Kuverenga Tsamba Dzomunhau Dzokutumira Matsamba

Muitiro wokuvhota netsamba, uyo nhasi unowanzova wakaenzana nokuvhota kusipo, une nhau refu neyakajeka iyo inoratidzira kukura kwokutora kwehurumende yehurumende mupasi rose. Nepo mufungo wokuvhota uri kure ungaratidzika kuva wazvino uno, mavambo awo anosvika shure kuzana ramakore rechi 19, uchisundwa nokudikanwa kwokubatanidza vagari vemo vasingagoni kupinda mumuviri nzvimbo dzokuvhotera nemhaka yebasa rehondo, chirwere, nzvimbo iri kure, kana kuti basa rehurumende kunze kwenyika.

Mavambo Murwisano Yehondo

Kumwe kwokushandiswa kwokutanga kwakanyorwa kwokuvhota kwakaitika mukati meAmerican Civil War (1861-1865). Union yakaziva kuti varwi vari kurwa kure nomusha havafaniri kuparadzwa. Mitengo yakadai seWisconsin neIowa yakapa mitemo inobvumira varwi kuvhota mumunda, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ichishandisa mapepa akanyoreswa kunzvimbo dzawo dzemusha. Iyi purogiramu yakanga isiriwo zvayo yemitemo inoshanda; yairangarirwa kuva madikanwa yetsika yokuchengeta kuva nomutemo wedemocracyism mukati menguva yenjodzi yorudzi. Kunzvera uku kwapakuvamba kwakabvumikisa kuti kuvhota kwaigona kuitika kunze kwechiteshi yokunzvera kwegamuchidzanwa uye yakagadzwa muenzaniso nokuda kwokuvhotera kwapa kwapa kwaizozouya kubuda mushure kwezana ramakore rakatevera.

Kuwedzera Munyika Yose Muzana Remakore Rechi20

Sezvo kodzero dzokuvhota dzakawedzera muzana ramakore rechi20, saizvozvowo miitiro yokushandisa maruramiro iwayo. Kusvikira kuma 1980, hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadzwa dzakava namasangano ehurumende dzinosarudzwa dzakava namabumbiro ehurumende dzakaiswa mugadziriro dzokuvhota. Canada, somuenzaniso, yakasuma nzanga yayo Special Voting Regivers in 1985, iyo yakabvumira vaMauto veCanada, vasungwa, uye vagari vemo vanogara kunze kwenyika kuti vavhotera kupfurikidza neposi. Australia, iyo yakazvirumbidza imene yakazvigadzira nokuvhota, yakagamuchirwa nechivhoti kuti ivere kutora rutivi rwayo rukuru, rusingatsaurwi navanhu vazhinji zvikuru uye kuAustralia. Europe yakaonawo kugamuchirwa kwakananga: Switzerland, negamuchidzanwa rakasimba rayo rehurumende inosarudzwa zvoruzhinji, yakashandisa kuvhotera kwamakumi amakore, uye panenge 2005 kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kuGermany.

  • United States: Kuvhota matsamba kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa mukupera kwamazana amakore 20 napakuvamba kwe21, zvikurukuru paWest Coast. Oregon yakava nyika yokutanga kuitisa sarudzo yapurezidhendi yose neposi muna 2000, ichiteverwa neWashington uye gare gare Colorado nedzimwe.
  • Kingdom:[ vhoti yePost painodikanwa yakatangwa muna 2001, kunyange zvazvo kuitira hanya pamusoro pokubiridzira kwakatungamirira kuzvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokuzivisa mumakore apashure.
  • Nyika dzeScandinavia: Marudzi akafanana neSweden neFinland akabvumira kwenguva refu kuvhota kwepositi nokuda kwaavo vari kunze kwenyika kana kuti munharaunda dziri kure, kuchibatanidza nenzira isina mukupfupikisa munzanga dzawo dzakakwirira dzinovimba.

Uku kugamuchirwa kwenyika yose kwakanga kusati kuri bedzi kuitawo zvako kumugariro wenzvimbo; kwakaratidzira kuziva kunokura kuti [[FLT: 0] zvakanakira zvinokosha nokuda kwoutano hwedemocracy. Nyika dzine mwero yakakwirira yokuvhota matsamba kazhinji kazhinji dzakaona wedzero yapamucheto, zvikurukuru pakati pezviverengero zvinoendesa vanhu kunzvimbo nemuruwa.

Mabasa Apamutemo Nenharo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Mune dzimwe, chinjo dzemitemo dzakakugonesa. MuUnited States, Bumbiro remitemo rinopa chiremera chiremera pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwemitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda pembedzo (muchirevo, India inobvumira kuvhota asi kwete kupararira kwetsamba). Mune dzimwe, chinjo dzemitemo dzinobvumira kuzviita. MuUnited States, Hurumende inopa chiremera pamusoro pokusarudzwa, ichitungamirira kubasa remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda pembedzo (mhiko, kuvhotera kupfurikidza nokusarutswa pazuva resarudzo), nepo dzimwe dzinobvumira kusavhota pasina kushata. [FL: 0] Hondo idzi dzapamutemo dzakawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura,[FOct:1] kazhinji kazhinji matare anoisa matare pamusoro pezvisarudzo pamusoro penhau. Kutendeseka kwenyika yose kuri kupfurikidza nokusununguka, zvisinei, kuzivisa kweUnited Nations International Convention paGeneticaltical Agement, uye kukurudzira kuti zvibvumirano zvemitemo zvishanduko zvakawanda zvishande.

Kufambira Mberi Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Mabhuku Nokutengesa Matsamba

Kuitwa kwenzanga kwakachinja zvikuru ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwetsamba mukuvhota. Nepo kutakura kwomuviri kwemapepa mapepa kunoramba kuri pakati, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogonesa vavhoti kukumbira marobhoti, kutumira kwavo, uye pane dzimwe nguva kutoatumira pakombiyuta. Iyi mitsva yakaita kuti kuvhota tsamba kuve kwakanaka zvikuru uye shamwari youshandi [ asi yakaunzawo chengeteko itsva nedenho.

Gadziriro yeMuitiro weInternet yagadziridzwa

Zvichida chinjo inokosha zvikurusa yave iri mano okushandisa nokuda kwemapepa anoshandiswa paIndaneti. Munyika dzakawanda dzeU.S. uye munyika dzakadai seCanada, Estonia, uye New Zealand, vavhoti vanogona kuzadzawo chimiro chakapfava paIndaneti kuti vagamuchire fomu rebasa neposi. Ikoku kuderedza mitoro yehurumende pamahofisi evhotera uye kubvumira vavhoti kudzivisa zvimiro zvepepa. [[FLT: 0] Kufamba kwemarobhoti [[[FLT: 1]] kunovawo vanozivikanwa, kubvumira vavhotera kuti vatarire rwendo rwavo kubva kui, kuti vagamuchire, kufanana nokufamba. Somuenzaniso, U. . . . . . . . . . . . . .C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kudzoka Kwebharuti Remagetsi: Mubatanidzwa

Chinjo inomutsa nharo zvikuru yesayenzi ichisarudzo chokudzorera macollet apedzwa pakombiyuta /via email, portal, kana kuti kunyange app yekaravha. Estonia imukuru wenyika munharaunda ino, achiva aita vhoti yeInternet (i-volution) chifo cha 2005, uko vavhoti vanogona kukanda mabhomba avo kubva muchinhu chipi nechipi chinobatanidzwa paInternet. Nepo ichi chisiri chitarira kudzorwa nokuvhotera nokuvhota, inomirira muganhu wemifungo ine mufungo yemifungo yebasa rokuvhotera. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seAustralia neSwitzerland, dzakabvumira kudzokera kuganhurirwa kwemiteko kwemagetsi kwaro yadzokororwa nokuda kwechipombi dzakati (g., idzo dziri kunze kwechipano) apo U. S. zvinoramba kungwarira nemhaka yenhau pakati pekuchengeteko. [FLT:]

Kushandiswa Kwekuchengeteka Munguva Yemadhigirii

Nokuvimba kwakawedzerwa noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuperera kwokuvhota tsamba kwazova chinhu chikurusa. Vakuru vakuru vemitongo vanoshandisa matanho akasiyana - siyana kudzivirira kubiridzira nezvikanganiso:

  • Ufakazi: Chisaini chinoramba chiri uchokwadi mutoo wavose zvikurusa. Apo blatt inosvika, mushandi wesarudzo anoenzanisa siginicha pahamvuropu yedzoke neari pafaundi kubva pakunyoresa kwomuvhoti. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinoshandisa siginicha yezvisaini kumisa mireza, inoteverwa nehwirudzuro yavanhu.
  • Kutsvaka bharode: MaBallots anowanzogoverwa mabharokodhi echienzi anobvumira vavhoti navakuru vakuru kuaronda nepositi. Ikoku kunoderedza ngozi yokurasikirwa uye kubetsera kuziva kunonozeka.
  • Chikomuna chemitemo yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana: MaBallot anochengetwa muzvivako zvakakotsekana, kazhinji kazhinji achinzverwa nevhidhiyo, uye anotakurwa navashandi vanobvumirwa kana kuti vatumwa vane mapepa akasimba.
  • Audits neyananiso: Pashure pesarudzo, vakuru vakuru vanonzvera kusimbisa kuti nhamba yetsoro yatumirwa inowirirana nenhamba yakagamuchirwa nokuverengwa. Kunzvera kwengozi, uko zviverengero zvemifungo zverobhoti zviri kuwana chiverengero somuitiro wakanakisisa.

Nyika dzakafanana neSweden neFinland, dzine mwero yakaderera yetsotsi, dzinovimba nokuvimbwa kwavanhu kwakakwirira nemiitiro inooneka. Hapana gadziriro yakachengeteka zvakakwana, asi ufakazi hunoratidza kuti ngozi yechinonyengera chikuru mukuvhota iduku zvikuru. Kunzvera kwakakwana kwakaitwa neBrennan Center yeRuramisiti kwakawana kuti mwero wevhotera muU.S., kumativi ose, uri pakati pa 0.0000% na099%.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Dzakapoteredza Maziyo Emaimeyili

Pasinei nokubudirira kwenhau uye kuvandudza ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuvhota tsamba kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokakavadzana zvikuru pakusarudza kwamazuva ano. Hurukuro yacho inowanzoratidza kuti zvematongerwo enyika anenge achiwedzera, asi nyaya dzechokwadi dzinoshanda dziripowo.

Kubiridzira Nezvisingashandiswi: Zvinhu Zvinofungwa Nevamwe.

Gakava rinopfuurira zvikurusa kutaura kwokuti kuvhota kweposi kunotapurwa zvikuru. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kushaikwa kwoutarisiri hwekoshi hunobvumira kucheka kweboka rechitatu (panounganidza nokuisa mabhora), siginidhi akagadzirwa, kana kuti kuvhota kunoitwa navanhu vasingachinjiki. , fundo dzakawanda nenzvero dzekuvhota hazvina kuwana ufakazi hwemhoshoro yakapararira. The Heritage, tangi inofunga kuti nhau dzechitsororo, inoshuma bedzi mipimo mishomanene inorondedzerwa kuvhotera kuvhotera. [[FLT] inotongedzerwa vanhu vamwe navamwe mumashoko mumashoko enhema kana kuti zvinyorwa zvakachengetedzwa zvapachena zvikuru. Mu 20S., pasineiwo kuvhotera kwapa posi (mamiriyoni 65) isingashatisitongoshumwa mumi, inoshumwa mumikanwa nhevedzano yetsoro inoteveri inoteveri inoteverwa pedyo nokuwana.

Zvinetso Zvemazano Nezvokutarisira

Mukuvhota munoisa zvinodikanwa zvinokosha pagadziriro dzesarudzo. Mabhalthi anofanira kutsikirirwa, kutumirwa, kudzorerwa, uye kurongwa (panguva yose) mukati mechikamu chakasimba. Zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinofanira kumuka:

  • Kunonoka kweposi: Munyika dzine mabasa eposi asingavimbiki, mabhora angasvika pashure kana kuti kwete. Mukati meU.S. 2020 primiries, mishumo yekunonoka kwetsamba muNew York uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo yakatungamirira kuzviuru zvevarovha vanosvika pashure penguva, vanobvisa vavhoti. United States Postal Service (USPS) inogona kuva musungo webhodhoro, zvikurukuru mumitengo yemari inobhadharwa muNew York uye mukati nhambo dzevhoti inokwira.
  • Kurambwa kwemabhineti: Chikamu chikuru cheposi murobhoti chinorambwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvounyanzvi: kurasika kwemisi yemisi yebasa, siginicha dzisina kurongeka, kana kuti mahamvuropu okuviga. Mu 2020 U.S. sarudzo yavose, inenge 1% yemabhorakiti eposi akarambwa, izvo zvinomirira mazana ezviuru zvavavhoti. Disportotation regiate regiontion pakati pepwere nevotanti shomanene inokwidza funganyo.
  • Revoice reconsole: hofisi dzemaposi dzinogadziridza marobhoti etsamba ibasa rinodzorwa. Mahofisi evhozhosa anofanira kuhaya ndokurovedza vashandi vechinguvana kuzarura maemvuropu, kusimbisa siginicha, uye marobhoti okuronga. Kusvika kwapashure kwemabhorati kunogona kunonozetsa miuyo yokupedzisira, sezvinooneka mu 2020 U.S. sarudzo yapurezidhendi apo nyika dzinoverengeka dzakatora mazuva okuverenga.

Kukwana Nokuwana: Munondo Wakakomberedzwa Kaviri

Kuvhota kwetsamba kunogona kuwedzera kuwanika kwemapoka akawanda (vakwegura, vakaremara, vagari vomumaruwa, uye avo vane marudungwe ebasa asingachinjiki. Zvisinei, kunogonawo kuparira mhinganidzo. Vavhoti vasina kero yakatsiga yokutumira tsamba, avo vasina pokugara, kana kuti avo vanogara munharaunda dzomumaruwa dzine basa reposi renzvimbo dzakajeka[] vangawana tsamba dzinoshanda. Mitemo yomutauro nemirayiridzo yakaoma inogonawo kudzivisa vakurukuri vasiri vapa, mikoto mizhinji yokuvhotera (in-person con revotion, jovora rimwe chete, zvichingodaro.). Vavariro yacho inofanira kuva inova inochinjika, inodzosa tsika ye “poti pamutemo kuruboshwe kuruboshwe. . Hurumende munyika dzinodzosa pamutemo dzakaresa pamutemo kumashure okuresaresa.

Nguva yemberi yokutumira tsamba: Miitiro Nekuvandudza

Kutarira mberi, kuvhota mutsamba kungangovapo pane kunyangarika. Dambudziko reCOVID ne19 rakawedzera kugamuchirwa kwevana munyika dzakawanda, uye kumwe kuchinja ikoko kuchava kwechigarire. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuri kumuka uye kuchinja kwemangwana kuchaumba remangwana razvo.

Kushandiswa kwePremic yeMari yaMari yaPurezime

Mukati medakanwo 2020, nyika dzakawanda dzakakudza kuvhota tsamba semupimo woutano hwavanhu vose. Vavhoti vakaedza kuvhota posi kwenguva yokutanga vakakuwana kwakakodzera kwenguva yokutanga, uye miganhu yakawanda yakawana wedzero yechigarire. Somuenzaniso, muSouth Korea, kuvhota kweposi (kunova kuvagari vemo vemhiri kwamakungwa) akaona wedzero mukushandiswa, uye muUnited States, nyika dzinoverengeka (kubatanidza Massachusetts neNew Jersey / chave yaita kuti purote yedete. Chinokosha ndechero kana purojeka yakavakwa nokuda kwokushandisa kurumidziro ichichengetwa uye kuvandudzidzwa. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazhinji vanotaura kuti kuva negadziriro inovakakuramanyoro iko zvino isati iri chinhu chinodikanwa, hachiri chakaisvonaka.

Kushandisa Marobhoti Okudhinda uye Kudzokerazve

Nepo kuvhota kwakazara kweInternet yemagetsi kunoramba kuri nharo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvokuchengeteka, mamwe maruwa ari kunzvera mitoo yakavhengana. Gadziriro dzokupa dzinobvumira vavhoti kukopa nokudhinda bhandirosi yavo kumba, ipapo kuidzosera neposi kana kuti somunhu. Ikoku kwakatozivikanwa navose nokuda kwokuvhota mhiri kwamakungwa (g., kupfurikidza neU.S. Military and Oversears Voter Eclement Act).

  • Vatyairi vezvivhoti: Somuenzaniso, West Virginia ne Utah vakaedza app nokuda kwavavhoti vemhiri kwamakungwa nevehondo iyo inovabvumira kuisa nokudzorera mavhota pafoni. Idzi purogiramu dzinoshandisa ruzivo rwokuvhota rusingabvumirwi kudzivirira vhoti, asi nyanzvi dzechengeteko dzinoramba dzichipanikira.
  • Chiratidzo chamabharakiti anooneka: Nhetevedzano dzine urema hwemaziso kana kuti nhau dzezvisakiso zvinogona kushandisa ruzivo rwemagetsi runobetsera pamusha (g., varavi veterevhizheni) kuratidzira brockot yakadhindwa, iyo inotumirwa. Iyi inzira inovimbisa nokuda kwokuvhara.
  • Bheta kiosks: Dzimwe nyika dziri kurangarira mabhora anodonhedza mabhokisi kana kuti makiosk akachengeteka anoskeni nokuisa pepa rockot nokukurumidza, achibatanidza chengeteko yepepa nechimhanyiso chokufambisa.

U.S. Transfation Ahelp Commission yakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro pemiitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwokudzosa mapepa emichina, ichisimbisa kuti gadziriro ipi neipi yemagetsi inofanira kugovera nzira yepepa nokuda kwokunzvera.

Kushandira Pamwe Munyika Yose Nokupindirana

Sezvo vagari vemo vanova vanofambiswa zvikuru, kudikanwa kwezvisarudzo zvokuvhota kunowedzera. Masangano eInternational, kubatanidza United Nations neInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral help akakumbira nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti dziise zviverengero zvemitengo yevhoti. Nguva yemberi ingaona nyika dzakawanda dzichibatanidzwa mukuzivikanwa kwemipimo yokuvhotera iri kure. Somuenzaniso, African Union yave ichinzvera kusvika kuvhotera kwokunzevera kunze kunze kwenyika dzayo. Nenzira yakafanana, zvirongwa zveEurope Union zvinobatanidza zvinobatsira kuita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwevagari veEUSAU kuti vasarukidze muzvisarudzo zvenyika apo inogara mune imwe nyika. Kubatira pamwe chete kunogona kuderedza masangano okuwedzera nokuvimba.

Zvinetso Zvatingasangana Nazvo

Miitiro mimwe cheteyo inoita kuti zvinyorwa zvokuvhota zviwanike zvikuru zvinopa njodzi dzinovapowo. [[FT:0] Kutyisidzira kwezvisarudzo zvemarongerwo enzvimbo kunowedzera. Vatambi venyika imwe cheteyo vangagona kuedza kudzongonyedza gadziriro dzokupa zvinyorwa zvokuvhota, kana kuti kuparadzira mashoko pamusoro pekuvhotera kuti vaderedze chivimbo. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kupinza mutsigo: gadziriro dzokutsiva, marekirwo epaburi, uye kuedzwa kwenguva dzose. Chimwe chinetso ndicho kuwedzera kwemitoo yokuvhotera. Mune dzimwe nyika, kuvhotera kwaverwa kwazova nhau inodzorwa, neboka rimwe rinokukurudzira. [FLD:] Uku kuisa chivimbo.[FFF]

Kuchengetedza Nebetsero Dzemhoteredzo

Chikamu chinowanzonzverwa chokuvhota imhando yayo yezvakapoteredza. Nepo mapepa ebhuroko namaemvuropu ane mutengo wenzvimbo yazvinogara, kubvisa kudikanwa kwemamiriyoni avanhu kuti vatyaire kuti vanzvere kugona kuderedza kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziyisa. Kugadzirwa kweposi yakatsigiwa negadziriro dzokumutsidzirazve mhoteredzo. Dzimwe nyika dziri kuedzwa nezvinyorwa zvemichina bedzi nokuda kwezvikumbiro nemirayiridzo, kunyange zvazvo peji inoramba ichinetsa kuvhota nokuda kwevhota. Mamitengidzi enguva yemberi angapa kuvhotera chisarudzo pakati pepepa nezvinodzorwa zvakachengeteka, nechinhu chinobviswa checarbon.

Mugumisiro: Chishandiso Chinotsiva uye Chinochinja

Nhau yokuvhota inozivisa chinjo yakatsiga kukubatanidzwa kukuru, yakasundwa nechinodikanwa nechinjo. Kuvambira pavarwi veHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira kuvagari vemo vemhiri kwamakungwa, kubva kuvarimi vokumaruwa kusvikira kumaguta ane tsvina yakapararira, positarota yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika. Nguva yayo yemberi icharatidzirwa nokuchinja kubva papositi inoyera kuenda kugadziriro inopesana yemajekiseni inobatanidza mashandiro ekombiyuta ebasa nokufamba nenzira yakanakisisa. Murangariro wenyika yose unoratidza kuti apo rugwaro rwamapepa runoramba ruri rugwaro. Hapana mutoo womufambiro wakarurama, asi nzira inosano inogamuchirwa negadziriro yokuvhotera, inotsigirwa nezvino unogamuchirwa navose. Kuwana nzvimbo yakanakisisa.[FLTY 1]