Kutanga: Kudzika Mbiru Mbiri Dzetsika Yepamutemo

Apo gakava rapamutemo rinomuka, mubvunzo wokutanga wakaoma ndewokuti ndewapi uri mudare ravagari vemo kana kuti ramatsotsi. Chisarudzo chinoumba muitiro wose(apo anounza nhau yacho), ufakazi hunodikanwa, kuti zvirangoi kana kuti mishonga zvingabvira, uye kunyange kuti nhau yacho ingatora nguva yakareba sei kupedza. Nepo gadziriro dzose dziri mbiri dzichigoverana hwaro hwekururamisira, dzinoshanda pasi pemitemo yakasiana zvikuru uye dzinobatira zvinangwa zvenzanga zvakasiyana. Nyaya ino inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame, inoshanda kunzwisiswa nemisiyano pakati penhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, ichikubetsera kusarudza kuti idare ripi rakakodzera nokuda kwemamiriro ako ezvinhu, uye nei mativi anopesana ari kure kupfuura anozivikanwa navakawanda.

Matare ehurumende anotonga nharo dzevanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano. Vavariro yawo huru ndeyokupedza rwisano ndokugovera mushonga kubato rakakuvadzwa, kazhinji kazhinji muchimiro chemari kana kuti dare mumurairo wokuita chimwe chinhu. matare eutsotsi, mukupesana, mufambiro uyo nzanga yakarangarira kuva unokuvadza kuvoruzhinji seyose. Hurumende inotonga mhaka idzi kuranga vaiti vezvakaipa ndokudzivisa kusazvibata kwomunguva yemberi, nemiuyo inogona kubatanidza faindi, kuedzwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Kunzwisisa iyi mhatsano huru kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotarisana nechinetso chapamutemo, kana uchirangarira kupomera mhaka, kudzivirira utsotsi, kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu kutsoropotera.

Kutarisika Kwakakwana Kwemhosva Dzevanhu Vose Chii?

Nhau dzevagari vemo dzinomuka apo mumwe mubato (mupokate) anodavira kuti mumwe mubato (mukwirirwi) akakundikana kuita basa rapamutemo, achiparira kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa. mupurisa anokumbira dare kuraira mukwirirwi kugovera muripo, nzvimbo inodzorwa, kana kuti kuita chiito chakati.

Marudzi Emhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa okupa mhosva anosanganisira:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kukakavadzana:[ apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kuchengeta chipikirwa chakaitwa mubvumirano inosungisa, yakadai sokukundikana kuendesa zvinhu, kuripira nokuda kwebasa, kana kuti kunamatira kumashoko.
  • [ anotaura: kuvadziko yomunhu oga kana kuti kuvadziko yezvinhu inoparirwa nokusazvibata kwemumwe kana kuti namaune (sutumho, tsaona dzemotokari, maburi etsono namapazu, kusvibisa).
  • [ Zvisakiso:[ Zvisingawirirani pamusoro pohunanyi hwevhu, miganhu, nhau dzinoda kuvirira muridzi, kana kuti kuvadziko kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo.
  • [ mutemo wemhuri unobatanidza zvinhu:[[[FLT: 1] kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, tsigiro yavana, tsigiro yomuchato, uye kurera vamwe.
  • Mabhizimisi nerondedzero dzezvokutengeserana: Kupesana pakati pavakwanyina, vagoverani, kana kuti vakwikwidzani (kubatanidza kudzongonyedzwa kwezvinhu zvendangariro).
  • Mibato: Mumwe kana kuti vaparidzi vazhinji vanopomera boka guru rakakuvadzwa zvakafanana, zvakadai semibato yakaremara kana kuti kubiridzirwa kwemagwaro okuchengetedza.

Mutoro Nomupimo Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mudare ravagari vemo, mutongi anogara achibata mutoro wechibvumikiso, kureva kuti vanofanira kupwisa mutongi kana kuti vatongi kuti shanduro yavo yezvinoitika ingabvira zvikuru kuva yechokwadi kupfuura zvisati. Uyu mupimo unonzi kufungisisa ufakazi [[. (8] kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzerwa se “inopfuura 50% yechokwadi.” Iyi idanda rakaderera kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi, rinobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei kupara mhosva dzavagari vemo dzinogona kubudirira kunyange apo posauyiswa mhaka dzoutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, O. Simpson akasunungurwa mudare routsotsi asi gare gare gare akawanikwa ane mhaka yorufu rwakaipa mudare ravagari vemo rakavakirwa pamaidi mamwe cheteyo pasi penhau.

Mupimo wakaderera weufakazi munhau dzevagari vemo unoratidzira idi rokuti mapango anowanzova mari panzvimbo pekutsamira parusununguko. Zvisinei, zvibvumikiso zvehurumende zvakati kuti `zvakadai seizvo zvinobatanidza kubiridzira kana kuti kuvadziko(zvingada mupimo wakakwirira unozivikanwa se ufakazi hunopwisa (mwero pakati pekuvamba uye pasina panikiro ine mufungo).

Kubuda Kwomugumisiro Nemhinduro Mumhosva Dzevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Asi matare ehurumende haakwanisi kuendesa mumwe munhu kujeri, asi anowanzorapa:

  • [ Kukuvadza kwemari:[[FT: 1] kuvadziko yokubhadharisa kurasikirwa chaikoiko (mari yokurapa, mibhadharo yakarasika, kugadziridza zvinhu) uye pane dzimwe nguva chirango chokuranga mufambiro wakashata.
  • Injucts: Dare rinoraira kuti paitwe chimwe chinhu (mutoo, pedza basa rokuvaka) kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu (mue., kudarika).
  • Basa rechitsama: Munyaya dzechibvumirano dzisingawanzoitiki, dare rinoraira boka rinoputsa kuti riite chiito chakapikirwa panzvimbo pokubhadhara mari.
  • Chisarudzo chokupa: Dare rinojekesa maruramiro apamutemo ebato pasina kubhadhara chirango (mutoo., kududzira shoko rebvumirano).

Nyaya dzevagari vemo dzinowanzopera dare risati ratongwa.Chokwadi, chiverengero chikuru chemhosva dzevagari vemo chinorangarirwa kuva chakakwirira sa 95%(8) chinopedzwa kugadzikiswa kupfurikidza nokutaurirana panzvimbo porutongeso rwokupedzisira. Ikoku kunochengetedza nguva, ndyiko, uye kusava nechokwadi nokuda kwemativi ose ari maviri.

Kupfuudzira Kunokosha

Hurumende (jere) inotonga kana kuti hurumende (jeri rinotonga, rinoita somupomeri, richiita souchapupu hukuru asi kwete mupomeri ari kuunza mhaka yacho; hurumende inomirira fariro yenzanga mukuranga chakaipa.

Marudzi Outsotsi: Kuzvidemba, Misiremu, uye Kuparadzana

Utsotsi hunorongwa noukombi, hunotapura zvirango zvinobvira uye dare umo mhaka inonzwiwa:

  • Kuputsa kuduku: Kupunza kuduku, kwakadai sematikiti emumugwagwa kana kuti jayg, kunowanzorangwa nefaindi bedzi. Hapana nguva yejeri inobatanidzwa, uye vakwirirwi kazhinji kazhinji havana maruramiro kukutonga.
  • Misdemers: mhosva dzakakomba zvikuru dzinotakura kusvikira kugore rimwe mutorongo, kubatanidza faindi nokurongerwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuba kuduku, kudenha kuduku, DUI (mhosva yokutanga), uye kudhakwa navanhu vose.
  • . Imhosva dzakakomba zvikurusa, dzinorangwa nokusungwa kwerinopfuura gore rimwe] kazhinji kazhinji mutorongo rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. Utsotsi hwakafanana nokuponda, umbavha, kutengesa mirimo, uye kudenha muvatano zvisakafanira. Dzimwe utsotsi hunotakura mitongo youpenyu kana kuti kunyange chirango chorufu mumativi anohubvumira.

Mutoro uye Mupimo Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzoutsotsi

Dare rinotakura mutoro wose woufakazi; mukwiridzirwi anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka. Mupimo unodikanwa ndi kupfuure papanikiro ine mufungo, iyo inoda mwero wakakwirira zvikuru wouchokwadi(zvine saka, kuti hakuna tsananguro inowirirana youfakazi. Mupimo unodzivirira pazvitendero zvisina kururama zvinopiwa padanda rakakomba (masumo orusununguko, manyawi, pane dzimwe nguva upenyu humene). Kana vatongi vane panikiro ipi neipi ine mufungo, vanofanira kuisa mhaka.

Chikonzero nei vamwe vanyajambwa voutsotsi vanganzwa vavhiringidzika apo pasina pomero dzinounzwa, kunyange kana vane ufakazi hwechakaipa.

Kuguma Kwacho Nokubhadharwa Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Kana mukwirirwi akawanikwa ane mhaka (akabatanidzwa), dare rinoisa mutongo ungabatanidza, kuti:

  • [[FORT:0] Kuisa: Jail (pamifungo yakaipa) kana kuti torongo (nokuda kwematsotsi).
  • [[[FOL:0] :[ Zvirango zvemari zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende.
  • Chiratidzo: Inhambo yokubudiswa kunotarisirwa nemigariro (mutoo, macheki enguva dzose, kunzvera mirimo, kusaonana navanyajambwa).
  • Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwebetsero yavose.
  • Restitution: Dare ringaraira mukwiridziridziri kubhadhara muripo kunyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwepaburi retsono (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchizivikanwa zvikuru mumhaka dzavagari vemo, matare eutsotsi anogona kubatanidza kutsiva sorutivi rwomutongo).
  • Mazambuko ekodzero: Vatungamiriri vanogamuchirwa kazhinji kazhinji vanorasikirwa namaruramiro okuvhota, kuva nepfuti, kana kuti kuva namarezenisi akati enyanzvi.

Mukuwedzera, vakwirirwi vematsotsi vane maruramiro makuru ebumbiro remitemo: maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza, maruramiro kugweta (rakagoverwa nehurumende kana vasingakwanisi kubhadhara chimwe), maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye dziviriro pakuzvivenga vamene nengozi yakapetwa kaviri (hazvigoni kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokurevererwa).

Misiyano Yakakomba Pakati Pemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzeutsotsi Yakatsanangurwa

Nepo mashoko acho akaronga misiyano mikuru, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kunoda kunzvera mipimo inoverengeka:

  • [ Kuitika kwechakaipa: Nemhaka dzavagari vemo dzinotaura kuzvikanganiso zvapachivande (kusvika pabasa kune mumwe munhu). Nemhaka dzeutsotsi dzinotaura kukanganisa kwavose (kupedzerwa kwebasa kunzanga).
  • Anotanga: Muvagari vemo, mupurisa akavanzika anosaidzira nyunyuto. Muutsotsi, muchuchisi wehurumende (gweta regweta, gweta rehurumende, Attroney weU.S.)
  • [[[FRANT:0] Kurevererwa kwechibvumikiso:[[FL:1] Kurangarira ufakazi (chivil) v. kusingapanikirwi zvine mufungo (ripo).
  • [[FOLT: 0] Chibvumikiso: Munyika, mubati anotakura mutoro. Muutsotsi, muroveri wemhaka anotakura mutoro; mukwirirwi haafaniri kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka.
  • Kurudyi kudare rinobetsera vatongi: The Seven Amendment inovimbisa kutonga kwedare redare redare rehurumende mumhaka dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza inopfuura $20, asi mukushanda mhaka zhinji dzevagari vemo kutonga kwebhenji (kutonga bedzi). Vakwirirwi vetsoro vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kudare mumhaka dzose dzakakomba; vangakutora.
  • Kurudyi kugweta: Munhau dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okupa zano rapachena kana iri indigant (Gideon v. Wainwright). Munhau dzavagari vemo, hakuna maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kugweta rakasununguka, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mapurogiramu eyamuro apamutemo aripo nokuda kwavanhu vakaderera.
  • Ngozi isingakarirwi: Pederment inodzivisa kupiwa mhaka kwemhaka yechipiri pashure pokurevererwa. Hapana dziviriro yakadaro iripo mumhaka dzehurumende.) Ungagona kukwidzwa namapoka akawanda nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho, uye mhaka yavagari vemo inogona kupfuurira kunyange pashure pokunge utsotsi rapiwa mhaka.
  • Tsamba. Chikumbiro chokutaurirana:[[FLT: 1] mhosva dzevagari vemo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano; mhaka dzoutsotsi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoguma nebvumirano apo mukwiridziri anoteterera ane mhaka mukutsinhana chikwereti chakaderedzwa kana kuti mutongo.

Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei chiito chimwe chetecho chakadai setsaona yokutyaira yakadhakwa — chingatungamirira kuzvose zviri zviviri pomero dzoutsotsi (nehurumende) nokutonga kwehurumende (nomunhu akakuvadzwa).

Nguva Yokusarudza Dare Rehurumende: Zvinyorwa Zvinoshanda

Unofanira kurangarira dare rehurumende apo unenge warasikirwa nechinhu — finicial, muviri, kana kuti mirangariro — kuti unodavira kuti yakaparirwa nezviito zvomumwe munhu kana kuti zviito zvekambani kana kuti kusaita chimwe chinhu. Dare rehurumende ndiyo nzvimbo yokutsvaka muripo kana kuti murayiro wedare wokugadzirisa chinetso chacho. Zviito zvavose zvinosanganisira:

  • Kusvika kwechibvumirano: Mutengesi anokundikana kuendesa zvinhu zvawakabhadhara, kuchiparira bhizimisi rako kurasikirwa nemari. Unogona kukwirira nokuda kweukoshi hwezvinhu zvakarasika pamwe nokukuvadza.
  • [ Kuvadziko yomunhu oga: Muridzi wenzvimbo anokundikana kubvisa aizi munzira, uye unoputsa makumbo ako. Kuregeredza kwehurumende kunogona kufukidza zvikwereti zvokurapwa, mari inorashikirwa, uye marwadzo nokutambura.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kakavadzano dzemhuri: Unoda kutsunga kwapamutemo kwokuchengeta mwana, tsigiro yavana, kana kuti kukamuraniswa kwepfuma yeroorano mukati mechatanuro.
  • Kukuvadza kukuru: Muti womuvakidzani unowira paimba yako mukati medutu. Kana muvakidzani akanga achiregeredza, waigona kudzorera ndyiko dzokugadzira.
  • [[[FT:0] Nhau dzinodzosera: Wakagumiswa nenzira isina kururama, wakasarurwa, kana kuti usina kubhadhara. Sutu dzevagari vemo pasi pemitemo yebasa dzinozivikanwa navose.
  • Chiunganidzwa cheDibheti: Mukwereti kana kuti sangano remipiro rinogona kukupomera kutora zvikwereti zvisingabhadharwi; zvimwe, unogona kukwirira kana mutengi akaputsa mitemo yokudzivirira.

Usati wanyora, rangarira: Une ufakazi hwokuti mumwe munhu akakundikana basa rapamutemo here? Chinonyungudutsa chinopomerwa (chinokwanisa kuripa rutongeso) chingagona kudhura uye kupedza nguva, naizvozvo kunyange kana une mhaka yakasimba, ungada kuyera ndyiko dzinobvira kugadziriswa. matare mazhinji anoda kuti vamiriri vaedze kuedza kutongwa, uko kunogona kubetsera kupedza magakava nenzira inobudirira zvikuru.

Nguva Yokusarudza Dare Routsotsi: Zvatingakarira

Dare reutsotsi rakakodzera apo mumwe munhu akaita chiito chinoputsa mutemo weutsotsi. Vanhu hava “saruri” dare routsotsi(*) vanoshuma mhosva kudare rinoita kuti mutemo uteererwe, uye vachuchisi vanosarudza kana vanofanira kunyora mhosva. Zvisinei, vanyajambwa vanogona kupesvedzera muitiro wacho kupfurikidza nokupa ufakazi uye kubatira pamwe navanofeyafeya. Mamiriro anowanzotungamirira kuutsotsi anobatanidza:

  • Assault kana kuti bhetri:[[FL:1] kuvadziko yomuviri kana kuti tyisidziro yekuvadziko.
  • [[[FUT:0] Kupamba kana kuti kupaza: Kutora zvinhu zvisina mvumo.
  • Mhaka dzemirimo: COM, govera, kana kuti kugadzira zvinhu zvinodzorwa.
  • Kushanda mupesvedzero (DUI): kuvhiya motokari apo yakuvadzwa.
  • [ Chisimba chorudzidziso:[ chipi nechipi kana kuti tyisidziro pakati pemitezo yemhuri.
  • [ mhosva dzemichero: Kubiridzira, kutengesa, kusabhadhara mutero.
  • mhosva dzemhosva: Rockbery, kuponda, kudenha muvatano.

Kana uri nyajambwa, basa rako nderokushuma mhaka yacho, kuchengeta ufakazi, uye kupupurira kana kuchidikanwa. ungafanirawo kuva nekodzero dzakati, zvakadai seziviso yenhau, zvinoiswa muzvibvumirano zvokukumbira, uye mashoko okupesvedzera pakupa chibvumirano.

Kana ukapomerwa mhaka, hauna chisarudzo kunze kwokuzvidzivirira umene mudare ramatsotsi. Kwakakomba kushandisa kodzero yako yokuramba wakanyarara uye kupinza basa mugweta nokukurumidza. Usaedza kutaurirana navachuchisi pachako, (pamwe pamashoko api naapi anogona kushandiswa pauri umene.) Mapango acho akakwirira: kutenderwa kunogona kutapura rusununguko rwako, basa, imba, uye mukurumbira kwamakore.

Basa Rinonyanya Kukosha Rokumiririra Mutemo

Vateveri vanounza zivo huru yemitemo, mipimo yemipimo yakatanhamara, uye zvisarudzo zvemipimo izvo vanhuwo zvavo vanoshaiwa. Vanogona kuyera simba remhosva yako, kurayira pamusoro pokugadzikiswa kana kuti kupiwa chikumbiro, uye kutsigira mudare.

Kusarudza Attorney Yakarurama

Nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende, tsvaka gweta rinoita murutivi rwakati rwomutemo wenyu rinobatanidza (hwunokuvara kwomunhu oga, mutemo wemhuri, zvibvumirano, zvichingodaro. Vazhinji vanopa kunzvera kwokutanga kwapachena. Nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira kwoutsotsi, vanopinza nyanzvi yemitemo, inosanova noruzivo mumhosva dzakananga uye muimba yedare yomunzvimbomo. Vadziviriri vamatongeri vehurumende vanowanika kana usingagoni kupa zano rakavanzika, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo kutakura mhosva kwavo kunorema. Bvunza pamusoro pechinyorwa chavo chemikoto, mutero, uye nzira yekurukurirano.

Ndyiko Nemhodzi

Magweta avagari vemo anowanzoshanda pahwaro hwemibhadharo yapamutemo (kutora chikamu chependiti yokunaya, kazhinji kazhinji 33% kusvikira ku 40% yenzvimbo ipi neipi yokugara kana kuti rutongeso). Kana ukarasikirwa, ungava nendyiko bedzi. Magweta anodzivirira matsotsi anobhadharira mari yakakwana kana kuti mwero yeawa. Vakwirirwi vetsotsi vane maruramiro emitemo kukupa zano rapachena. Cherekedza kuti kunyange kana ukawina mhaka yavagari vemo, ungasawanazve ndyiko dzako dzose dzapamutemo; zvibvumirano zvokunzwisisa pachine nguva mberi zvinokosha.

Kupedzisa: Kuita Chisarudzo Chinozivikanwa

Kusarudza pakati pedare ravagari vemo neroutsotsi hachisi chisarudzo nguva dzose chaunofanira kuita. (_nokuti mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinounzwa nehurumende, kwete navanyajambwa.) Asi kunzwisisa musiyano kunokupa simba rokuita nhano dzakarurama apo chinetso chapamutemo chinomuka. Kana wakatambura kuvadziko yapachivande, dare ravagari vemo rinopa nzira yokuripirwa nokururamiswa. Kana iwe wave uri nyajambwa wemhosva, uchishuma kumutemo kukuita kuti ruramisiro ive mutezo wekururamisira, unobatira fariro yavose. Uye kana ukapomerwa mhaka youtsotsi, unoiswa mudare routsotsi nekodzero dzinofanira kudzivirirwa zvakasimba.

Bvunza gweta kuti uongorore mamiriro ako ezvinhu, unzwisise kuti nyaya yako yakasimba uye haina kusimba sei, uye sarudza kuti uchaita sei.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera zviwanikwa kubva pa American Bar Association, [[FLT]], [[FLT]LT]LT Information Institute paCornell Law School, uye [[FLT] FUDAL judiary. Manyuko aya anopa tsananguro dzinosimba dzemiitiro yedare, mitoro yeufakazi, uye marudzi enhau kumativi ose.