Kushaikwa kwemvura yakachena kwazova chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru zvenyika yose muzana remakore rechi21. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuwedzera kwevanhu, uye kudiwa kwenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri zviri kukanganisa mvura yakajairika yakadai senzizi, nyanza, uye maaquifer. Kubviswa kwemvura nezvinonyunguruka. Basa rokubvisa munyu wakanyunyu wakanyunguduka mumvura kana kuti mvura inotsvedza mvura inotsvedza. Kubvisa mvura isina kuganhurirwa kunenge kusingaverengeki. Mumakumi emakore apfuura, kubviswa kwemvura kwawedzera nokukurumidza, nemiti inopfuura 20 000 inoshanda munyika yose zvino, ichibudisa mvura inodarika mamiriyoni 100 000 pazuva. Asi ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwemazuva anosara nesimba remvura, inodhura, uye inomutsa kushatsana kwezvakatika chapasi pezvikamu izvi.

Mikana Muruzivo Rwokutengesa Zvinhu

Kugadzirwa kwounyanzvi hwezvigadzirwa kuri kuderedza kugadzirwa kwechigadzikiso chokupedzisira chinobva mugadziriro yemvura inoshanda, inochenesa, uye inoshanda zvikuru. Kufambira mberi musayenzi yemasero, kubatana kwesimba, uye gadziriro yokugadzira zviri kuderedza ndyiko uye kuderedza mativi emhoteredzo, kuvhura suo rokugamuchirwa zvakafara munzvimbo dzaisagona kukwanisa kubhadhara kana kuti kutsigira kuderedza kukura.

Kufambira Mberi Muruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kushandura osmosis (RO) inoramba iri ruzivo rukuru rwokubvisa mhepo, asi kudikanwa kwayo kwesimba kuri kuderera nemhaka yemanyuko echizvarwa chinotevera. Thin-film manyunyu akaumbwa nezvinovandudzwa nokusazvidzora zvakatangwa, uye vatsvakurudzi vari kutanga zvinokudziridza manyunda egirafine-anogona kubvisa munyu pamwero wakakwirira apo inoda kudzvinyirirwa kushoma. Muna 2023, masayendisiti pa Massachusetts Institute of Technology vakaratidzira girafikimes girafiki yakawana kurambwa nomunyu wakakwana nguva dzinoverengeka nemvura inopfuura manyunyu anowanzo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kucheka simba kupfurikidza no 3050% muzana.

Mberi kwomunyu (FO) ndiimwe nzira iri kubuda inoshandisa chigadzikiso chokukweva mvura mudenderedzwa risingachinjiki, inoda simba shoma rehydrate pane RO. Nepo FO yakaganhurirwa nedikanwo yokumutsidzirazve mushonga, gadziriro dzenguva pfupi yapfuura dzeFO-RO dziri kuratidza vimbiso dzezvokutengeserana nokuda kwokushanda kwenzvimbo inochengeteka kwakadai sokurashwa kwemvura inotsvedza mvura inotsvedza mvura. Membae inoshandisa tembiricha yetembiricha panzvimbo pedzvinyiriro, iri kuongororwawo nokuda kwechitsamanyuko duku, simba rezuva rinobviswa panzvimbo dzinopisa.

Kuchinja Kwesimba Kunodzokororwa

Kudikanwa kwamasimba makuru esimba rokubvisa RO kwakakubatanidza nezvinocherwa muvhu, zviverengero 3-5% zvesimba renyika yose rinoshandiswa mukurapa mvura. Simba rinomutsidzirwa rinogona kuputsa idivi raro. Simba rezuva reProvoltaic (PV) nesimba remhepo zvino zviri kubatanidzwa nero RO, zvikurukuru muMiddle East ne North Africa, umo chiedza chezuva chinomira nokushaikwa kwemvura. MuSaudiabhia, ARAMAUM [ AFP] Aljif syf-active deminations inoshandisa simba rinomutsidzira 600,000 mitaro.

Gadziriro dzinobatanidza zuva rinopisa nemunyu unovhuvhutwa kana kuti mhepo neRO dzava kuzivikanwa zvikuru. Uku kuronga kuderedza kuvimba nemagetsi marefu uye kuderedza kubudisa mhepo inodziya. Nokuderera kwemutengo wokuchengeta bhetri, zvino zvinobvira kushandisa nzvimbo dzinobvisa magetsi padzinodzikwazve nokuchengeta simba renguva yousiku kana kuti mhepo yakaderera. Mugumisiro wacho mugove wemvura uyo uri zvose zviri zviviri carbon-neutil uye inodzivirirwa nomutengo wemafuta echichetura.

Kunaya Kwesimba Nokubudirira

Kushandiswa kwesimba mumiti yeRO kwakatoderera neinopfuura 75% chifo cha 1970, zvikurukuru nemhaka yesimba rekuvandudza. Tsvenete, yakadai seiya dzakatangwa ne Energy Recovery Inc., inotora dzvinyiriro kubva kurukova rwemunyu ndokuiendesa kumvura inodya zviri kuuya, ichideredza simba rose rinoshandiswa kusvika ku 3 kWh bhithikimita yemiti yemvura yazvino uno yero. Kubudirira kunoenderera mberi mumichina yemvura, marongedzero evhuro, uye kuderedzazve kuderera kwesimba.

Miitiro yakaderera yokunaya inoita kuti pave nesimba shoma, yakadai sekuomesa nokuomesa marasha emagetsi, iri kugadzirirwa kubvisa mvura inotsvedza, uko munyu uri pasi pemvura yomugungwa. Unyanzvi uhwu hunogona kushanda pamwero yesimba yakaderera zvikuru (sokuderera se 0.5 kh/m3) uye hwakakodzera nokuda kwemabhurackish aquifer. Nokuenzanisa nomuitiro wokuderedza kukura kwemvura, vashayi vanogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakanaka uye kuderedza ndyiko.

Zvigadzikiso Zviduku uye Zvinoshandiswa

Kubviswa kwemvura kwakachena ndiko kuzarura kuvhura mvura inonaya munzvimbo dziri kure nenjodzi. Makambani anogona kutakura anoshandisa simba rezuva kana kuti pombi dzinoshandiswa namaoko zvino anowanika kubva kumasangano akadai se parasworth, iyo inoshandisa rozi dzinoshandiswa nezuva panzvimbo dzepasi muAfrica yomumaruwa neAsia. Makambani aya anogona kugadzira marita 75 000 pazuva, zvakakwana kugovera musha muduku. Panguva ino, kunzvera mubhatiri, midziyo inovakwa netsvina iri pasi pemayunivhesiti anoverengeka. Kugadzirwa kwakadaro kunogona kuchinja kugadziridza kugadziridza nokudzivirira kwemvura kwapabopo.

Kuisa Muviri Muviri Nemvura Yezaro

Rimwe ramabanza anovimbisa zvikurusa riri mukurapa kubereka chibereko chedesarini(brine) senzvimbo yetsvina. bhirine yakapfuma mumagnesium, potassium, lithium, uye zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawaniki. Makambani ari kutanga miitiro yokubvisa aya maminerali, kubvisa mumvura inobuda. Mazino anobvisa mvura yegoroo (ZLD) masangano anowana mvura yose nenhete mumvura kubva mumvura inotsvedzerwa ava kutengeswa nokuda kwemiti mikuru, zvikurukuru kana yabatanidzwa nesimba idzva. [[FLT:] Bank] World [FLT:] yakasimbisa kuchera mari senzira yokuderedza nayo mutengo. Kana iyi mitoo yokugadzira zvinhu yakura ingagona kuderedza mutengo. Kana iri gadziriro youkuru iko ingagona kushandukira mugadziriro yokugadzira.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nokurasikirwa Nebasa

Pasinei nokufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuchiri kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakaoma zvinoderedza kushandira kwazvinoita nyika yose.

Tapuro Dzemhoteredzo

Denho hurusa yemhoteredzo kuraswa kwemvura yomumvura. Nokuda kwemita imwe neimwe yemakyubiki yemvura yakachena inogadzirwa, inenge 1,5 mita yemunyu unoiswa mugungwa. Iyi munyu unowanzova une munyu wakawanda nekaviri semunyu wegungwa uye ungava namakemikari anobva muyamuro nokuchenesa. Mazambiringa evhunga anogona kunyunga pagungwa, kubvisa majechanja emvura inoyera uye kushandura kudzika kweminyu yomunyu. Mukusasvika 0, 2019 mumagazini [FLT:] Science yeMovial Envity inofungidzirwa kuti kugadzirwa kwemvura yepasi rose kunogona kuva kwakakwirira kunenge 50% wemamiriyoro yemvura inobudiswa nedova rinobudiswa (5 mabhiriyoni mamillicm) pazuva.

Kudya kwemugungwa kunogonawo kukuvadza upenyu hwemugungwa kupfurikidza nokushandisa mapurazi, zvitunha zvehove, uye zvinhu zvipenyu zvakura. Zvitarisiko nezvinonyunguruka zvinoderedza asi hazvidzivisi izvi zvakarasikirwa. Matsime egungwa anogona kuderedza kudzorwa kwemvura asi anoshanda. Zviteshi zvezviwi zvinofanira kuisa mumichina yazvinochetura, zvinoparadzira gadziriro dzezviwiriranwa kuti zvienderane nokunzvera kukura kwemipimo. Indasitiri yacho inogamuchira necherekedzo dzakafanana nepombi dzemichina inochinja-chinja-chinja-chinja-chinja uye kubvisa mifananidzo inodzosa mamiriro ezvinhu amo ezvinhu.

Kugadzirwa Kwesimba Rakawanda Nekarbon Foundation

Kunyange kana magetsi amuka, RO yomugungwa inoda matani 3-5 kWh pamita yekyubiki, ichiita mutoo wokurapa wemvura unopa simba. Kana ichishandiswa nemagetsi emagetsi anoiswa mufoshoo, magetsi anobvisa CO2. Chiti chikuru chinobudisa 500,000 m3/zuva chingagona kubudisa matani mamirioni 1 eCO2 pagore. Nepo kubatanidzwazve kunogona kuderedza izvi, zvirimwa zvizhinji zvinoramba zviripo zvinobatanidzwa negasi romusikirwo kana kuti marasha. Gasi recarbon recarbon replane print rinofanira kuderedzwa kuti riwirirane zvinangwa zvenyika yose. Izvi hazvidi kudzose simba rinodzoserwa simba rinodzoserwa asi kuisawo purofiti yechinhu nemabasa akaderera.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvemari

Mvura yakabviswa inoramba ichidhura kana ichienzaniswa namanyuko emvura yakachena. Mutengo mukuru wenzvimbo huru yegungwa yeRO unowanzova urefu hwe $1,5 kusvika kumamirioni $1,5 pa1 000 mitars, uye ndyiko dzinoshanda (kubatanidza simba, makemikari, kushanda, uye kutsiva maronda) unowedzera $0,0 kusvika ku $5,00 paminuta yemakyubhu. Munyika zhinji dzichiri kubudirira, mutengo uyu unodzivisa. Zvirongwa zvokubvisa uhNdaro yemari kazhinji kazhinji kacho zvinoda mari yehurumende, bhizimisi rapachivande, kana kuti kushandira pamwe chete navanhu vose. Chiteshinga cheTSM.

Zvisinei, ndyiko dzave dzichiderera: International Desalination Association (IDA) inoshuma kuti avhareji yemutengo wero yakaderera ne60% chifo cha 2000, kusvika kuinenge $0.0/0.0/03 yemiti mikuru. Kuwedzera kupfuurira muzvigadzirwa, oirication, uye simba kuchaderedza mutengo, asi kuderedza mukaha wokuwana mari munharaunda dzine urombo kunoramba kuri chinetso chikuru.

Nhau Dzoudzori Nedzevanhu

Minda inobvumira kubviswa kwemvura inogona kutora makore, zvikurukuru nemhaka yetapuro yemhoteredzo, mirangariro yavose, uye kusawirirana. Chishoro chenzanga chinowanzova chinhu chinotyiwa nokukuvadzwa kwegungwa, ruzha, uye chiono. MuCalifornia, nzvimbo zhinji dzinobviswa dzinokarakadzwa dzakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo uye dzakanonotswa kana kuti dzakabviswa. Kukurukurirana kwakajeka kunoratidzirwa. Rongedzerwa mhoteredzo, uye bvumirano yezvibvumirano zvekuvadziko zvinokosha zvinokosha kukuwana rezinesi yenzanga. Kudzika mutemo kunowirirana mvura inoda nedziviriro yemhoteredzo kunodikanwa kuvhozhotera apo kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.

Kudzidzisa Nokuwedzera

Minda inobvisa mvura inoda zvivako zvinokosha: kutora nokubudisa mapaipi emvura, kupomba zviteshi, matangi okuchengetera, uye batano kumibatanidzwa yokuparadzira mvura. Munzvimbo zhinji dzine mvura inofambiswa, mitsetse iripo yachembera kana kuti yaderedzwa, inoda kuderedza kuderera kwemari. Kubvisa nokubvisa mvura pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu (kutakura mvura, kutakura mvura yemvura yemadutu) kunoda kufambira mberi nokutengwa mumichina yokufambisa zvinhu. Pasina kubatana kwokungwarira, kubvisa mvura mumvura kungapedza chinetso chimwe chete kugadzira, zvakadai sokusimudzira mutengo kana kuti kuderedza kunaka kwemvura kubva mukubatanidza.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Kuvandudza uye Muitiro

Kuziva remangwana rokubvisa mvura kunotsamira pakuongorora kunopfuurira, muitiro wokungwarira, uye nzira dzokushandisa nadzo mvura dzakabatanidzwa.

Nhungamiro Dzokunzvera

Nanotechnology nebiomimetics zviri pamberi penzvero yamaronda. Aquaporin-membrane yakavakirwa panyuro. yakafuridzirwa namapuroteni omutoo wemvura yomusikirwo(ndaro yezvisakiso zvechienzi neaizipo. Prototypementis yaratidza mwero wokurasha munyu unopfuura 99.5% ine simba riri pasi pe 2 kWh/m3. Panguva ino, vaongorori pa [FLT:] Mvura [ magazini yakashuma pamusoro pemanyuko ezuva rezuva ramagetsi anoshandisa kupisa kunobva mumaindasitiri. Uku kugadzirwa kwouchenjeri kwakabatanidzwa nohungwarudzo rwenguva chaiyoiyo, kuvimbisa kuita kuti ive yakanakisisa uye igadziriswe.

Imwe nzvimbo inovimbisa ielectrochemical desalination, iyo inoshandisa magetsi kubvisa maamburera pasina dzvinyiriro huru. Kubvisa kwesimba (CDI) uye kubvisa bhetiri kuri kugadzirwa nokuda kwemvura inotsvedzerera uye kunogona kuguma kwakwirira kumvura yomugungwa. Iyi mitoo inoshanda pamwero wemhepo, inoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakaoma kugadzira zvinhu, zvigadzirike. Kana michina yemagetsi ikaramba ichivandudza, mitoo yemagetsi yemagetsi inogona kukwanisa kuzadzisa kana kutsiva RO nokuda kwemimwe mishandiro.

Kushandisa uye Kuisa Mari Mubhizimisi

Hurumende dzinogona kukurumidzisa kubviswa kwenzvimbo kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoitirwa. Zvirongwa zvokupa zvokudya muchadenga nokuda kwokushaikwazve kwesimba rinomutsidzirwa, zvikwereti zvemitero nokuda kwokunaya kwesimba, uye kubvumira nokuda kwemiti inoshandisa unyanzvi hunowanika zvose zvishandiso zvinobudirira. World Bank nebhangi rekubudirira renharaunda zvakatsigira mari yaibviswa mabasa okugadzira zvinhu muMiddle East, North Africa, neAsia, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvichibatanidza zvikwereti kumipimo yezvakatipoteredza. Kubatana kwevo voruzhinji kunogona kugoverana ndokuunza zvitsva zvevokasha mugadziriro dzemvura dzavose. Kuisa mipimo yemvura yakajeka nedzo inodzo inodzorwa inodzorwa inodzorwa inodzorwa inoparira kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kutarisira Mvura Kwakaiswa Midzi

Kubviswa kwemvura hakufaniri kurangarirwa sekwakaparadzana. Maguta mazhinjisa anochengetedzwa nemvura anobata kubviswa kwemvura sechinhu chimwe chezvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana zvenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura, kudonhedza, kuchekererwa kwemvura, uye kushandiswazve. Purogiramu yeSingapore yeNADAter, somuenzaniso, inobatanidza kurapa kwakakwirira kwetsvina nechetura nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura kuti zviwane mvura. Kuronga kwokuwedzera kuchena kunobvumira zvinhu zvine chokuita nemvura kuti zvifanane nokushandisa (g.g., kuchena kwakakwirira kwemvura inobviswa pakunwa, inobviswa mvura nokuda kwokudiridza) uye inoderedza mutengo yose. Sezvinjo dzemvura dzinochinja kusanayamura, mamiriro okunze nokuda kwokuwedzera.

Mugumisiro: Kuchengetedza Mvura Yenguva Yemberi

Kubviswa kwemvura kwakabva paruzivo rwemabhakitire kukuva nzvimbo inochengeterwa mvura inowanwa nemamiriyoni evanhu. Mikana iri mberi nemunyu wakakwirira, simba rinomutsidzirwa, uye kuiswa kwemvura yemunyu mudenderedzwa rakawanda. Asi zvinetso zvokukanganisa mhoteredzo, mari inotengwa, uye zvipingamupinyi zvinodzorwa zvinenge zviripo. Kukunda kunoda mari isingaperi mukutsvakurudza, mirau yemitemo youshingi, uye kuzvipira kubatana pakushandiswa kwemvura.

Nguva yemberi yokubvisa mvura haisati ichingova zvayo yokuvaka miti yakawanda; iri pamusoro pokuvaka gadziriro dzemvura dzakangwara, dzakachena, uye dzakaenzana zvikuru.