Raje Sabra, inozivikanwa mubumbiro remitemo seDare reUnited States, inobatira seimba yapamusoro yeBidamaral parmendi yeIndia. Kure nokuvawo zvako mutambo, inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba mutemo worudzi, kuchengeta nheyo dzehurumende, uye kugovera nzvimbo yemasangano nokuda kwokufunga kwakaisvonaka. Nhau yayo nemhindumupindu zvakabatanidzwa zvikuru nechitendiso chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu veIndia, chinoratidzira kusawirirana pakati pechiremera chikuru nehurumende, pamwe chete nokudikanwa kwekamuri rinodzokorora mirangariro yezvido zvechipo chenhau chakasarudzwa chakananga Lok Sabha.

Mavambo Negadziriro Yebumbiro remitemo

Gakava Rainetsa Raiitwa Nemagungano

Pfungwa yekamuri rechipiri muIndia yakanga isina gakava. Mukati mokunyorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, Munshi akapindira munharo dzakasimba pamusoro pezvinodikanwa, kugadzira, uye masimba eimba yapamusoro. Nhamba huru dzakadai saD. B.Ambedhar, Gopal Swayyar, na K.Munshi yairangarira kuti chivako chehurumende chaida kamuri raimirira nyika, kufanana zvikuru neU.S. Dare kana kuti Imba yaMadzimu. Ivo vakadavira kuti imba yakasarudzwa zvakananga (Lokhaha) yaizova inokomba , uye imwe deliber, yaigona kuita sechisakiso, nenzira isina kungwarira zvikuru.

Kutanga Kwesangano muna 1952

Rajiya Sabra akagara musi wa13 May 1952, muParamende House muNew Delhi. Pakutanga, imba yacho yakanga ine mitezo 216, yaimirira nyika nenzvimbo dzokubatana, nemitezo mishomanene yakadzorwa. Sachigaro wokutanga akanga ari Dr. Radhakrishnan, uyo akabatirawo soMutungamiriri Vice-Presidenti weIndia (aichimbova wechigaro chekosipeja). Makore apakuvamba airatidzirwa nomudzimu webvumirano nemukurumbira, nemitezo yakabva kumativi akasiyana - siyana (Sayero, nyanzvi dzezvemari, nyanzvi dzezvemari, uye nyanzvi dzezvigadzirwa. Ukuwo kwakanga kuri gadziriro yamauneidzo yokugovera imba nounyanzvi hungava husingagoni kuva muimba yakaderera zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Dzomutemo Negadziriro

Kuronga uye Mutoo Wokusarudza

Chikamu 80 cheBumbiro reMitemo reIndia chinodudza kuumbwa kweRaje Sabha. Chiremera chikurusa imitezo 250: vamiriri vane 238 vehurumende nenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa, uye mitezo 12 inogadzwa naPrezidenti. Vamiriri vehurumende vanosarudzwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa yemitezo yehurumende yemitemo ichishandisa gadziriro inosimudzirwa yomumiririri mumwe. Iyi dare reSabhurori risina kunanga nderei rehurumende panzvimbo pevhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi, inosimbisawo mutevedzeri wehurumende yeUnion. Mitezo yeUniyo inomiririrwawo, kunyange zvazvo nezvigaro zvishomasa, Delhia naPuchry vane vamiriri vepo nepo vamwe vangasava.

Shoko, Kurega Basa Kusingadzorwi, uye Kuchinja

Kusafanana neLok Sabha, iyo inonyunguduka makore mashanu ari ose (kana pasina kutambanudzwa mukati memigariro yakakomba), Raje Sabha inzvimbo yechigarire. Mitezo inobatira mitsetse yegore matanhatu inozunguzikira, netatu imwe yemitezo inorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Iyi purani inovimbisa kuti nepo chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chenyika chingachinja, Rajiya Sabba inochengeta yeuko yetsika nedzikamo. Kunorevawo kuti hurumende yezuva inowanzoraira voruzhinji muRajiya Sabbaha, zvikurukuru kana ichiumbwa nechibvumirano chisingadzoreri magungano akawanda. Uku kuoma kunogadzirwa nechamubatanidzwa inhau yegadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Mitezo Yakasarudzwa

Purezidhendi anotora mitezo 12 kuRaje Sabba kubva pakati pavanhu vane zivo chaiyo kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda mumabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Iyi gadziriro, yakafuridzirwa neIrish CONT neBritish House of Lords, inoronga kupinza vanhu vakatanhamara mumuitiro wewirirano. Zvisingataurwi zvakabatanidza bhii reFirimu Shabana Azmi, nyanzvi yezvemari yemari Amartya Sen, mutori wenhau Rajadeesai, uye mutambi wemitambo Jaya Bachchan. Zvisinei, simba rehurumende renyika dzimwe nguva rakashorwa nokuda kwokutukwa kutsirwa kumidzwa kwevatsigiriki vezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti varwi vebato vakavimbika panzvimbo pezvo nyanzvi dzechokwadi.

Simba neMabasa

Basa Romutemo

Basa guru reRaje Sabha ndiro kunzvera nokupedza mabhiri anopfuudzwa neLok Sabhaha. Nepo Lok Sabhaha ine kutaura kwokupedzisira pamari dzemari (Aticle 110), Rajiya Sabha anogona kudzinonozesa kweanopfuura mazuva 14. Nemhaka dzawose zvadzo, Rajanya Sabhaha Sabhaha inogona kugamuchira, kana kuti kuramba; kana ikaramba bhiri, kugara pamwe kwedzimba dzose kungava pasi peChikamu 108 kuti chigadzirirwe. Mukurovedza, kugara pamwe chete hakuwanzoiwi. Nhesvere mu 2002 nokuda kwokudzivirira Ugandanganzi Act (POTA). Rajahaha anewo simba rokuvamba mutemo (pane mari), uye mitemo yakawanda inoumba pamutemo (8) seChibvumirano cheGond Actstion Act).

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nesimba Chairo

Raje Sabra anofarikanya simba rakaenzana neLok Sabha muKutsinhanhanisa Bumbiro reMitemo. Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kupfuudzwa nembirisa mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzakaparadzana (neidzodzo nehafu yehurumende nokuda kwezvigadziriso zvakati). Ichi chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti imba yapamusoro, inomirira nyika, ine kutaura muchinjo huru kugadziriro yehurumende. Mukuwedzera, Raja Sabbaha anogona kupfuudza chisarudzo pasi peChikamu 312 kuti adare Dare reIndiya reBasal, rakadai seIndiya Office Service, kana kuti kuendesa nhau kubva kuRutondeko rweHurumende kuRutondeko rweChikamu 249 (Parati 249) mufariro yenyika.

Mari (Mabhiri Ose Emari)

Kunyange zvazvo mabhiri emari ari iwo madzose eLok Sabhaha, Rajiya Sabha anogona kukurukura bhajeti yegore negore uye mumwe mutemo wemari. Inogona kuita rumbidzo, asi imba yakaderera haisungirwi kuzvigamuchira. Zvisinei, Rajiya Sabha basa rake mukunzvera matare ezvemari (akadai seDare rePublic Accounts Komiti neDare rokufungidzira −is inokosha, sezvo mitezo yaro yakawanda inobatira muaya masangano anotarisira.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Mitezo yeRaje Sabra inogona kubvunza vafundisi, kufambisa zvisarudzo, uye kutora rutivi mukurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzinokosha dzavose. Imba ine simba rokusaidzira Purezidhendi, ibvisa Dare Rapamusorosoro neDare rapamusoro, uye inotendera kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru vakati vebumbiro remitemo (um., Comptroller and Piscritor General anoda kugadzirwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri). Zvisinei, Raja Shabha haagoni kupfuudza vhoti yokusazviremekedza hurumende, sezvo Dare raVafundisi rine mutoro bedzi kuLok Sabha (Artle 75).

Ukama neLok Sabha

Ukama pakati pedzimba mbiri hunoratidzirwa nokusadzorwa. Lok Sabha inorangarirwa kuva nzvimbo ine simba zvikuru nemhaka yokudzora kwayo mabhiri emari, kufamba kwokuvimba, uye kusarudza kwadzo kwakananga navanhu. Rajiya Sabha, nepo yakaenzana munhau zhinji dzemitemo, yakarongedzerwa noune kuva nzvimbo inodzorwa nokudzivisa. Vaongorori vezvamatongerwe enyika vanowanzorondedzera Rajaya Sabha se "kamuri rekuronga" rinobvumira kunzvera kukuru zvikuru. Zvisinei, apo boka rimwe kana kuti mubatanidzwa unodzora dzimba dzose dziri mbiri, Rayya Shabha inosha inoderera. Nhaka, apo chishoro chetsoro cheSabata, inogona kudzosera zvakanaka shookero yehurumende.

Kushanduka - shanduka Nekuchinja Kukuru

Kurwisana neDefection and Party Discipline (1970s-19980s)

Kutanga kweTentith Shegel (Mutemo wokuDafera) muna 1985 kupfurikidza neFrandment ye 52nd yakapesvedzera zvikuru Rajiya Sabba. Yakavavarira kumisa kutsauka kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokusakwanirisa mitezo iyo yakasiya mubato rayo nokuzvidira kana kuti kusateerera mabhutsu ebato muvhoti dzakati. Nepo mutemo wakaderedza kupanduka kwakazadzikisawo kuzvimirira kwaRajiya Sabba mitezo, ichivabatanidza zvikuru nemitsetse yebato.

Kuona Zvakajeka uye Kuchinja Kwetsika (2003)

Mukutanga kwama 2000, Raje Sabra akatanga chinjo dzinoverengeka kuti dziwedzere kujeka nokuzvidavirira. Idzodzi dzaibatanidza kuziviswa kwaMasanga kwezvikwereti nemhosho nemitezo, mitemo yorumano pamufambiro mukati memiitiro, uye kutangwa kweDare reMitemo. Dare rokutanga rakadaro rakaumbwa muna 1997, asi rakawana mazino pashure pechinjo dza 2003. Zvisinei, kubudirira kweidzi nhano kwakapokanwa, zvikurukuru pashure pechiito chakashata "cash nokuda kwepanikiro" muna 2006 apo mitezo inoverengeka yakabatwa pakamera kuti ibvume mari kuti ibvume mibvunzo mumba.

Nharo Pamusoro Pokuisa Mashoko Pamufananidzo uye Kumirira

Kudana nokuda kwokuvandudza kugadzira kwaRajiya Sabba kwakabva kunzvimbo dzakawanda. Vamwe vanotaura kuti nhamba yezvigaro pahurumende painofanira kubatanidzwa nevagari vemo, sezvinoita Lok Sabhaha, kuti vave nechokwadi chokuyera. Vamwe vanokurudzira kusarudzwa kwakananga kweRajiya Sabba, kufanana neSabha, kuwedzera kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende yeSanihemokrati. Chikarakadzo chine mwero zvikuru kuderedza ukuru hweimba yacho kana kuti kutanga shoko rakatsiga reVice-Pirperson (chairson). Sezvo 2025, idzi kurukurirano dzinoramba dzisina kugadziriswa, nehurumende inowanzongwarira chinjo dzegadziriro yehurumende ingagona kuvhiringidza muganhu womubatanidzwa.

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi (2010-2025)

Raje Sabra yakatarisana nokushorwa kunowedzera nokuda kwezviito mukati mema2010, netsungiriro dzapanguva nenguva dzinotungamirira kukurasikirwa nenguva inobudirira. Mumhinduro, imba yakasuma zviteshi zvakadai seziviso dzapamberi dzemibvunzo, kudzikamiswa kwamahro, uye kugadzirwa kwamatare akamira nenhurikidzwa nedanho. (zvino zvino anonzvera kurukurirano dzose dzechiito. Kushandiswa kwe "gullotine" kupfuudza pasina kukurukurirana kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru, kumutsa funganyo pamusoro pekuderera kwebasa reRajanya Sabba’s rekudzo. Kurutivi rwakanaka, imba yaona kukwira mukurukurirano chaidzo, sedziyo dziri pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, muitiro, uye magariro, kuratidzira basa rayo sechipamutepfeko wemanzwi.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yapakati uye Kudzidzisa

Imwe yetsoropodzo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa ndeyokuti Raje Sabha yazova nzvimbo yedzongonyedzo inodzivisa. Hurumende dzisina ruzhinji muimba yapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji dzinowana purogiramu dzadzo dzomutemo dzichivharwa, kuchitungamirira kukushandiswa kwemirairo (Arpic 123) kana kuti zvigaro zvakabatana. Chishorowo, chinopomera hurumende kuvhara imba kana kuti kushandisa voruzhinji vayo hurumende kumukakavadza. Iri Grockock rinosekesa donzo chairo reRajiya Sabra sechinoresarum.

Kushaikwa Kwekuzvidavirira Kwedemocratic

Nemhaka yokuti mitezo yaRaje Sabba inosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga namagungano ehurumende, havana murairo wakananga unobva kuvanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunovaita kuti vasarudze vasarudzo vebato vasarudze zvishoma uye vatapurirwe zvikuru. Gadziriro inokatyamadzwa inorevawo kuti muvhoti angasarudzwa nokuda kweshoko ramakore matanhatu kunyange kana boka ravo rikarasa chisarudzo chinotevera chenyika, chinotungamirira ku "Remocratic resmocration". Nominees, zvikurukuru, akapomerwa kuva mutengi wezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo dzenyanzvi dzinozvimirira.

Kubudirira Kwokuongorora

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo rebumbiro remitemo sekamuri rokutsiva, Rajiya Sabra inowanzokundikana kunzvera zvikuru mitemo. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinopfuudzwa pasina kurukurirano ine revo, uye gadziriro yedare (*) haina kuvandudza(hafu) haibatiri imba. Avhareji yenguva yakapedzerwa pamitemo muRajiya Sabha yaderera mumakore apfuura, ichinyandura funganyo pamusoro pokuderera kwomugariro wazvo wemitemo. Mushumo wa2023 nePRS Legislative Research wakacherekedza kuti dzinopfuura 25% dzezvikwereti mugumi ramakore rapfuura pasina kurukurirano ipi neipi muRajiya Sabha.

Mugumo: Kudzokera Kure Kunotsungirira kweRaje Sabra

Raje Sabra yakashanduka zvikuru kubva pamavambo ayo mukuvamba kwama1950. Yakakunda njodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzakagadzirirwa kuzvamatongerwe enyika zvakabatanidzwa, uye yakapukunyuka kukumbirwa kwokuparadzwa kwadzo. Kunyange zvazvo kusati kwakakwana, inoramba iri shongwe inokosha yeparamende yeIndia. Basa rayo somumiriri wefariro dzehurumende, murwi wemitemo, uye kunzvera kwokukurumidzira mutemo kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose munhambo yechinjo yenzanga nezvemari. Zvinjo (jekafanana nokusimbisa gadziriro yedare, kusimbisa kujeka, uye kupfuudza muromo mukurukurirano yeRegian Syaha haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yenzira yokuvakwa kwehurumende inodzorwa negadziriro yehurumende inodzorwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano cheIndia paDare reS, Santad (Pariliament of India) – Rajya Sabhaha, uye mishumo yezvokunzvera ne [[FLT:]PRS Legislative Research[ pamabasa eimba yapamusoro.