga duku, dzine mativi maviri umo nhau dzakapfava uye vagari vemo vanogona kuunganidza kana kuti kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji. sezvo ukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vemo hunova hwakaoma zvikuru uye nhau dzinova dzinova dzinodenha zvikuru, dhimonimatomatomatiki yakananga inova inodenha nenzira inoshanda. Masaizi okumirira hurumende yedemocracy anoshanda nenzira inobudirira zvikuru, kuchigonesa kudzora mumamirioni avagari vemo anoparadzirwa mundima huru. Switzerland, navanhu vayo vane mamirioni 8,5, inoshanda zvikuru yedemocraticment pamwero yenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti nyika mumitevedzero mikuru zvikuru.

Kukurumidza Kusarudza Nokugutsikana

Democracy inomirira hurumende inobvumira kuita chisarudzo nokukurumidza. Mitemo yemitemo inogona kukurukura, kuchenesa, uye kupfuudza mitemo mumavhiki kana mwedzi. Democracy yakananga inoda nguva yokusaina, kugadzirira kuvhota, nguva dzenhimbe, uye misi yokusarudza. MuSwitzerland, mahestora ehurumende anogona kuitika kanenge kana pagore, nepo nhano dzehurumende dzinogona kutora makore akawanda kuti dzisvike pakuvhota. Iyi nhano inononoka inogona kuva njodzi asi inokurudzirawo kurangarira.

Kubudirira uye Kunaka Kwomutemo

Vamiririri vanogona kutanga zivo chaiyo mumiitiro yakadai sezvoutano, dziviriro, kana kuti mari. Vane vashandi, matare, uye kukwanisa kuwana chipupuriro chenyanzvi. Mukupesana, mugari wemowo zvawo angashaiwa nguva kana unyanzvi hwokuyera mutemo wakaoma.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kubudisa mitemo yakanyorwa zvisina kururama kana kuti migumisiro inopesana, nepo vatsigiri vachinongedzera kuti vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji vanoita zvisarudzo zvine mufungo apo zvinogoverwa namashoko akajeka uye nharo dzakadzikama.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nedzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunogona kusimudzira kuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokupa vagari vemo danda rinooneka muvhoti imwe neimwe. Zvisinei, kunodawo mwero yakakwirira yokugona kurava nokunyora. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunobvumira vagari vemo kusaita basa pakati pesarudzo, uko kunoderedza mutoro woruzivo rwokufunga asi kunogonawo kusimudzira kusakendenga nokusaziva pamusoro penhau dzemitemo. Kurega kuvimbisana pakati pechibvumirano neunyanzvi kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru chinonetsa.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuzvidavirira

Mumiitiro yavamiriri, kuzvidavirira kunoitika zvikurukuru pasarudzo − zvikurukuru makore maviri kusvikira kumatanhatu ari ose. Vakuru vakuru vanogona kuva vasingagamuchiri pakati pesarudzo kana vakatarisana nemuuyo wapakarepo. Ubati ushe hwakananga hunopa kuzvidavirira kukuru kunopfuurira: vagari vemo vanogona kuramba mutemo usingafarirwi kupfurikidza nependuru kana kuti kufuratira chibvumirano chinobvumira kutsiva chose chose kupfurikidza nokutanga. Zvisinei, kuzvidavirira kweboka mugadziriro yakananga yakachena kunopararira / apo vhoti inokanganisa, ivanhu vanokanganisa, kwete mumiriri.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzokuwana Maruramiro Maduku

Democracy inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, necherekedzo dzayo nedzikamo, dziviriro dzebumbiro- mutemo, uye dare rinozvimirira, zvakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma. Vamiririri vanogona kudzivisa dzvinyiriro dzamaune uye kudzivisa dzvinyiriro dzavakuru. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, vazhinji vanogona kuisa kuda kwayo pasina kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, sezvinobvira kutungamirira ku “kupesana kwavazhinji.” Somuenzaniso, nhano dzevatambi dzakashandiswa kuganhurira roorano youkuru kana kuti kutama munzira idzo chigamuchino mumiriridziro chinogona kuva chakava chakadzoserwa.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yakananga

  1. Simba naAutonomy: Vagari vemo vane inzwi rakananga mumitemo inovadzora, vachisimudzira pfungwa youranda nokushanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti vaSwiss vane zvishandiso zvehurumende inopinza zvikuru vane mwero yakakwirira zvikuru yechivimbo negutsikano zvezvamatongerwe enyika.
  2. Kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakawedzerwa: apo vavhoti vanoziva kuti korati yavo ichasarudza zvakananga muitiro, kuvhota kunogona kuva kwakakwirira kupfuura musarudzo dzinomirira bedzi. Switzerland resendums dzinowanzoona kuvhota pakati pa 40-60%, yakaenzana nezvisarudzo zvizhinji zvorudzi.
  3. Kuvhota kwakananga kweMatsika eMubatanidzwa: vhoti dzinogona kubata murangariro wavose zvakarurama zvikuru kupfuura vhoti dzinomirira, umo vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vangatevera mitsetse yebato kana kuti fariro chaidzo. Vatapi vanobvumira vagari vemo kuisa mifungo mitsva pazvirongwa izvo mapoka akatangwa angafuratira.
  4. Uremu kuLegislative Interia: Mumiitiro yemimiririri, mapoka ane simba ezviwanwa anogona kumisa chinjo. Democracy yenhungamiro inogovera mutoo wokudzivisa giradhi. Somuenzaniso, nhano dzeshoko munyika dzakawanda pasinei zvapo nechishoro chinobva kuvapikisi vemitemo.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yakananga

Kuitwa Kwechisarudzo Chendangariro uye Chisina Kuzivikanwa

Kuongorora kunowanzotsamira pakushambadzira kwemapepa akawandisa uye mashoko akaomarara. Varidzi venhau vangashaya nguva kana kuti chido chokudzidza nhau dzakajeka, zvichitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvinobva papfungwa dzechinguvana panzvimbo pokuongorora kwokungwarira.

Kuderera Nokutora Rutivi Rwokusaenzana

Nepo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga ichigona kuwedzera kuvimbisana, kunogonawo kuwedzera kusaenzana. Kuwana kwakakwirira, vagari vemo vakadzidza sezvingabvira zvikuru kuvhota pazvinodzorwa nezvirongwa, miuyo inotsvedza kukuda kwevakaropafadzwa. Kuneta kwemaoresa kunovambawo apo vagari vemo vanokumbirwa kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru._Switzandland inova namavhiki mana okuvhota pagore, imwe neimwe nenhau dzakawanda, kuchitungamirira vamwe kusvetuka marovhaisi ose.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Mutengo

Kushandisa gadziriro yedemocratic yakajeka kunodhura. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoda zvokudhinda, mirayiridzi, kushandura (mumitemo yemitauro yakawanda), uye kutungamirira dare rasarudzo. Zvitati zvinowanzobatanidza kusaina vanobhadharwa nenhimbe inodhura. Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nhau (g., ganhuriro dzemari, mabumbiro emitemo) zvakanyanyooma kuderedzwa kumubvunzo wakapfava waehed/no.

Ngozi Yokudzvinyirira Vakuru

Sokunyevera kwakaita James Madison muFederal Federalst No. 10, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kubvumira kudzorwa kwadzoserwa kwadzo nekodzero dzechiduku pasina pesvedzero inodzongonyedza yokufunga nokumirira. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza nhano dzinorwisana nedzisingadzorwi muSwitzerland uye zviteshi zvinodzivisa roorano muU.S. zvinodzivirira Hurumende zvinogona kuganhurira iyi ngozi, asi zvinobvira zvinosara.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwomumiriri

  1. Kubudirira muKuwanda Kwavagari vemo: Hurumende dzinopiwa mitemo dzinogona kuita vhoriyamu yakakwirira yomutemo, kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro inokurumidzira, uye kutarisira gadziriro dzokutarisira dzakaoma idzo dzingava dzisingashandi nokuda kwevhoti yakananga.
  2. Vamiriri vanogona kunangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro, kubvunza nyanzvi, uye mutemo webasa iro riri remifungo. Mitemo yeKonee inobvumira kusanonzvera.
  3. Kubatana neContinuty: masangano anoratidzira anopa chidziviro pakuchinja kunochinja - chinja mumurangariro wavanhu vose. Hurumende dzinogona kuronda mabasa enguva refu (mutoo, zvirongwa, kuchinja dzidzo) pasina kuchinjwa nechivhoti chakakurumbira chakamwe kamwe.
  4. Misiyano nedzikamo: Yamasimba, matare emitemo ebhimeral, uye hwirudzuro yokutonga zvinoparira dziviriro mukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Vamiriri vanodzorwa neganhuriro dzetsika idzo dzinoshaiwa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  5. Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Nezvisarudzo: Sarudzo yenguva dzose dzinobvumira vavhoti kutusa kana kuti kuranga vamiriri seboka, kukurudzira kupindura. Murondedzero, masangano anofanira kukwikwidzana nokuda kwetsigiro yavose yakafara.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoutongi Hunomirira

Siyana Pakati Pevamiriri Navamiriri

Vakuru vakuru vanozivikanwa vangaisa kuvimbika kwebato, vapi venhimbe, kana kuti chinzvimbo chomunhu oga pamusoro pefariro dzavavhoti vavo. Musiyano unogona kuwedzera nokufamba kwenguva, zvikurukuru kana maruwa avavhoti achidzorwa kana kuti kana vasina kurongeka vakatarisana nedenho dzisina simba. Kuvimba mumasangano anomiririrwa kwaderera mumasangano akawanda ehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu sezvo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti mirangariro yavo inofuratirwa.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vanhu Vanofarira Zvinhu Zvoga

Kubhadharisa, mari yenhimbe, uye mabasa okugadzira zvinhu zvepamba zvinoumba nzira dzefariro dzakapfuma kuti dzivambe muitiro. MuUnited States, ndyiko dzebhizimisi dzinokwevera mari dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni gore negore, uye matare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) anogona kupinza mari isina muganhu muvhoti. Ikoku kunosekesa nheyo yomufananidzo wakaenzana.

Kusakendenga Kwezvitima uye Kuderera

Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vhoti yavo imwe chete inosarira zvishoma, kuvhota kunogona kuwa (zvikurukuru mukusarudza kwebhasikoro kana kuti kwomunzvimbomo). Vapambi vanowanzova nemiuyo kuvakweguru, vakapfuma, uye vavhoti zvikuru. Uyezve, vagari vazhinji havazivi pamusoro pezviito zvavamiriri vavo, kuchideredza kuzvidavirira.

Kuda Kupfuura Kwenguva Pfupi NechiPopulist

Vakuru vakuru vanonangana nechisarudzozve makore mashomanene ari ose vanganangidzira ngwariro pamatanho akakurumbira anokurumidza panzvimbo pokukurira zvinetso zvenhambo refu sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, kuchinja kwomudyandigere, kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwepfuma. Iyi nhambo pfupi inogona kutungamirira kumitemo isingachinjiki.

Gadziriro Dzehwaichi: Kubatanidza Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Nehunomirira

Ubati ushe hwehurumende huzhinji hwazvino uno hunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri masangano akananga navanomirira. Switzerland idhaisiko renyika: gadziriro yeparamende ine maturusi edemocratic akawanda ose. Mitemo yeSwiss Federal Assembly yemasangano, asi mutemo upi noupi unogona kudenhwa neapendium. Vagari vemosvey vanogonawo kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokutanga. Masimba etsika anomirira kufanokarira kuita nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

MuUnited States, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kuita chiito nokushandisa nzira dzekushandisa, kuchitanga “hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukati megadziriro inomirira.” California muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa, umo vavhoti vanosarudza nguva dzose pamusoro pomutemo wemitero, ruramisiro, uye nhau dzenzanga kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvemari yemari yeCalifornia. Zvisinei, kuoma kwemari nokudzora zvakapomerwa murutivi nemhaka yokuwedzera kwezviito, kuchitungamirira kukuvandudza.

Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seItaly, New Zealand, uye Uruguay, dzinobvumirawo kupiwa mashoko panhau dzakananga.United Kingdom yakava nenongedzero yenyika yose pamusoro pemitezo muEuropean Union muna 2016, ichiratidza kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yerudzi inogona kugara pamwe negadziriro yehurumende inomirira paramende kunyange apo yakanga isina kurayirwa nemitemo.

Kuronga mari yokugovera nokuda kwenzvimbo dzinoda kubatanidzwa dzomunzvimbomo (jekiseni) mutoo umo vagari vanovhota zvakananga pamusoro penzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari yemanisiparati() yakapararira kumaguta anopfuura 7 000 munyika yose, kubatanidza New York, Paris, uye Porto Alegre (Brazil). Iyi mivhenganiswa yemicroscope inoita kuti nzanga dzive nesimba nokuchengeta zvivako zvinomirira zvose.

Basa Roruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mukutora Rutivi Rwechiito Choutongi Hwenyika

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kuvhara misiyano pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Zvikamu zvokudzokorora, kuongorora paIndaneti, uye gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinoiswa pamichina inovhara zvinhu zvakagadzirwa munyika dzakadai seEstonia, izvo zvinovhotera paInternet nokuda kwevhoti dzose. MuTaiwan, nzvimbo yevTaiwan inoshandisa kuvaka paIndaneti kuzivisa kurongwa kwemitemo. Zvirongwa izvi zvinogona kuderedza miganhuro yomutemo uye zvinoita kuti vagari vemo vazive, vanowanzova neruzivo.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runomutsawo funganyo: kusabatana kwekombiyuta, kupatsanuka kwemadhikicha, uye ngozi yokusanzwa mashoko akarurama pamatanho okutora matanho. Kuchinja kwokutora rutivi zvakananga kupfurikidza nemitoo yemichina kunofanira kuperekedzwa nedzidzo yakasimba nemwero yechengeteko. Kuwedzera kurava pamichina yedemocracy, Estance e-gorance [ inogovera fundo dzenhau.

mhedziso

Democracy yakananga neinomirira haisati iri mibato inowirirana bedzi asi panzvimbo pezvo inowirirana inogona kuiswa kumativi akasiyana. Democracy yakananga inopfuura mukupa vagari vemo vemo yehurumende yakananga, yapakarepo inzwi panhau dzakananga, kusimudzira kuvimbisana nokuzvidavirira. Ubati ushe hwavanhu hunogovera kushanda zvakanaka, unyanzvi, uye dzikatapurwa zviri madikanwa kudzora nzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Huzhinjisa hwunoziva simba radzo dzose dziri mbiri uye kugadziridza mavarateme emitemo yadzomutenzirwo yadzomutezo yemitemo maererano nemitoo yadzokororo nenhamburiko dzokunzvera miganhuro, apo inochengeta mitumbi yakasarudzwa kuti ibatikanwe kukuvarira kumite mamiriro ezvinhu enguva yemberi. Sezvinjo dzinochinja nokukamuranisa nokukamuranisa vanhu vose, kunoitwa pakati peidziviri mienzaniso ichapfuurira kurondedzera sei vagari venguva yemberi.