Mutemo wehurumende unoumba musimboti wechisarudzo chenharo dzavanhu voga mumasangano emitemo munyika yose. Ungave uri mudzidzi ari kugadzirira nokuda kwebvunzo, mudzidzisi ari kutanga zvidzidzo, kana kuti nyanzvi inotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti rwisano dzapamutemo dzinodzorwa sei kunze kwenzvimbo yeutsotsi, kunzwisisa miitiro mikuru nemiitiro yomutemo wehurumende zvinokosha. Nyaya inopa kuongororwa kwakadzama, kwakarongeka kwomutemo wevagari vemo (8) kubva kunheyo dzawo dzehwaro nemiraudzo yakasimbiswa kusvikira kunhano yeko. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nokunzwisisa kwakajeka, kusingachinjiki kwokuita kuti kukakavadzana kwevagari vemo vemo vagari vemo vaimbe, kunoitwa, kusingachinjiki, uye kupedzwa.

Mutemo wavagari vemo unodzora maruramiro nemisengwa yavanhu voga namasangano. Inosiana zvikuru nomutemo woutsotsi, umo hurumende inotonga mhaka munzanga. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutemo wehurumende unonangidzira ngwariro pavanyajambwa pakubatanidza, kusimbisa zvibvumirano, uye kupedza kusabvumirana pamusoro pezvinhu, nhau dzemhuri, kutengeserana, uye kuvadziko dzomunhu oga. Nyika zhinji, zvikurukuru idzo dziri muEurope, Latin America, uye mativi eAsia, dzinobatira mugadziriro yomutemo wevagari vemo iyo inotsamira zvikurukuru pamitemo yakanyorwa panzvimbo penhau yakavakirwa patsika yapamutemo. Nyaya inoderedza zvikamu zvikuru, zvikamu, zvikamu, uye vatambi mumutemo wevagari vemo, zvinopa nhungamiro yakakwana nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kujeka.

Mutemo Wehurumende Chii?

Mutemo wavagari vemo, pakati pawo, idare remitemo iyo inorondedzera nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga avagari vemo, inogovera mishonga yapamutemo nokuda kwekakavadzano, uye inoonesa miitiro yokuratidzira kukakavadzana ikoko. Inobva mumutemo weRoma, zvikurukuru mu Corpus Juris Civilis yakanyorwa pasi paMambo Justinian, uye gare gare gare yakachinja kupfurikidza neNapoleonic Code namamwe manyuko makuru eEurope anobatanidza. Manyuko makuru omutemo wevagari vemo anobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yakasimbiswa: Mitemo inofukidza chose chose nzvimbo dzakadai somutemo webvumirano, mutemo wezvinhu, kuisa mutemo wechitoyi, mutemo wemhuri, uye nhaka. Iyi mipimo yakarongedzerwa kuva inorongwa uye inosvikika.
  • Constituanical Principles: maruramiro apakuvamba nemitemo yegadziriro yehurumende nekodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • [ Mitemo yokutungamirira: Mirayiro yokutarisira iyo inobvisa gadziriro dzomutemo (mutoo., mitemo yedziviriro yavatengi, mabumbiro emitemo okuvaka).
  • Zvisarudzo zvemitemo yavagari vemo (basa rakaganhurirwa): Nepo gadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende dzisingabvumi nomutoo wakarongwa muenzaniso unobatanidza (stare decisis) sezvinoita mutemo wavose, mirau yedare rakakwirira kazhinji kazhinji ine uremu hunonyengetedza, zvikurukuru mujekesa bumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yemitemo yavagari vemo kunoda kunzwisisa simbiso yayo pamutemo wakanyorwa pamusoro pounyanzvi hwokutonga. Vatongi mumasimba omutemo wevagari vemo vanoshanda zvikurukuru savanzveri navamanikidzi vebumbiro remitemo, kwete savaiti vemitemo. Mapati (vachapupu navanopomerwa) ane mutoro wokupa ufakazi, nepo mutongi anovimbisa kuti mutemo upfuurire zvakanaka uye unoshanda kumaidi.

Kuumbwa Kwemitemo Yevagari Vemo

Gadziriro dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzakarongwa zvivako zvedare zvine mabasa anorondedzerwa zvakajeka. Gadzirirowo inobatanidza gadziriro yedare ine mativi matatu: matare okutonga (chinoitika chokutanga), matare edare, uye dare rapamusorosa (anowanzonzi dare rokutonga). Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mabasa akasiyana:

  • [ Dare remhuri:[ Inzwa ufakazi, gamuchira nharo, uye kupa rutongeso runosungisa. Idzi matare angakamuraniswa nenhau (mutoo wenhau, matare emhuri, matare ezvokutengeserana, matare ebasa).
  • Dare reAppleta: Kunzvera chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvomutemo kana kuti muitiro. Vangashandura kana kuti kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare rapasi, uye mune dzimwe gadziriro vanogona kurangarirazve maidi mumigariro mitete.
  • [ Dare reMitemo (Chourt of Cassation): inohwirudzura bedzi mibvunzo yomutemo kuti ive nechokwadi chokududzirwa kwakafanana kwemirau. Hainzwi hayo ufakazi hutsva.

Sezvo mutemo wacho wakanyorwa, vagari vemo vanogona kuziva kodzero dzavo nemisengwa yavo nechivimbo chakati, zvichideredza kudiwa kwokutaura zvakadzama.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvemutemo Wehurumende

  • Tsvakara nemitemo: Manyuko makuru omutemo. Somuenzaniso, French Common [ (Copoléon) inoramba iri muenzaniso wamarudzi akawanda.
  • [[NHAU] Mutemo weChikaro (Juriprance): Kunyange zvazvo usati uchisunga, mirau inowirirana inobva kumatare makuru inogovera nhungamiro nokuzadza mikaha mubumbiro remitemo.
  • Legal Doctrine (La Doctrine): Tsinhiro yenyanzvi dzinobva mudzidzo dzapamutemo dzinopesvedzera kududzirwa nokuchinja.
  • Kushandisa nokushandisa: Mumutemo wezvokutengeserana nenzvimbo, miitiro yokushambadzira yagara kwenguva refu ingawedzera mitemo yakanyorwa.

Kufambira Mbeu Yavagari Vemo: Nhano Nenhanho

Kuparidzwa kwehurumende kunotevera nzira yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira muitiro wakafanira uye kubvumira mativi ose ari maviri mukana wakarurama wokupa nhau yavo.

Kunyunyuta (Kutungamirira)

Mutongi anotanga nhau yacho kupfurikidza nokunyora gwaro rapamutemo rinonzi nyunyuto kana kuti chikumbiro nedare rakafanira. Kunyunyuta kunofanira kutaura zvakajeka hwaro hwapamutemo hwekutaura kwacho (chisakiso chechiito), maidi anoritsigira, uye rusununguko rwakati rwakatsvakwa(kazhinji kazhinji kuvadziko dzemari, kuyamura kwepfupiso, kana kuti kuita chaiko. Mubhadharo wemari unodikanwa, uye muteveri anofanira kuvimbisa kuti dare rive nomutemo wose une (chiremera pamusoro porudzi rwenhau) uye chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwiridziridziri.

2. Basa Rokufambira Mberi

Kana mhaka yangoitwa, mukwirirwi anofanira kuziviswa pamutemo. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sebasa rokuita. Kukumbira nokunyunyuta zvinopiwa kumukwirirwi (kana kuti mumiriri wavo akatenderwa) achishandisa mitoo yakarongwa nomutemo (mukuwirirana nokuendesa kwomunhu oga, tsamba dzakapupurirwa, kana kuti chinyorwa kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuvapo. Basa rakafanira rinotsoropodza; kana rakashata, dare ringashaiwa simba rokupfuurira.

Kupindura Kwevaitsigira

Mukwirirwi ane nguva yakaganhurirwa (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 20-30) yokupindura. Mhinduro dzomuenzaniso dzinobatanidza:

  • Mhinduro: kubvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero imwe neimwe nokusimudzira dziviriro ipi neipi yokubvuma.
  • Kudzinga: Kukakavara kuti kunyange kana maidi ose ari echokwadi, mupoteri haana kutaura kwapamutemo (kukundikana kutaura chirevo) kana kuti kuti dare harina chiremera.
  • [[FLT: 0] verlaimerclaim: Mukwirirwi anotaura kuzvitonga kwake amene mupoteri anobuda muchibvumirano chimwe chetecho kana kuti chinoitika.

Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kupindura, mutongo wakarongwa ungaitwa mukurwisana navo.

4. Kuwanikwa

Kuwana inhambo yapamberi pedare umo mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana mashoko ndokuunganidza ufakazi. Mumiitiro yemitemo yavagari vemo, kuwana kazhinji kazhinji hakunyanyi kuva kukuru kupfuura mumutemo mumwe, asi kunoramba kuchikosha nokuda kwokuvaka chinoitika. zvishandiso zvinozivikanwa navose zvokuwana zvinobatanidza:

  • Zvikumbiro zveTsamba: Kukumbira makopi ezvinyorwa zvinokosha, email, zvibvumirano, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakanyorwa.
  • [[[FRATO: 0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko.
  • [[[FOL:0] `'''. Kubvunzurudza kwezvapupu kana kuti mapoka (zvakarovedzeka zvikuru mumutemo wavose, asi zvinoshandiswa mune dzimwe zviremera zvemitemo yavagari vemo).
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubvumira: kukumbira rumwe rutivi kubvuma kana kuti kuramba maidi chaiwo kumanikidzira nhau.

Chinangwa chokuwana zvinhu ndechokudzivisa zvishamiso pakutongwa uye kukurudzira kugadziriswa nokujekesa simba nezvikanganiso zvenyaya yorutivi rumwe norumwe.

5. Kufamba Nemisangano Yapamberi Pezviito

Pamberi pokutongwa, vamwe vapari vangaronga miitiro yokupedza nhau dzokutanga. Kufamba kunozivikanwa navose kunobatanidza:

  • [[FT:0]Motion for Fung Juncial Judge: Kurangarira kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu uye kuti boka rinotama rinofanira kutonga senhau yomutemo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: kukumbira dare kuraira rumwe rutivi kuti rupe ufakazi hwakavanzika.
  • [[FOT:0] Motion muLimine: kukumbira kuti humwe ufakazi hubviswe mukutongwa.

Matare akawanda anoitawo kuti misangano inoitwa dare risati ratongwa igadzire nguva, kukurukura nhau dzekutongwa, uye kutongwa kwenyaya dzinotevedzana.

6. Kutongwa

Kana nyaya yacho isati yapera kana kuti kudzingwa, inopfuurira kutongwa.Mumitemo yehurumende, kutongwa kunowanzova kusinganzvereki zvikuru uye kuongorora zvikuru kupfuura mumutemo wavose. Mavara makuru anobatanidza:

  • [ Mutongi-Led Proceedings: Mutongi anobvunza zvapupu nokushingaira, anohwirudzura ufakazi hwenhau, uye angaraira nzvero yokuwedzera.
  • Kudzikamiswa kwemashoko: hwakawanda hwoufakazi hunopiwa mukunyora pamberi pokunzwa; kurukurirano dzinotaurwa kazhinji kazhinji ndedzepashure.
  • Nori (kazhinji kazhinji): Kutonga kwakawanda zvikurusa kwomutemo wehurumende imitongo yebhenji, mutongi achisarudza zvose zviri zviviri maidi nomutemo. Magariro mashomanene bedzi (umh., mamwe masangano eU.S. nokuda kwezvinoitika zvakati zvehurumende) anoshandisa majaji.
  • Bhibhendi reChibvumikiso: Mutengi anofanira kubvumikisa kutaura kwavo kupfurikidza nokufungisisa ufakazi(kureva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti shanduro yavo yezvinoitika ndeyechokwadi.

Pamhedziso yacho, mutongi anoshandura mutongo wakarongwa, achibudisa zviwanwa zveidi, kunzvera kwapamutemo, uye mushonga wakapiwa.

7. Rutongeso Nemishonga

Kana mupurisa akakunda, dare richapa mushonga. mishonga yomutemo wavagari vemo inowanzowira mumapoka matatu:

  • [ Kukuvadza kwakakomba:[[FT: 1] Kubhadharwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa (kuvadziko dzokutsiva) kana kuti, mumhaka dzisiri dzenguva dzose, chirango chokuranga mufambiro wakaipa.
  • Specific Act: Murairo wedare unoda mukwirirwi kuita musengwa webvumirano (anozivikanwa navose muzvivako nezvibvumirano zvezvipo).
  • Injucts: Mirayiro yokumisa chiito chinokuvadza (mutoo, kurega kushandisa zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi zvakabiwa) kana kuti kumanikidza chiito chakati.

Boka rakapararira ringavawo rine maruramiro okuita mari yedare uye, mune dzimwe nyika dzemitemo yehurumende, mibhadharo yegweta (mutongo wedare).

Kukwirira

Kukwirira mumutemo wehurumende kunowanzogumira pazvikanganiso zvomutemo kana kuti zvikanganiso zvakakomba. Dare rehurumende ringataura kuti:

  • Kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare rakaderera.
  • Ripedzise rose kana kuti chikamu charo.
  • Kudzoserwa nokuda kwokutongwa kutsva kana kuti kumwe kutongwa.

Mitemo yakawanda yehurumende inobvumira kukwirira kumwe bedzi (kudare rapakati), nokumwe kukumbira kwokutonga kudare gurusa nokuda bedzi kwenhau dzemitemo dzinodenha.

9. Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo dzimwe nzira dzinoshandiswa kuwedzera kuchengetedza nguva uye mari. Nzira dzinoshandiswa nevakawanda ADR dzinosanganisira:

  • [ Media: Murevereri asina kwaakarerekera anorerutsira kurukurirano pakati pemapoka kusvika kunzvimbo yokuzvidira.
  • Arbitation:[ Arbitor (kana kuti tsvina) inonzwa ufakazi ndokuita chisarudzo chinobatira. Kutora kunoshandiswa zvikuru muzvibvumirano zvezvokutengeserana.
  • [[[FT:0] Kubatanidza: kwakafanana nokuyananisa asi chiwiriranisa chingakarakadza mashoko okugadzikisa.

Nyika zhinji dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzakabatanidza ADR mumasangano adzo edare (muremu, kugovera kwapamutemo muzvinoitika zviduku muFrance). International County of Commerce inopa mitemo inoremekedzwa zvikuru.

Marudzi Omutemo Wehurumende Ane Udzame

Mapoka anotevera anomiririra marudzi anowanzowanikwa pakukakavadzana kwevanhu.

Gakava Rinorwisana

Izvi zvinomuka apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kuzadzika zvipikirwa zvinoitwa mubvumirano inochengetwa pamutemo. Nhau dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwebvumirano, kududzirwa kwamashoko asina kujeka, uye kusabvira kwokuita.

Nhau Dzinorwadza

Matorti injodzi dzevagari vemo dzinoparira kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa. Negligence (muchirevo, tsaona yemotokari), kuzvidza, njodzi yechamupindu, uye kuparira kwendangariro namaune zvinowira pasi pomutemo wetsika.

Kusawirirana Nezvinhu

Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kuva muridzi, miganhu, ganhuriro, uye maruramiro okushandisa kana kuti kuendesa zvinhu chaizvoizvo kana kuti zvomunhu oga. Mienzaniso inobatanidza rwisano dzinobatanidza nzvimbo yenzvimbo, zvikumbiro zvakaipa, uye gakava pamusoro penhaka. Mabumbiro ezvinhu zvemo anoratidzika kuva ane udzame uye akaoma, anoderedza kujeka.

Mhaka Dzemitemo Yemhuri

Nhau dzemhuri dzakadai sechatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, kutsigira vana, kurera vana, uye masimba masimba omumba zvinotarisirwa mumutemo wehurumende.

Makakatanwa Ebasa

Dare revashandi kana kuti matare chaiwo anotonga kubviswa kwebasa zvisina kururama, rusaruro pabasa, kuputswa kwemibayiro neawa, uye kuputswa kwezvibvumirano zvemabasa.

Zviito Zveboka Nokunyepedzera

Apo vanhu vazhinji vanotambura kuvadziko yakafanana (umh., zvinhu zvakashata, kubiridzira chengeteko), gadziriro dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzingabvumira zviito zvinomirira kana kuti zviito zveboka. Muitiro wacho unosiana zvikuru-kazhinji-kamwe chete. Somuenzaniso, unotanga hurumende yeboka yakaganhurirwa muna 2014. American Bar Association inogovera zviwiro pamaitiro eboka muU.S., iyo inowanzobatira senongedzero murwisano dzamarudzi ose.

Zvinoitwa Nevatevedzeri Vemitemo Mumutemo Wenyika

Basa ravo haringorevi kumiririra dare chete, rinosanganisira kunyora, kunyora, uye kukurukura.

  • [ Applet neCase Exation: Varapi vanoyera ukoshi hwekutaura kunobvira kana kuti dziviriro uye vanopa zano pamusoro penzira yakanakisisa yechiito, kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza bviro yebudiriro nendyiko dzinobvira.
  • Kubatanidza nokupfuudza Mapepa: `zvinyunyuto, mhinduro, zviito, zvikumbiro zvokuwana, zvibvumirano, uye zvibvumirano zvokugarwa zvinoda mutauro wakananga uye kunamatira kumirairo yetsika. Vatengi vanovimbisa kuti vawirirane nezvinyorwa zvedare nemisi.
  • [ Mishumo neUfakazi Udzori:[[[FL:1] inobetsera kuunganidza, kuronga, uye kupa ufakazi hwazvino (kubatanidza mishumo yenyanzvi, kutaura kwouchapupu, uye kunzvera kwokuzvinyima.
  • [ Kurongeka neMugariro: Nhau zhinji dzavagari vemo dzinopedza pamberi pokutongwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano. Varairi vanoita savatsigiri nokuda kwefariro dzomutengi wavo, vachishandisa shandisi nezivo yapamutemo kuti vawane mirangariro yakanaka.
  • [ yomufananidzo nokukwirira: Mudare, magweta anopa nharo dzinotaurwa, anonzvera zvapupu, uye anoita zvirambidzo zvapamutemo. Pakukwirira, ivo vanonyora mashoko mapfupi okururamisa murairo.

Mumitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo, magweta anowanzova nyanzvi munharaunda dzakati (g., avocat muFrance, Rechtwalt[] muGermany). Mabasa avo etsika anobatanidza kuvanza, kuvimbika, uye kutendeseka kudare. Gadziriro dzinosiyana: mwero yemari inodzo yeawa, nepo vamwe vanoshanda pakuwirirana (kuwana chiverengero chapashure) kana kuti mibhadharo yakagadzwa nokuda kwenhau dzenguva dzose.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wehurumende Kuchikosha

Mutemo wehurumende unobata anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva: kutenga musha, kusaina chibvumirano chebasa, kubata netsaona yemotokari, kana kuti kugadzikisa nhaka yemhuri. Kuziva miitiro mikuru inopa simba vanhu kuti vadzivirire kodzero dzavo, kudzivisa kutsanangura kusiri madikanwa, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva. Vadzidzisi, nzwisiso huru yetsika dzevagari vemo nezvinhu zvinogonesa inoita kuti vadzidzi vakwanise kudzidzisa zvinobudirira zvikuru nezvepfungwa dzepamutemo. Kumunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mubhizimisi, bvumirano yomutemo nemhosva dzinovapo zvinodzivisa. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa mutemo wevagari vemo, iyi nyaya inogovera mapu yenzira inoshanda yokufambisa mugwagwa, kana uchironga kufambisa, kugata, kugadzikisa, kana kuti kunzwisisa zvako nzvimbo yako yapamutemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza manyuko ane chiremera akadai se Cornell Legal Information Institute yemvumo yomutemo wehurumende uye ECD zviwanikwa pamitemo yetsika [ zvinowanzonongedzera kunheyo dzemitemo yevagari vemo. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pebumbiro remitemo nemuitiro ndiko kunokosha kugona kugona kuumba nzvimbo ino yehwaro yetsika.