Kunzwisisa Mutemo Woutsotsi: Rwendo Rwokubva Kukuzivisa Kutongwa

Mutemo weutsotsi ndiwo musimboti wemhinduro yenzanga kumufambiro unorambidzwa. Inorondedzera chinoumba utsotsi, inoronga miitiro yokutonga avo vanopomerwa, uye inoraira zvirango nokuda kwezvitendero.

Mutemo Wematsotsi Chii?

Mutemo weutsotsi igadziriro yemitemo inoranga miitiro inorangarirwa kuva inokuvadza kuchengeteko yavose, nhevedzano, kana kuti zvinhu. Kusafanana nomutemo wehurumende, uyo unopedza gakava pakati pebato ravanhu voga, mutemo woutsotsi unobatanidza hurumende sebato rokubvunzurudza. Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yomukwirirwi pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Mhosva dzeutsotsi dzinonyanya kurongwa se:

  • [ Kupaza [ - Kuputswa kuduku kufanana nematikiti emotokari, kunorangwa nefaindi.
  • Misdemers – mhosva dzakakomba zvikuru dzakadai sekuba tunhu kana kuti kudenha kwakapfava, kutakura kusvikira kugore rimwe retorongo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [[[FLT] [[[FLT: 1] - Utsotsi hwakakomba zvikurusa hunobatanidza kuponda, umbavha, uye kutengesa mirimo, kazhinji kazhinji kuchiguma netongerwo dzetorongo dzeritokisi rerinopfuura gore rimwe kana kuti kunyange upenyu.

Chinangwa chemutemo wematsotsi hachirevi kurangwa, chinovavarirawo kudzivisa mhosva dzomunguva yemberi, kugadzirisa vapari vemhosva, uye kururamisira vanhu vanenge vawirwa nemhosva. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chepurogiramu yacho chinoitirwa kudzikamisa zvinangwa izvi asi chichichengetedza kodzero dzepamutemo dzevanopomerwa.

Muitiro Weruramisiro Yeutsotsi: Kubva Pakunzvera Kuchienda Kumutongo

Nzira inobva mupomero kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira inobatanidza nhevedzano yamatanho akasanonyorwa. Nepo misiyano iripo kupfurikidza nevhoriyamu, chimiro chapakati chinoramba chiripo muUnited States yose nemiitiro mizhinji yemitemo yavose. Pasi apa iputsika ine udzame hwedanho rimwe nerimwe.

Kuongorora

Chinhu chiri chose chinotanga apo vatsigiri vomutemo vanodzidza nezvemhaka inofungidzirwa kuti yapamberi pemhosva, kupfurikidza nomushumo wezvakaitirwa, mashoko ezvapupu, kana kuti mapurisa. Nhevedzo yokunzvera ndeyokuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa, hwakachengetwa, uye hunonzverwa. Zvapupu zvinobvunzurudzwa, zvinounganidza ufakazi chaihwoihwo (sezvinei, DNA, maminwe, mashoko ezvitako), uye hwirudzuro yokuwana chiverengero chokunzvera. Nharidziro inobvira: hwaro hune mufungo hwokudavira utsotsi hwakaitika uye kuti munhu chaiye akahuita.

Somuenzaniso, Simba Rechina Revhure reWenday rinodzivirira kuongorora kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari.Uchapupu hunowanwa pasina rugwaro runoshanda (zvakadai semvumo kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu asina kujeka) hunozonzi husatorwe.

Kusungwa

Kana vanzveri vakava nechinhu chinobvira, vangasunga. Kusungwa kunogona kuitika negwaro rinobudiswa nomutongi kana kuti pasina kana mukuru mukuru akapupurira mhaka yacho kana kuti ane chisakiso chinobvira mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro. Panguva yokusungwa, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kurava kodzero dzeMiranda, idzo dzinozivisa mutapi wekodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero yavo kumumiri. Kukundikana kugovera idzi nyevero kunogona kupa kureurura kupi nokupi kwapashure kusingabvumiki.

Kana angosungwa, munhu wacho anosungwa obva anzi anyorerwe basa, zvosanganisira kunyora mashoko ake, kutora mafingaidhiyo nemapfupi, uye kuisa munhu wacho anofungidzirwa mujeri achimirira kuonekwa nedare rokutanga.

Kurovera

Pashure pokunge muchuchisi asungwa, anonzvera mushumo wenzvero noufakazi kuti asarudze kana kunyora pomero dzapamutemo. Ichi chisarudzo hachisati chiri chiganhu chinovapo; vachuchisi vane chisarudzo chikuru chokuramba kurovererwa kana ufakazi hwakaneta, kuvadziko inofungidzirwa iduku, kana kuti purogiramu dzokutsiva (senhando) dzakakodzera zvikuru. Mitemo inoratidzira mutemo woutsotsi unoputswa uye mwero wemhosva (muchirevo, kutanga, kuuraya. kuuraya.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kupomera kwokutanga kungaitika kupfurikidza nemhosva huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba. Boka guru dare rinobetsera dare ._Iboka ravagari vemo(* rinoyera ufakazi hwomuchuchisi muchivande uye vhoti kana kuchibvira kupfuurira. Kana vakapa "mutengo wechokwadi," mhaka yacho inofambira mberi.

4. Kururamisirwa

Dare rinoverenga mhosva dzacho, rinovimbisa kuti mukwiridziri anozvinzwisisa, uye rinokumbira chikumbiro.

  • .GUITY - Mukwirirwi anobvuma ku mhaka yacho, achibvisa maruramiro okutonga uye achienda zvakananga kutongera.
  • [ Haasati achipa mhaka – Mukwirirwi anoramba pomero, uye mhaka yacho inopfuurira kukutonga.
  • Hapana Contest (nolo mutsivi)[[FL:1] - Mukwirirwi haabvumi mhaka asi anogamuchira chirango. Ichi chikumbiro hachigoni kushandiswa mukurwisana nomukwirirwi mudare ravagari vemo rinomuka muchinoitika chimwe chetecho.

Mutongo unonzi Bail chitsama chemari chakatemwa kuva nechokwadi chokudzoka nokuda kwemisi yedare yomunguva yemberi. Mutongi anorangarira zvinhu zvakadai soukombi hwemhosva, ngozi dzendege, uye batano dzenzanga. Exterth Amendment inorambidza bhera rakanyanyisa, asi nokuda kwenyaya dzakakomba zvikuru kana kuti apo mukwirirwi anenge achiparira ngozi, mutongi angaramba bhera uye kuraira kuti kuchengetwa kwapamberi pedare kuitwe.

5. Kupfuurira Kwematare

Nhambo pakati pekutongwa nokutongwa inowanzova nhete yenhambo refu zvikurusa yemuitiro woutsotsi. Mukati meiyi nhanharo, magweta anopinda mukuwana(ufakazi hwokuwana, ndaza yeuchapupu, uye mishumo yenyanzvi. Magweta anodenha kusava noufakazi, kudzvinyirira mashoko anowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo. Kutora mhaka kunobatanidza:

  • Commentation kudzvinyirira – Argues kuti ufakazi hwakawanwa mukuputswa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo romukwirirwi.
  • Kudzinga - zvinotaura kuti pomero dzinokundikana kutaura mhaka kana kuti kuchuchisa kwacho hakuna ufakazi hwakakwana.
  • [[[NHAU]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Misangano yedare isati yaitwa pakati pomutongi namagweta inobetsera nhau dzakaganhurirwa, inoisa nguva, uye inonzvera bviro yechikumbiro. Plea anotsinhanisa.(apo mukwirirwi anoteterera ane mhaka mukutsinhana mhaka dzakaderedzwa kana kuti mutongo wakareruka zvikuru) inonyungudutsa inenge 90% yemhaka dzoutsotsi uye muitiro wokubudirira kukuru mutsika.

6. Kutongwa

Kana pasina chibvumirano chinosvika uye mukwirirwi achichengeta chikumbiro chisina mhaka, mhaka yacho inopfuurira kutongwa.Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kodzero yokutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwokusarura kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi risingasaruri, kunyange zvazvo vakwirirwi vachigona kubvisa kodzero iyi ndokusarudza kutonga kwebhenji pamberi pomutongi oga.

Kutonga kwacho kunotevera nhevedzano yakarongwa:

  1. [[FFLT:0] Chisarudzo (Voir Dire) - Vatongi vanobvira vanobvumwa namativi ose ari maviri uye vakasarudzwa kana kuti kurova nokuda kwechisakiso kana kuti denho inodzivisika.
  2. Mashoko okuzarura [ - Mativi ose ari maviri anonongedzera mhaka yawo kudare rinobetsera vatongi, asi aya hausi ufakazi.
  3. Case-in-Chief - Hurumende inopa zvapupu, magwaro, uye ufakazi chaihwoihwo. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinowana nzvero yakananga nenzvero yakananga.
  4. Mhaka yeDefense [ - Dziviriro dzingapa ufakazi hwayo imene, kubatanidza kudana zvapupu nechipupuriro chomukwirirwi (mukwirirwi haagoni kugombedzerwa kupupurira).
  5. Kutsanangura Zvikamu – Attorney anopeta ufakazi ndokukurudzira vatongi kuti vasviki vasvike chisarudzo chakati.
  6. [[[Nto:0] Mitemo yeJURY - Mutongi anotsanangura mutemo unoshanda uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubvumikiswa.
  7. Jorlibration and Verct dict[[FL:1] - Vatongi vari voga vanosarudza kuti vasvike chisarudzo chemhosva dzakakomba. Kana vasingagoni kubvumirana, kutongwa kungaziviswa, uye kurovererwa kwemhosva kunogona kugadzirisa nyaya yacho.

Mupomeri anofungidzirwa kuti haana mhosva, uye vatongi vanofanira kusunungura kana uchapupu hwacho husingabvumiki kuti ane mhosva.

7. Kupa mhaka uye Kufamba Kwapashure

Pashure pokunge vatongi vasvika pachisarudzo, chinoziviswa mudare repachena.

  • .GUITY – Mukwirirwi anowanirwa mhaka, uye mhaka yacho inopfuurira kutongera.
  • Haatongorina mhaka - Mukwirirwi anosunungurwa uye anofanira kusunungurwa nokukurumidza. Maviri Jeopardy Claus weFirence Reshanu Reformation anorambidza kutongwa kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokurevererwa.

Mutongi angasiyawo chisarudzo kana chiri muufakazi husingabvumirwi. Kuita izvi hakuwanzobvumirwi asi kunokosha kuti nyaya dzirambe dziripo.

8. Kutongerwa

Kutonga inhano umo dare rinoisa chirango. Mumativi akawanda, kutonga kwakaparadzana kunoitwa, umo mativi ose ari maviri anopa ufakazi nenharo pamusoro pechirango chakafanira. Mutongi anorangarira nhungamiro dzokutonga dzapamutemo, ukombi hwemhosva, nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi, kutaura kwenyajambwa, uye zvinhu zvinoparira zvakadai sokuzvidemba kana kuti batira pamwe.

Mitsetse inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • [ kusungwa [ – Nguva yakabatira mutorongo kana kuti mutorongo. Urefu hunosarudzwa nomutemo nokutonga.
  • Chiratidzo[ – Mukwirirwi anoramba ari munzanga iri pasi petarisiro uye anofanira kuwirirana nemigariro yakadai sokuedza mirimo kana kuti nguva dzokusvika panguva.
  • [[[FT:0] Finitition – zvirango zveMonetary zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa.
  • Basa rekomuniyumu – Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwesangano risingapinduri kana kuti rehurumende.
  • [[[FT:0] Chirango [[[FT: 1] - Muzvirango zvorufu, mhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa dzingaguma nokuurawa.

Pashure pokunge apiwa mutongo, mukwirirwi ane kodzero yokukwidza mhaka yacho kana kuti mutongo wacho kudare repamusoro, iro rinoongorora chinyorwa chezvikanganiso zvepamutemo.

Nheyo Dzinokosha Dzemitemo Dzinochinja Maitiro Acho

Kufunga Nezvekusava Nemhosva

Iyi nheyo haisati ichingovawo zvayo muitiro wedare; inoraira kugoverwa kwomutoro woufakazi uye inodzivirira mupomeri pakufungira mhaka.

Uchapupu Hunopfuura Kusava Nechokwadi

Uyu mupimo unoda kuti ufakazi huve hwakasimba kwazvo zvokuti hakuna panikiro ine mufungo pamusoro pemhosva yomukwiridziri. Ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa woufakazi mumutemo, unorumano zvikuru kupfuura “kungwarirwa kwoufakazi” hunoshandiswa munhau dzehurumende. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yepwisvero youtsotsi.

Tarisira

Mitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.Iyi inobatanidza ziviso yakarurama yepomero, kodzero yokunzwa, kodzero yokupa zano, uye bvumirano isina rusaruro. Kuputswa kupi nokupi kwomuitiro wakafanira kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinja pakukwirira.

Kodzero Dzomupomeri Mugadziriro Yose

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rinogovera dziviriro dzakawanda nokuda kwavanhu vanotarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi:

  • [ Akarurama ku Zano – Pasi peExproundation yechitanhatu, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro kumugweta panguva dzose dzinotambudza. Kana vasingagoni kuripa, dare rinofanira kugadza murwi.
  • Kwakarurama Kuramba Wakanyarara – Findment yeshanu inodzivirira pakuzvitutumadza. Vadziviriri vanogona kusarudza kusapupurira, uye murovereri haagoni kutsinhira pamusoro pokunyarara kwavo.
  • Kutongwa kwokukurumidza [ - Kunonoka kunogona kusarura dziviriro, naizvozvo Dare reSitanhatu reMitemo rinovimbisa muedzo wokukurumidza. Kunonoka kwendangariro kungaguma nokudzingwa.
  • Akarurama Kupokana neZvapupu [ – Vadziviriri vanogona kudarika zvapupu zvinopomera mhaka ndokudenha kuvimbika kwazvo.
  • Kudzivirirwa kubva paKumwe Kunoiswa Muropa [[FL:1] - Pane imwe nguva yakawanwa isina mhaka (kana kuti yakawanwa ine mhaka) nokuda kwemhosva, hurumende haigoni kutsiva mukwirirwi nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.

Kodzero idzi hadzisi dzose; dzinogona kupiwa mhosva nokuzvidira, asi matare anoongorora nokungwarira kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti ndedzechokwadi.

Kukwirira Nokubatsira Kunopa Vanhu Vakafa

Kukwirira kunoisa pfungwa panhau dzemitemo, kwete matare anoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga kuti aone kana mutongi akaita zvikanganiso zvakakanganisa. Zvikonzero zvinowanzosanganisira kubvuma zvisina kukodzera uchapupu, mirayiridzo isina kunaka yedare, kusazvibata kwevachuchisi, kana kuti kubatsira zano kusingashandi.

Kana kukwirira kukakundikana, mukwirirwi angangotsvakazve nyaradzo yapashure pechibvumirano kupfurikidza neminyengetero yehabeas mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, achisimbisa kuti kusungwa kwavo kunoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. iyi mishonga yakaganhurirwa uye inogona kuva yakaoma, asi inogovera musengwa wekotsekano wokuwedzera mukurwisana nezvitendero zvisina kururama.

Basa Revabati Mumuitiro Weutsotsi

Vatambi vanoverengeka vanosunda muchina wokutonga weutsotsi:

  • [ Kudzorwa kwemitemo – Investicepages utsotsi uye kuita kusungwa.
  • Vagadziri [ – vanomirira nyika, vanosarudza mhosva, uye vanopa mhaka yacho pakutonga.
  • Defense Attorney - Mutsigiri woanopomerwa, anodzivirira maruramiro, uye anodenha nhau yehurumende.
  • [ Vatongi [ - nechokwadi miitiro yapamutemo inoteverwa, kuisa panhambo, uye kuisa mitsetse.
  • [[[FURT:0] Mitongo [ - Rinoshanda sevawani veidi mukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi, richipa rutongeso rwakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • [ - Kugovera chipupuriro nokutaura kwesimba; kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa nemitemo yakadai seKodzero dzevanyajambwa veCrime Act.

Kunzwisisa mutambo pakati paava vatambi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo woutsotsi.

mhedziso

Rwendo runobva papomero youtsotsi kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira rwakaoma, rwakavakirwa mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa rapamutemo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe (whenchin, kusungwa, kubhadharira, kutora, kutongwa, rutongeso, uye kutongesa) runoita basa rinokosha mukuenzanisa fariro dzeruramisiro, chengeteko yavose, uye kodzero dzavapo kuti vapiwe mhosva. Nokunzwisisa muitiro uyu, vadzidzi vemitemo navadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti tsika inoshanda sei, apo paneripo, uye kuti kuchinja kungasimbisa sei kuzvidavirira uye kururamisirwa. Nokuda kwokuwedzera, kurava [[FLT: 0]] .[FFF]