Hwaro Hwokusarudza

Kubatanidza kunoitwa mumuitiro wedare wakakudziridzwa wokushandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Clause yeMitemo ye 145 Amendment. Dzidziso yakabuda mumakwikwi marefu ebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuti zvibvumirano gumi zvokutanga zvakasunga hurumende yehurumende bedzi. Mu Barron v. Baltimore[FL:1] [1833], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti Bill of Rights yaishanda chose chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya mu Gitlow v. New York (1925), apo Dare rakazivisa kuti “rusununguko rwokutaura norwechidhindiro (irwo runodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment kubva kuCongress , inodzivirira paMitemo mikuru yapamutemo yakarongwa na‘magariro ekodzero omunhu oga aidzivirirwa negadziriro yakafanira ye 1450termeter Reformation kubva kuiement nehurumende. [FOLT], 1961], ropafadzo yokudzivisa Dare gurusa rinotevera, inopfuudzwa zvinenge zvose zvekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu oga, kubatanidza mutemo weGastry ([FFOLD2]]].[3], [5]],[5]

Muitiro wacho wakanga usiri mukuru; gadziriro dzakati, kufanana nekodzero yeChipiri yeFindment yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, dzakabatanidzwa se McDonald v. Guta reChicago (2010). Chinobvumira izvi zvisarudzo inheyo yokuti kodzero inofanira kuva “yakavakirwa zvikuru parangariro yedu yorusununguko rwakarayirwa” kana kuti“ yakavakirwa zvikuru munhau negamuchidzanwa reRudzi urwu. Iyi factoral, pragmatic yakaita kuti ichinjike apo yaichengeta chibvumirano chemitemo.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusutumuka. Kare ufakazi hwemipimo husati hwava hwuripo, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakachengetwa mu Katz v. United States (1967) kuti Fimende yeFimende inotsamira pakuti mapurisa anowanzova ne “kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga.” Nheyo iyoyo yakabvumikisa kuva inokasha sayenzi yazvino uno. [[FLT:]] Rilez v. California [2014] [Z], Dare raibvumirana kuti mapurisa asingagoni kunzvera zviri mukati mesero yesero yesero isina pamutemo, ichiziva kuti maturuko ane “manyuko oupenyu. [FLT] Makore mashomanene gare gare gare gare gare, [FT][FT]

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusarudza mashoko enguva ino kunoda kuti zvirambe zvichichinja zvinonzi “search.” Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuwana mashoko akavharwa, mashoko akachengetwa mugore, uye mametadata kubva kuvanoshandira paIndaneti kunomutsa mibvunzo isingagoni kupindurwa zvizere nerugwaro rwegumi nemasere negumi nenhenharendi. Nyanzvi dzakapikisana kana Simende rechina reMitemo inofanira kuiswa muzvinhu zvitsva zvokuongorora, zvakadai sokuwana mashoko anochengetwa nemakambani eruzivo. Dare rinoda kugadzirisa kutarisirwa kuoneka kwaro nechakavanzika chamakeri kunenge kuchiri kusara nekodzero itsva dzokuvandika dzakavanzika dzinoshandiswa kuhurumende.

Hurumende dzakaitawo chiito. Mitemo inoverengeka yakagadza mitemo yavo vamene yakavanzika yemipimo, yakadai seElectronic Communications Ancy Act yeCalifornia (CELECPA), inoda chibvumikiso chokuti hurumende ipinde kukurukurirano dzamagetsi nemiraudzo yenzvimbo. Iyi mitemo haitsamiri paGaramende yeChina asi panzvimbo pezvo inoparira dziviriro dzemitemo idzo dzinopfuura zvikwaniriso zvehurumende. Nokufamba kwenguva, basa remitemo rehurumende ringasunda Dare kubatanidza chirevo chemikoro chemipimo yetsika charo pasi peKineth Amend Amend, ichivimbisa dziviriro yemitemo inodzivirira nyika yose.

Dzidziso Yechitatu Isakarurama Mudzvinyiriro

Mutemo wegamuchidzanwa (wechipiri) wokuti mashoko anogoveranwa nokuzvidira nevechitatu (sekambani yorunhare kana kuti bhangi) anowana dziviriro yeChina yeFiziremu inodenhwa zvakananga nemiitiro yemibato yazvino uno. Vanhu nhasi vanogoverana zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko namasangano eInternet, uye vagadziri vemitengidziro yemasangano. Contart [[FLL:1]] yakanga iri kubviswa kukuru kubva padzidziso iyoyo yemaseromazinesia, asi Dare rinosiya kana mamwe mapoka emichina emichina (um.g., maemail akachengetwa nechisaririra anochengetwa nechinochengeteko) anofanirwa dziviriro chakafanana. Mune ramangwana kugona kuva kana nyika yokuremekedza nokuda kwemazita ose anozivisa udzamesero akakwana oupenyu. Marusarukito anoto anoto atoriswa neiyi: Massacettsston anotoptic anopa chibvumirano chinopiwa nemitemo chapamusoro zvikuru chinogovera chinopiwa kuva chisaririra chisaririra. Chigarwa kupfurikidza. Chikamu chikuru chedare

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Mudenderedzwa

First Amendment yakabatanidza kwenguva refu kudzivirira kutaura nokubudisa mashoko. Asi kushandiswa kwemanyuko echinobudisa nhau iwayo ekare paInternet. Zvikurukuru kumasangano enzanga anotungamirirwa namasangano enhau enzanga avanhu ehurumende.[1] Inoparira kupesana kutsva. Munyika inooneka, ganhuriro paruzhinji dzinoda kuongororwa zvikuru. Online, hurumende remawebsite ehurumende nemapeji esangano renyika dzenzanga echibharo anogona kushanda semasangano avose akaganhurirwa. Dare rina masangano matsva enhau Packham v. North Caroline [FL:] [2017] [20]) mutemo unorambidza vaparidzi vevatano yakanyorerwa pabopo kubva pakuwana vanhu kubva panzvimbo dzenzanga dzinoshambadzira, se “chikamu chamakurukota chavanhu chamagariro.” Chisarudzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzinoiswa pachena mumitesero yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yapachena pamusoro pemitenziridzo.

Nhau inokakavadzana zvikuru ndeyokuti First Amendment inodzivisa zvikamu zvakavanzika zvapachivande nezvinodzorwa. [[Fort:0] [pazvinenge zviri mukati]. Dare reChikamu chikuru ragara richirangarira kuti First Amendment inoshanda bedzi kuchiito chehurumende, kwete mufambiro womunhu. Zvisinei, sezvo matare anopfuudza mitemo inoedza kutema kuti zviteshi zvine mwero sei, mutsetse pakati pechiito chehurumende nokudzora kwapachivande. [[FL: 0] [NCON], LLC[FLD] [2004], Dare rakarova mativi eFlorida enzanga yenzanga ayo anoganhurira mano okubvisa zviteshivi zvakati kuti zvigadziri pakati pezvigaro zvakatiso. Kuwana kuti mutemo unenge wakaputsa kodzero dzePrejime.

Rumwe muganhu kushandiswa kwe “kodzero yevanhu kuungana norugare paIndaneti. Indaneti inoita kuti pave nokuramba kukuru kwemitemo uye kutaura kwakabatana. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuongorora kana kudzongonyedza magungano akadaro kunokwidza zvinhu zvechina neFirst Amendment. Kusarudza kubatanidzwa kuchada kukurukura kana magungano etsika akakodzera kudzivirirwa zvakafanana neane pamutemo. Izvi zvinokosha zvikuru sezvo nyika dzichigamuchira mitemo inoda kuti zera rezvemagariro enzanga, iro rinogona kutonhora kutaura kusina zita uye kuganhurira kumunhu mukuru ari mukati macho.

Kuwedzera Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nemaitiro Anofanira Kuitwa

Kupfuura kuva woga uye kutaura, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoumba kodzero itsva dzisinganyatsokodzeri mumapoka ebumbiro remitemo aripo. Somuenzaniso, “kodzero yokukanganwika” (yakagadzwa mumutemo weEuropean Union) haina zvaikaenzana neU.S. asi mimwe mitemo yehurumende inoda zviteshi zvokubvisa mashoko akati evashandisi pakukumbira. Kukundikana kwehurumende kugovera nzira iyi inopesana nemitemo inopesana nemitemo inopesana nemitemo yacho, zvinoreva kuti apo hurumende inotorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kugovera uye mukana wokunzwika. Sezvo upenyu hwedu hunenge huchienda paIndaneti − kubatanidza kuwana chikwereti, basa, uye dzidzo yedzidzo inoita zvisarudzo zve “zvinodiwa pa“ zvinoparira ” “maidirongwe ezvinodiwa zvomunhu oga.

Mu . Goldberg v. Kelly (70), Dare rakaramba kuti kubviswa kwebetsero dzegarikano kwaida kuti kunzwika kwepamberi pedu kuitwe. Kupfurikidza nefananidzo, asmenderad religimenti inodzivisa mugari wemo kuti apinde pawebsite yehurumende kana kuti kuramba raise rezinesi ingaputsa basa rakafanira kana munhu asina mukana wekudenha chisarudzo chacho. Chisarudzo chemisiro chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi [ mu [FLT]] BED] BN. v[FLT:] [5] [5] [20]) yakatapura ukoshina kujeka pamusoro pomuitiro wehurumende usati wakagadzwa muitiro unoregerekedzero. Kana kuti Dare risati risati richagovera dare rokunze rikamuramuranisa.

Kuparadzana kwemitemo ndiimwe nzvimbo yekodzero dzinobuda. Mareta makumi mana anemitemo inoda makambani kuzivisa vanhu apo mashoko avo anobvumiranwa. Kana hurumende ichikundikana kumanikidza mutemo wakadaro, kana kuti kana mutemo wayo wakaneta zvikuru, ko ko kudzivirira kwe 144th Amendment kunoda zvakawanda here? [[FL:0] Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins[[FLT] [20], Dare rakati kupunzi kuputswa kwomutemo kwehurumende hakumanikidzi Chikamu III kumira pasina kukuvara kwakakwana. Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti kuiswa kwedairwa kwedate yedaviriro yokwa kwakarurama kutonge kusingaratidzi kukuvadzwa chaiko. Chiziviro chapameso chinozivikanwa nokuva nokunyengera zvikuru, “20666, Dare rinobvumirana kukanganisa mashoko omunhu oga oga mudare rokutonga kuti risarumbidzikane kutozoro.

Nguva Yemberi Yokusasarudza Mune Mamikari

Kusarudza kwave kuri muitiro unoshanda nguva dzose. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kwakawedzera rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mumakumi maviri 76 okutanga, sezvingabvira ichaedzwa noruzivo rwaifungidzirwa kuvaFramers. Muitiro wacho ungatora imwe yenzira nhatu.

Nzira Yokutanga: Kusarurama Kunoitwa naAnalogy

Dare raigona kupfuurira kunyora maruramiro egamuchidzanwa pamipimo. Somuenzaniso, kudzivirira kweFramendment yeChina mapepa nemiuyo kungatambanudzirwa kumaemail namafaira emichina; dziviriro yeFirst Amendment inogona kufukidza misangano inodokuva. Iyi nzira inochengeta kupfuurira kwedzidziso uye nhau itsva mukati memasikire akarovedzeka. Ngozi ndeyokuti rondedzero inogona kunyanyova duku zvikuru, zvichitungamirira kukunyonganisa kana kuti kuvhiringidza mitemo.

Nzira Yechipiri: Kusikwa Kwekodzero Itsva

Dare raigona kuziva kuti ruzivo rwemitemo runoda maruramiro asina kujeka muBill of Rights. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuona zviri pachena kana kuti maruramiro okusazvitema pachishandiswa mapurisa anofanotaurwa pamitemo isina kururama angarangarirwa kuva anokosha ku “rusununguko.” Uku kungava kubviswa kwerugwaro rwapakuvamba, asi chitsama chapanguva dzose cheGendement yeGeneti yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yave yakajeka ( Roe v. Wade , 1973; [[FL:2]]bergefell. v [FLT], 2015]). Dare ringasarudza kana kodzero itsva idzi dziri pamusoro penhau dzinogona kuva dzakakura zvikuru.[FLT]

Nzira Yechitatu: Stateāce Inglication

Kutadza kana kuti kusada kuita chimwe chinhu nenzira yakasimba, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa ringasiya kodzero dzemitemo zvikurukuru kunyika. Dare reHurumende rakatova nebumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa kodzero dzakavanzika dzakajeka. California Constitution, somuenzaniso, ine kodzero yokuva voga isingawaniki muBumbiro remitemo. Kana hurumende dzikaramba dzichiedza, dzingagadzira rabhorotaritari yekodzero dzemagetsi idzo pakupedzisira dzinoumba kuva dare rehurumende. Dare ringasarudza kana kusarudza kuti izivikanwoi mashoko okukwidziridza pauriri hwemitemo.

Kunetsa Sosaiti Noutongi

Nhungamiro iyo Dare rinoita ichatapura zvikuru nzira iyo vagari vemo vanobatirana nayo navose vari vaviri hurumende namasangano avanhu. Kana Dare rikabatanidza maruramiro akasimba okuvandika ekombiyuta, Hurumende dzichadikanwa kuwana zvibvumikiso pamberi pokuvhura mashoko ekombiyuta, nzvera serura kuti usungwa, kana kuti midziyo yezviso inodzorwa munzvimbo dzavose. Kana Dare rikaramba kubatanidza, basa redziviriro richaramba, vamwe vagari vaina maruramiro akasimba uye vamwe vasina.

Chibvumirano Chokutanga chinobatanidzwa munzvimbo yemichina chinoparirawo chinhu. Chisarudzo chokuti zvisarudzo zvokuisa mativi echikuva zvakadzivirirwa zvimene zvingaganhurira simba rehurumende kudzora zvinobudisa nhau munzanga. Chirango chinopesana chingapa zviteshi zvokuisa mitemo yemwero youtevedzeri, zvingadzivisa mashoko asina kururama asiwo kugonesa kunzvera. Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzegungano kungasarudza kana kuti kuvhara kushora paIndaneti pasina kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Pakupedzisira, muitiro wakafanira unobatanidzwa munhambo yemitemo ungada miitiro ine revo apo maatomu anotapura fariro dzinokosha. Kushandiswa kwechisarudzo chakaitwa nemunhu oga mugadziriro dzegarikano, kunzvera kwoutsotsi, uye kunzvera kwavana kuri kuwedzera. Pasina kutungamirira kwebumbiro remitemo, vanhu vangakuvadzwa negadziriro dzechinyakare pasina dziviriro. Kudisa kweDare Rapamusoro kutambanudza nheyo ye Goldberg v. Kelly kumifungo yemifungo yemitengo ichava rondedzero yenhau yenhau yechinyaka uno uno uno.

Dzikamo pakati pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu norusununguko rwomunhu oga yave iri basa guru romutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kusarudza kunopa chishandiso chakapfaviswa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzisiyiwi kungoni dzehurumende kana kuti simba resangano. Sezvo ruzivo rwemichina runoumbwa murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu, mubvunzo wacho hausati uri [ kana kuti hausi kodzero idzi dzichabatanidzwa [[] sei uye [[FLT: 4.] apo [FLT]. mhinduro ichaumba nguva yemberi yorusununguko munhambo yemazati.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona murangariro weDare Rapamusorosoro mu Karpeent v. United States nokunzverwa kwezvakavanzika zvemichina mu . California.