Nguva Yemberi yaChangamire Wehurumende Yakabatana Muchiedza Chezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Razvino Uno

Dzidziso yokudzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwouchangamire hurumende yakadzivirira kwenguva refu migariro yapachivande mumatare ehurumende pasina kubvumira. Yakavakirwa muEleminth Amendment namazana amakore omutemo wavose, iyi nheyo inodzikamisa chiremera noutongi hwehurumende mukudikanwa kwokuzvidavirira kwomunhu oga. Kutonga kweDare Rechikurusarepfusa, zvisinei, kwakaedza miganhu yedziviriro yekodzero yokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo dzinovambira pauchangamire hwedzinza kusvikira kurusununguko rworudzidziso nokutarisira kwomubatanidzwa. Sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kuvandudza mutoo waro waro, mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa redzidziso yacho, nheyo dzaromendement, uye miuyo yaro yaro yomunguva yemberi inoramba iri pakati pechigadziko cheAmericanchidzidzo chorudzidziso nechiremera.

Kudzivirirwa kwavanhu vane chiremera chehurumende hakuna kukwana; Congress ingaibatanidza mumigariro yakati, uye hurumende dzinogona kubvuma nokuzvidira kuwirirana.Apo zvisarudzo zveDare mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura zvakasimbisa maruramiro okudzivisa kurwisa utachiona ndokujekeswa apo zvinoshanda mumatare ehurumende nehurumende.Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoitika kunoda kunzvera midzi yenhau yazvino uno, nhau huru dzazvino uno, uye gakava remitemo riri kumuka richaumba dzidziso yacho mumakore anozotevera.

Mamiriro Enguva Yokugara aChangamire weHurumende

Nheyo yokuti chigaro haagoni kupiwa mhaka pasina mvumo yacho kudzokera kumutemo wechiNgezi uye yakagamuchirwa nevagari veAmerica. Pashure pokuvakwa kweBumbiro remitemo, Dare Gurusa re1793 mu Cyhoolm v. Georgia[ yakabvumira vagari vomunyika voga kukwirira hurumende mudare rehurumende, kutungamirira kupfuudzira kupfuudzwa kweAndeminth Amend Remendment muna 1795. Amend inopa kuti: “Simba roRumbiso reUnited States harisati richizoregwa kuti ritambanure kusuturo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti echisina, kutanga kana kuti kutongwa mukurwisana neimwe Hurumende yeUnited States neVagari veimwe nyika, kana kuti vagari veNyika veNyika kana kuti vaManyika dzeNyika api neInyika dzeNyika dzeNyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzemwe.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rakawedzera kusvika kweMwedzi yeFiji inodarika mashoko aro chaiwo. Mu Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende haidzivirirwi nezvipfeko nevagari vayo, richifunga kuti Kuchinja kweNhengo kweNhengo kwakawedzera mutemo wemitemo wekudzivirira Hurumende kuti irambe iripo. Uku kudzivirira kukanganisa kunotambanurwa mudare rehurumende nokuda kwezvisarudzo, kuyamura, uye kunyange dzimwe nyaya dzehurumende, kutoti hurumende kana kuti kubvumira kuti iparadze kana kuti iko inobvumira kuti iparadzirwe nesimba rayo rokudzikamisa pasi pechikamu 5 cheGwarati reGenetimendetic Amendement.

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yazvo haisati iri, zvisinei, dare rakaziva kusiana kwesutu dzakaunzwa neUnited States, zviito zvinorwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa pasi pe Ex pacece Young [ dzidziso, uye zvinoitika umo kudzivirira utachiona. Uyezve, nyika hadzisati dziri dziviriro yesutu mumatare avo vamene apo bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau inogovera mushonga. Izvi zvakaparira nzvimbo yakaoma iyo Dare rinopfuurira kugadzira.

Zviitiko Zvenhau NePendezho Yegumi Negumi Rechinjo yeMhindumupindu

Zviitiko zvapakuvamba zvakadai se Georgia (1831) zvakaenzanisira kutamba pakati pouchangamire hwedzinza nedziviriro yehurumende. Dare rakataura kuti Cherokee Nation yakanga isiri “ruwa rwokunze” pasi peChikamu III uye naizvozvo yaisagona kusundira Georgia zvakananga muDare Rapamusorosoro. Nepo chisarudzo ichi chisina kurondedzera zvakananga kudzivirira kwoumambo, chakaziva kuti ndudzi dzose nehurumende dzine kodzero dzadzose dziri mbiri dzinoganhura simba rehurumende pamusoro padzo. Gare gare gare, mu rutivi rwaMadokero yeI. [FLT] [197], Dare rakavezwa nokuramba kupesana: vakuru vakuru vakuru vanga vogarira kuputsa mutemo wenyika, kunyange chikagona kuva chishandiso chakaoma. Chiito chinokosha chinoramba kuva chiteshina nokuda kwechiito chedzidziso chedzidziso. Chikuru. Chino. Chinotiko. Chinotichinoti chikamura.

Nguva yazvino uno yokudzivisa dziviriro yakavamba ne Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman [1984], iyo yaisimbisa kuti mabhande eAleminth Amendment ehurumende edare rehurumende aisangoraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vawirirane nomutemo wehurumende. Dare rakasimbisa kuti nheyo dzehurumende dzinoda kuremekedzwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende, kunyange apo mutemo wenyika ungagona kugovera hwaro hweyamuro. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti kudzivirira Hurumende yose hachisi hachisiwo chinhuwo chinongova dziviriro chehurumende asi pamutemo chehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvichangobva Kuitwa Zvinobvisa Kubatana KwaChangamire

Mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakapa nhevedzano yemitemo yechiratidzo yenhau iyo yose iri yose iri miviri yakajekesa ndokuganhurira ukuru hwokusatapurwa kwoutongi hwehurumende. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira Dare rakakamukana, neruramisiro dzinoramba dziripo kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsigira dziviriro hurusa neruramisiro dzerusununguko dzinorevererwa nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru. Nhau dzinotevera dzinokosha zvikuru.

Seminole Tribun of Florida v. Florida (1996)

Chisarudzo chazvino uno chinotevedzerwa zvikurusa pawcrous desecurition ndicho SAMINOLE REFORN, 517 U.S.1996). Muchisarudzo chazvino uno chapamberi padanho ravanhu, Dare rakaramba kuti Congress haingagoni kudzora hurumende pasi peChikamu chayo I masimba, chakadai seChentecry Calassical. Mhaka yakabva kuIndiya Gaming Reguration Act, iyo yakabvumira ndudzi kuti dzikurire kukwirirananisa mapepa mukutenda. Dare raidzoro rakaresa chikwano che . [FLTYN] Union Union. [FLT]

Chisarudzo chakanyandura kudzorwa kweTribum[[FLT: 1] nenzira inobudirira kukwanisa kweCongress kuzviisa pasi pemipimo yapachivande nokuda kwekuvadziko zhinjisa dzehurumende, kubatanidza ayo pamusoro pekubhuroka, zvinhu, uye kutengeserana kwenyika. Chisarudzo chakanyandura kudzorwa kwemifungo pamusoro pokuti nyika dzingagona kupomerwa nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo yehurumende. Zviitiso, zvakadai se College Savits Bank v. Florida Prefeary Freary Educary Education Post Confective Board (1999]) uye [FLT] Froritavia Respending Reservation provice Board Board. v[FFFlatelse] [1999], kurangarira kudzo, uye kusava kudzo inodzosera kudzosera kudzo.

Alden (1999)

Mu Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999), Dare rakataura kana dziviriro yekodzero yokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yavanhu ichishanda mudare rehurumende. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vakapomera hurumende yeMaine mumatare ayo amene nokuda kwemari inobhadharwa nguva yakawandisa pasi peFair Labor Standard Act. Dare rakarangarira kuti dziviriro inofarikanywa nehurumende inotambanukira kubatira mudare rehurumende, zvimwe apo sututi yakavakirwa pamutemo wehurumende. Voruzhinji vakarangarira kuti “maposita okurangarira etsika etsika etsika yetsika yetsika yedu inogaro muhurumende" inobatanidza uchangamire, uye kuti Amenderidhecimatesi haisati iri manyuko bedzi manyuko okudzivisa kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa mudare rinodzorwa padare rehurumende. Chiito chikuru chipi nechipi chinorwisana nechiito chehurumende muhurumende kutoti kana kuti ibvumidzwe muhurumende inobvumira kutoti, kana kuti ive inobvumira kubvumira kutongwa chibvumirano chibvumirano chinoitwa pasi pechi 5

Mutongi Souter akapesana, achiramba kuti kurangarira kworuzhinji kwakanga kusina kururama munhau uye kuti kudzivirirwa kwoutongi mudare rehurumende hakuna kutongoitirwa kudzivirira hurumende kubva pasutu dzakavakirwa pamutemo wehurumende. Kusabvumirana kwakasimbisa kusawirirana pakati penheyo dzehurumende yedare nokuchengetwa kwekodzero dzemitemo yehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza, Alden inoramba iri fandesheni yedzidziso yazvino uno yokuzvidzivirira pasimba.

Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority (2002)

Dare rakatambanudzirwa kukusatapurwa kwechiremera kumatare akati okutonga mu Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority, 535 U.S. 743 (2002). Federal Maritime Commission yakanga yatanga kugadza kuvimbisa kurwisana neSouth Carolina Ports Authority pashure pekambani yapachivande yakanyunyuta pamusoro petsananguro mumitengo inobudirwa pachiteshina. Dare rakaramba kuti nheyo dzePremiteth Amendmentation dzechiremera neHramendiation dzinobva kumasangano ehurumende, kunyange apo kupfuurira kusava maruramiro. Chisarunga chavharo chakavharwa masangano avanhu vogaro kubva mukutsvaka mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, kutoti kana nyika yabvuma. Chisarudzodzodzodzo chezvirongwa zvehurumende

Fulton muv. Guta reFiladelphia (2021)

Nepo Fulton v. City yePhiladelphia, 593 U.S._ (2021), inobata zvikurukuru norusununguko rworudzidziso muFirst Amendment, revodziro dzarwo dzokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi dzinocherekedzwa. Nhau yakabva muchisarudzo chaFiladelphia chokurega kunongedzera kuvana kuMasangano eNzvimbo zveKaturike (CSS) nemhaka yokuti CSS yakaramba kuisa vabereki vamwe vorudzidziso sevatsigiriki nemhaka yezvitendero zvavo. Guta harina kumutsa dziviriro yapamutemo yaposerose yaposesa yaigona kudzivirira CSS nokuda kweyamuro yeyamupinduro muReftware yeFree Crection Clausce. Zvisinei, kupfurikidza nokuedza kwokuzvinyikira pamutemo kwechipo.[3]

Mukuwedzera, Fulton inosiya bviro yokuti matare ehurumende angabvumira nyore nyore zvikuru sutu mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwemirairo yakavakirwa papuko yebumbiro-mitemo, kunyange apo hurumende imene inoramba isingatapurwi nechakaipa. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa kuti kudzivirira dziviriro kwapamutemo hakusati kuri mhinganidzo kutedzero yose yapachivande yekodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo; zvikurukuru inoisa miganhu inokuvadza zviito uye sutu dzakati munzvimbo umo hurumende iri mubato chaiyoiyo.

Nhau Huru Netsauko Dzadzo Dzakakura

Mugumisiro unowedzera weizvi zvisarudzo wave uri wokusimbisa kudzivirirwa kwehurumende mumibatanidzwa yehurumende nehurumende apo kukwanisa kuisa zvinhu mudzimba kwaCongress kukuvara. Pasi apa kupfupikiswa kwenhau dzinotapura zvikurusa uye icho kunoreva nokuda kwemigariro yakasiana - siana yapamutemo.

  • GEO [1831] yasimbiswa kuti ndudzi hadzisi “nyika dzokumwe” nokuda kweChikamu III, ichiziva chose kuti nyika nendudzi zvinogoverana dziviriro yapamutemo pasutu imwe neimwe. Iyi nhau inoramba iri yakafanira murwisano dzazvino uno dzeruwa pamusoro pomubatanidzwa, pfuma yomusikirwo, uye muganhu.
  • SEMINOLE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUV. Florida (1996): Yakabatanidza kuti Congress haigoni kudzora hurumende musimba reITS. Iyi sututi dzakavanzika nokuda kwekuvadziko mukurwisana nemitemo yakadai seFair Labor Standard Act, vaAmerica vane urema hwechikamu (ADA I), uye Kusarura kweNhambo yeChiteshi, kuto kutoti Congress Comment ishate neChikamu 5 cheGeneth Amend Redenderlinection.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): kudzivirira matare ehurumende nokuda kwezvirevo zvomubatanidzwa. Somuuyo, vashandi vehurumende havagoni kukwirira mushandirwi wavo nokuda kwokupunzirwa kwomutezo neawa kwehurumende mudare ripi neripi kutoti kana kuti Congress yakabvumira nenzira yakafanira masuo kupfurikidza nomutemo weChikamu 5.
  • FEDAL Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Chiremera (2002]]:] kudzivirira uchangamire kumirando yehurumende. Masangano haagoni kushandisa zvirongwa zvehurumende kumanikidza masangano kuti awirirane nemiraudzo yomubatanidzwa; vanofanira kuvimba nezviito zvokudzika mutemo kupfurikidza nehurumende yehurumende imene.
  • Fulton v. Guta rePhiladelphia [2021]: nepo isiri chisarudzo chakananga chokudzivisa kukuvadzwa, yakasimbisa [ dzidziso yeYoung [ yeyamuro yeyamuro mumitemo yebumbiro- pamutemo. Masangano angasakumbira kudzivirira kuvhara vakuru nokuda kwokutyorwa kwekodzero dzinopfuurira dzemitemo yehurumende.

Zviitiko izvi pamwe chete zvinogadzira gadziriro umo nyika dzinofarikanya dziviriro yakafara mumatare avanhu voga, asi necherekedzo dzinooneka nokuda kweyamuro nesutu dzinounzwa nehurumende. Mitoro zvino yarema zvikuru pavapoteri vari voga vachitsvaka kumanikidza kodzero dzemitemo dzehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji ichivaraira kuratidza kuti Congress yaivavarira kudzivirira zvirwere zvinorwisana nehurumende uye kuti yakaita saizvozvo pasi pechiremera chebumbiro remitemo chine simba.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nezvinetso

Chibvumikiso cheDare Rapamusorosoro chinokarakadza kuti kudzivirirwa kwesimba romutemo kucharamba kuri dziviriro yakasimba mumativi mazhinjisa, asi nhau dzinoverengeka dzisingagadziriswi uye chinjo dzinobvira dzinogona kuvandudza dzidziso yacho.

Kubviswa Kwechechi Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti [[FLT:] [[1997] [[FLT]] na[FLT]] NEVADA] Department of Human Resource v. HivPrandt (2003). [[FLT:]] MuProt] [[FLT] , Dare rakatsigira kubviswa kwegadziriro yemhuri nera Zvomupatarati reChirevo, kuwanikwa kwemagariro emhuri. Kana kuti kusarura kwetsika kwetsika kwetsika. [FOFT] [2006] [FLT] MuchivB] Mumigrongeriti yemi yemitengo yemitengo yeGwarouciast] kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu echipokashati inopfumikanwa nokuda kwemite yemari inopfuutsiro yemari inopfuudzo inopfumerwa. Kana kuti pakanganwa pakangana mamiriro ezvinhu akakwana echipo akaoma anoshatongedzerwa nokuda kwe

Hurumende Inobvumira uye Waiver

Mitengo inogona kubvisa kuzvidzivirira kwadzo pamutemo nokubvuma, zvimwe nokutora rutivi mugadziriro dzehurumende dzinobetsera parapiswo. Dare rakadudzira kurasika kwakaganhurirwa: mu Sossamon v. Texas (2011], yaidavira kuti kugamuchira mari yehurumende pasi peReligious Land Nemagementalalal Act hakuna kuumba mutengi wedziviriro. Nenzira yakafanana, Office yedziviriro yedziviriro neAdvoctacy v.[FLT]] (20%) yakaita kuti kusangova kubatira mari yehurumende pasi pevhu negadziriro youkurudziridza.) (20) kusaita kuti kupfurikidza nokuunza magadziro echikamu. Nguva yemberi zvichaitawo kuti zviitwe sei, kana kuti zvirongwa zvikakwane purogiramu zvakaganhuridzoro zvichiri kutongedzerwa kubatanidzwa nokuda kwezvimwe.[FL.]

Kushandiswa Kwenzvimbo Itsva: Kuzivikanwa Kwemashoko, Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze, uye Pfuti

Kubatanidza nharaunda dzechibvumirano chemaripotiro - zvinonzi synmendial systems, kuchinja kwemiitiro yemamiriro okunze nezvinoiswa nehurumende, uye denho dzokutonga mitemo yepfuti. (_Zvemuenzaniso, pasi peHursensition Portability and Accouncibility Act (HIPAA), masangano akavanzika haagoni kukwikwidza hurumende nokuda kwemajeri nemhaka yokuti HIPAA haisati ichidzivisa dziviriro yesimba rehurumende, uye denho dzemamiriro okunze dzinounzwa nemapoka ehurumende anorwisana nemhepo kana kuti anoputsanyaudza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji njodzi. Dare ringabvunzwa kusarudza kana zviito zvakati zvehurumende (g., kushandira chipaipi) inoumba dziviriro kana kuti kuderera mukati mamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Pamusoro peFiji yeChipiri, pashure pe New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], mitemo yepfuti yakatarisana nenzvero huru. Majeka anodenha mitemo iyoyo angatsvaka mirairo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende pasi pa Ex proce Young, asi haagoni kuwanazve kuvadziko kubva kunyika imene. Dare rinobatanidza jingazarura suo reyamuro yemipidhi yapamutemo nokuda kweyamuro yakakomba isingachinjiki.

Kuchinja Kwomutemo Norutongeso

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza kubvumira Congress kuti ibvumire kudzivirira zvirwere kwegumi ne11 kwechiI pasi peChikamu I, nokudaro kuchidzosa SAMINOLE TB. Dzimwe dzinotsigira miraudzo yehurumende yokuti mari yehurumende inobvumira mari inopinzwa pachinhu chakajeka chinodzivirira pakutaura chakananga, Dare harina kusanoziva zvakakwana. Kurutivi rwedare, Dare raigona kudzikamisa mwero wokusatapurwa kwomutemo kupfurikidza nokugamuchira kurava kwamashoko eAndreth Amend Reder, kuchiganhurira kutsa mari yemari yehurumende pachinhu chakajeka chakananga, asi ikoku kunoratidzika kuva kusingabviri kupiwa dare richangobva kuumbwa.

Imwe chinjo inobvira kushandiswa kukuru kwe Ex Young nhetembo kubvumidza suturo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende kunyange apo mushonga wacho unoda chiito chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstt[[FLT] [2020], Dare rakabvumira denho yapamberi pokubvisa mimba kumutemo weTexas inorwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende pasina kudzivirira. Zviitiko zvenguva yemberi zvinobatanidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo zvingaona kukura kana kuti kubvumirana iyi dzidziso inotsamira parudyi hwemitemo padanda.

mhedziso

Nguva yemberi yokudzivirirwa kwesimba roumambo ichaumbwa nokudisa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kunamatira kumienzaniso yaro yakavakirwa pahurumende uye kukwanisa kweCongress kugadzira mitemo iyo inopukunyuka kuongororwa kwebumbiro remitemo muchikamu 5. Kusvikira zvino, masangano anofarikanya dziviriro huru pagadziriro dzakavanzika dzomunhu oga, asi kunze kweyamuro nesutu zvehurumende yehurumende inochengeta vachizvidavirira nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo kunopesana nemitemo. Vadzidzi, uye varapi vemitemo vanofanira kunzvera nhau dzinotevera — kufanana neganhuriro dzehurumende dzinodenha mhoteredzo, uye mitemo yokuvhotera, uye miraudzo yezvo yemitemo yehurumende (apochagovera ganhuro inotevera muiyi nhau inoteverwa.)

Kusawirirana pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu hakungabviri kugadziriswa zvachose. Sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kuyera idzi fariro dzinokwikwidzana, dzidziso yokusatapurwa nekodzero yokuzvitonga icharamba iri yakakomba(uye) kazhinji kazhinji inokakavadzana nomutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nenheyo dzazvo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ari kutsvaka kutungamirira pamutemo nzvimbo yehurumende muzana ramakore rechi 21.