Mhiko yapurezidhendi yehofisi inomira seimwe yetsika dzinogara zvikurusa nedzokufananidzira muAmerica. Yakapfuudzwa neBumbiro reMitemo, iyi mhemberero pfupi inoratidzira kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba rokutungamirira uye inoita kuti purezidhendi ari kuuya atsigire rugwaro rwapamutemo rwakakwirira zvikurusa rworudzi. Bva pasinei zvapo nokupfava kwayo negamuchidzanwa refu, mhiko yazova nguva nenguva nzvimbo inokatyamadza nokuda kwekurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzapamutemo, dzapamutemo, uye dzorudzidziso. Kubva mumashoko akakakavadzana uye kupfurikidza nekurukurirano dzamabumbiro emitemo pamusoro petendero orudzidziso, idzi nharo dzinopa hwindo yezvinokosha zvenyika yorudzi uye kusawirirana nenharo dzinopfuurira. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera nharo dzenhau dzakapoteredza mhiko, tinowana kuonga kukuru nokuda kwerevorevo, mutemo, uye kutamba kwadzo dzorudzidziso rwemunhu oga oga oga oga muupenyu hweAmerica.

Mavambo Nenharo Dzapakuvamba

Chikamu 1 Claus 8 chinonyora mashoko chaiwo echibvumirano chapurezidhendi chebasa. Chikamu II chinoti: "Ndinopika zvakasimba (kana kuti nditsigire) kuti ndichapedza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPrezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichasvika pakanakisisa yesimba rangu, kuchengeta, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Zvisinei, kunyorwa kwechikamu ichi muna 1787 kwakanga kusiri pasina kupesana. PaKonquisition yeMitemo, nhume dzakataura pamusoro pezvinofanira kutongodiwa, nokutya kwaizoparira kuedza kworudzidziso nokuda kwebasa. Mutauro wokupedzisira unobvumira nounenguriro nokuda kwe "shako" kana kuti "Firati" kugadzikisa kurangarira uku kurangarira kupfurikidza neregeredzo dzorudzidziso.

Apo George Washington akava purezidhendi wokutanga muna 1789, mutambo wacho wakaitiswa muNew York City’s Federal Hall. Mutongi Mukuru weNew York Supreme Court, Robert Livingston, akapa mhiko. Washington paakapedza, Livingston akazivisa zvakakurumbira, "Mara Ring George Washington, Purezidhendi weUnited States. Asi kunyange iyi nguva yakatangira yakatakura mashoko apakuvamba: Washington yakawedzera mashoko [[FLT: 0]]" naizvozvo yandibetsera Mwari" pashure porugwaro rwakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo pasina nhau yazvinoreverwa zvinosimbisa ikoku. Manyuko okutanga akavimbika nokuda kwokushandisa kwamashoko eWashington akabudiswa makumi amakore gare gare gare, achitungamirira kukurukurirano yenhau pamusoro pokutaura kana kuti iye akataura chaizvoizvo.

Imwe gakava yapakuvamba yakabatanidza Purezidhendi John Adams. Muna 1797, Adams akarangarira mhiko asi vamwe vatsoropodzi veAnti-Federalist vakapanikira kana iye akanga apika nenzira yakafanira ruvimbiko kuBumbiro reMitemo, akapa tsigiro yake yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nokuda kweAlien and Sedition Acts, iyo vazhinji vakarangarira kuva isina wirirano. Pfundo huru yakanga iri yokuti mhiko yoga yaisagona kuvimbisa kuvimbika kuBumbiro remitemo kana purezidhendi gare gare gare akaidudzira munzira idzo dzakarevedzera ganhuriro yayo. Uku kuoma kuri pakati pokurava chaiko kwemhiko nomufambiro woupurezidhendi kwaizodzoka munhau yose yeAmerica.

Zviitiko Zvinooneka Zvegakava Ramagariro

Kubudirira KwaPurezidhendi Nezvibvumirano Zvakakurumidza

Dzimwe dzemhiko dzinokosha zvikurusa dzakamuka kubva munhevedzano yakamwe kamwe nemhaka yorufu rwapurezidhendi, apo migariro yakamanikidzirwa kupika nokukurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji zvisina kurongwa. Rufu rwaPrezidenti William Henry Harrison muna 1841 rwakanga rwuri kuedzwa kwokutanga kwetsika yokutsiva yapurezidhendi. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi John Tyler akanga ari pamusha pake muWilliamsburg, Virginia, apo mashoko akasvika. Mutongi akadanwa, uye Tyler akaita mhiko mumhiko yapachivande, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano yapamhiko: Koseridhendi yechokwadi chaiko, kana kuti "anoita sapurezidhendi"? Mutungamiriri wePreler Precel" akazivisa kuti muteshi wapurezidhendi wacho anova mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru, kwete basa. Zvisinei, kushaiwa kwechirongwa chetsikano chakarongwa nemuitiro chapachivande chekutyika chapaga.

Mhaka inokatyamadza zvikuru yakauya muna 1881 pashure pokuurawa kwaPurezidhendi James A. Garfield. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Chester A. Arthur akanga ari muNew York City apo akagamuchira shoko rorufu rwaGarfield. Akapika mumusha make nedare guru reNew York muchinoitika chapachivande. Vatsoropodzi vakapanikira kana uku kutarisirwa kusina kurongwa kwevakuru vakuru, pasina Bhaibheri mudzimwe nhau. Arthur akafunga mupimo wemitemo. Gare gare gare akafunga rwechipiri, chipikiso chavose zvikuru muWashington, asi chinoitika chakasimbisa nzvimbo yachena yapamutemo pamusoro pomuitiro wakarurama wapurezidhendi mukuru mukuru mukati medzo. Njongodziwo, apo Purezidhendi weFrance D. Roosevelt akafa kamwe kamwe kamwe mu 1945, Purezidheresideri Harry S. Trum akapika muMurwi wemitemo yedare reruwa rwenyika yose muFike muFilan, murwi wedare rakana kupanikirwa nomutemo.

Air Force Oath: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963

Zvichida mhiko hurusa yemifananidzo yakapoteredza Lyndon B. Johnson akapika muMuporesa Wokutanga pashure pamaawa mashomanene pashure paPuerceride John F. Kennedy kuuraya paNovember 22, 1963. Norudzi rwacho rwakatyamadzwa, vayamuri vaJohnson vakatsvaka nokukurumidza mutongi wehurumende kuti ape mhiko. Vakawana Mutongi weRegiolti Sarah T.Hughes. (ww) mutongi wokutanga wehurumende wehurumende wehurumende muTexamente yeTexalson muAirland.) uyo akafambisa mutambo nokukurumidza mundege yakamanikidzwa. Johnson akaisa ruoko rwake paRoma Katurike (kunyengengenge kwaKenney) panzvimbo pokushandisa Bhaibheri, uye chinoitika chipfupiso chipfupiso chapamutemo chakamuka nokukurumidza. Pasina nguva iyoyo yakanga isina kusimbiswazve nemupikiso mukuru wehurumende mumugariro wavose.

Zvikanganiso Zvemushonga Nokudzorerwa

Kunyange purezidhendi vakasarudzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu enguva dzose vakagumburwa nemashoko emhiko. Muna 2009, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akapa hurukuro inosetsa yokutanga, asi apo Mutongi Mukuru John Roberts akaraira mhiko, akadzokororazve nenzira isiriyo. Obama akadzokororazve mirairo isina kururama, kuchiguma nokupika kwakashata. Kudzivisa denho ipi neipi yemitemo, Obama naRoberts vakadzokorora mutambo wacho pachivande muWhite House Map House zuva rakatevera racho. Chinonge hachisipo chokuitazve mhiko. Kunyange zvazvo ichionwa zvikurukuru semhiko, vamwe vatsoropo vakataura kuti kudikanwa kwokupika kukurusa uye kumirira kwapachena. Chinonyandura ichi pamusoro pokuti kana chibvumirano chikaitwe nomutoo wakajekaidzwa kana kuti chikangofanira kuitwa nenzira yakanangana kupfurikidza nokungogarira.

Chinoitika chakafanana chakaitika muna 2017 apo Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi Donald J.Trump naMutongi Mukuru Robertsfumb nhevedzano yemhiko. Trump akaoneka kudzongonyedza Roberts, uye vaviri vakati kuti vapfumbai mumitsetse yokupedzisira. Hapana kudzokororwa kwakarangarirwa kuva kuri madikanwa, asi gaffe zvakare yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poukombiso hwemhesano yapamutemo. Idi rokuti kupfumba kuduku kwakadaro kunobatwa noukombiso kwapamutemo uye vanhu vose vanoenzanisira ruremekedzo rwechitendero icho mhiko inorangarirwa narwo.

Gakava Rapamutemo NereBumbiro Remitemo

Gakava re"Kuti Ndibetsere Mwari"

Gakava rebumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira zvikurusa pamusoro pemhiko yapurezidhendi rine chokuita nechitsama chamashoko naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari. Sezvacherechedzwa, George Washington angava kana kuti angasaawedzera; asi pakasvika zana ramakore rechi20, yakava gamuchidzanwa ravose. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe pashure paFranklin D. Rooselt akaibatanidza, pangava pamhedziso yemhiko kana kuti mukati menguva yapachivande. Zvisinei, Chigadziro Chokutanga chaClausce chinorambidza zvakajeka hurumende kupfupikisa rudzidziso rup. Vatsoropote mutsi kuti kuwedzera kubvumirano yorudzidziso kumhiko yemitemo ichimiro chehurumende, icho chitekiso chemitemo (Artle, VIe, 3).

Idzi nharo dzakatungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo dzinoverengeka, kunyange zvazvo pasina akabudirira kubvisa chitsama chamashoko. Muna 1934, Chapupu chaJehovha chakakwidza pamusoro pemhiko yenhano ine "ndibetserei Mwari," asi Dare Gurusa rakaramba kunzwa nhau yacho mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, vasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari nemapoka enyika vakapikisa kuti kubatanidzwa kwapurezidhendi kwemashoko mukati momutambo wekugadzwa kwapachena kunoputsa kuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende. Muna 2017, American Humanist Association yakaisa dare rinorwisana naTrump ra 2017, asi mutongi wenyika akabvisa sututi. Chimiro chinoramba chiyamuchi "ndibetserai] chinoramba chiri chisarudzo chamariro chapurezidhendi, chisingadi kutongwa nechibvumirano, uye hachirevi dare idzva.

Kutadza Kufunga Nezvaunoita

Gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo ya "shambadza (kana kuti kusimbisa)" yakagadzirirwa kugarisa vanhu vashomanene vorudzidziso vakadai saQuaker, avo vanoramba kupika. Mumakore apfuura, vashomanene bedzi vapurezidhendi vakasarudza kusimbisa panzvimbo pokupika. Muna 1825, John Quincy Adams akashandisa chisimbiso nemhaka yokuti iye aishumwa kuti akanga asingadi kupika paBhaibheri. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2021, Purezidhendi Joe Biden akashandisa kusimbisa [“iye akabata ruoko rwake paBhaibheri rake asi akati“ ndinosimbisa" panzvimbo pe "kupika." chisarudzo chaBhiden chakaonekwa zvikuru seaasina kutongoda kukutenda kwake kwomunhu oga uye mumutauro wakazara webumbiro remitemo. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti muvambi anodikanwa nokuda kwechipfuudzo, asi chichiri chisarudzodzodzodzo kupfurikidza nokuna ngwariro yavose yenhau dzenyika.

Kududzira kweBumbiro reMitemo re "Kudzivirira, Kudzivirira uye Kudzivirira"

Mhiko yacho inoda kuti purezidhendi ainde "kudzivirira, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo". Mutauro uyu wave uri musoro wenhau yemitemo pamusoro pesimba roupurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, mukati mechinyadzisira cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura kuti basa rake rokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo raakapiwa chiremera chakafara chokudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi, kunyange kana zviito zvake zvikaputsa mitemo yavose. Vatsoropodzi vake vakapikisa kuti chirevo chemhodzo chapamhono yapamutemo yaifanira kuita mitemo yose, kwete chete Bumbiro remitemo mupfungwa yakaganhurirwa. Chibvumirano chaProfesterin Bill Clinton chakabatanidzawo kurukurirano yekuti kana kureva nhema pasi penhau yapachivako kuputsa kwake kuputsa mitemo nokutendeka. Hondo idzi dzezvematongerwe enyika dzakaratidza kuti kupika hakungoko; zvinoshanda semitemo uye sechibvumirano chetsika mumitemende inorwisana netsika inorwisana napurezidhendi.

Muna 2021, pashure pokudenha Capitol kwaJanuary 6, Imba yakapokanidzana kana Mutungamiriri wepopo Donald Trump akanga aputsa mhiko yake kupfurikidza nokukurudzira kumukira. Nyaya yeRevoinyo yakataura kuti Trump akanga apinda mu "mhosva huru navaparadziri" kupfurikidza nokuputsa mhiko yake yokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuvimbisa kupiwa kworugare kwesimba. Uyu mutauro wazvino uno unoratidza kuti chiga chinoramba chiri chishandiso chokuzvidavirira mumahofisi akakwirira.

Mirangariro Yazvino Uno Nechinjo

Kuwirirana

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona nhamburiko dzokuita mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatanidza zvikuru zvitendero zvechirume nezvisiri zvechiKristu. Muna 2013, apo Purezidhendi Barack Obama akaita mhiko yake yechipiri (iyi nguva naMutongi Mukuru Roberts pashure peruramiso ya2009), iye akashandisa Bhaibheri rakanga riri raMartin Luther King Jr. Yakatanhamara zvikuru yakanga iri kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pokuti mhiko inofanira kuva youhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhu. Rugwaro rwapamutemo runoshandisa "his" apo runonongedzera kuna purezidhendi, asi vakadzi havachadzimwizve kubviswa muPresidecial. Vamwe vatsinhivi vakakarakadza kubvisa mhiko yakanyorwa kuti "yavo vavo" kana kuti "yavo, asi hapana chikarakadzo chayo chapamutemo chakaitwa. Sangoripurendiyo yakasiyana-seidzo yakaitwa mubatanidzwa namashoko erudzidziso: judepolitis, asi musedridhears 201717, Prences Bible, Drogens 201, uye Bhaibheri rakashandiswa kazhinji karesitori wenhau rinoshandiswa naJoendion murwiro mukuru weBhaibheri nokuda kwemhuri kuti ave akashandisa nokuda kwemhuri

Kutsamira Pamupata waPurezidhendi

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzazvino uno dzakaitirana nharo kana dare rikavamba panguva chaiyo yokupika kana kuti masikati paInaugration Day. Gadziriro ye 20 yasunda Inaugration Day kusvikira ku 20 January, asi inotaurawo shoko rapurezidhendi rinovamba pamasikati. Zvisinei, mhiko idino kutangira pakuitwa kwehofisi. Basa iri rinoreva kuti kana purezidhendi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero asingatongopikidzi chipikirwa chamadendera, kana kuti kuramba (muteveri wapurezidhendi aizova purezidhendi mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru. Chiono ichi hachiyemiki asi chinosimbisa uremu hwetsika yechienzi. Muna 2009, apo Obama akaita mhiko yacho nenzira isina kururama, pakanga pane kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pokuti kupfuudzwa kwesimba kwamasikati kwesimba; National Archiversy uye vamwe nyanzvi vemitemo vagumisa kuti mugumisiro wedare, chibvumirano, kunyange nechibvumirano chiduku.

Kuenzanisa Kwakaitwa Munyika Dzakawanda

Mhiko yapurezidhendi weU.S. ipfupiso pfupi zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nemipikiso mikuru yamamwe marudzi. Somuenzaniso, mhiko yapurezidhendi weIreland ine zvipikirwa zvirefu zvokutsigira bumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Chipikiso cheU.S. chipfupiso chinongova chipfupiduku(mashoko 35 chete) chinokuita kuti kuve kwakatapurwa nokukakavadzana, asiwo kukuva kwakarerekera kumunhu oga. Tsika yokuwedzera "ndibatsirei Mwari" yakasiyana neAmerica; dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzine mhiko dzakananga dzenyika. Munhambo yenyika yose, mune kukurukurirana pamusoro pokuti United States inofanira kuchengeta nonge yataura nezvechitendero mumhemberero yayo yepamusorosoro, zvikurukuru nyika zvaizova yakasiyana zvikuru mune zvorudzidziso. Zvisinei, kuchinja gamuchidzanwa kungada kugadziriswa kwemutemo, uko kusingabviri zvino.

mhedziso

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa, kunyange zvazvo chiri chipfupi, chinoratidzira kuoma kwebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. Nhau yacho yakazara nepanikiro . Nhau yacho yakazara nemhiko dzinodzorwa mukati menjodzi dzenhevedzano, kumira kwapamutemo kwomutauro werudzidziso, kukwanirisa kwamashoko ayo, uye revo chaiyo yamashoko. Chinoitika chimwe nechimwe chinozivisa kusawirirana kukuru kwetsika netsika, pakati petsika nechinodikanwa chapamutemo, pakati pechinzwano chokufananidzira nechinodikanwa chezvamatongerwe enyika. Chipikiso icho chimene chakaramba chisina kusiana kwamazana amakore maviri amakore, asi purezidhendi vaichichitora nenzira yavose kupfuurira kushanduka. Sezvinopfuurira kwerudzi rwapamberiso, kunetsa, kubatana kwesimba rehurumende, kunenge kutsinharo yemariro yenzwisiso nokuda kwokunzwisisa nayo vanhu.