Nhau yegadziriro dzokuvhota mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inhau huru yemhindumupindu yezvamatongerwe enyika, kurwisana kwenzanga, uye kugadzirwa kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kuvambira pakuratidzwa kwemaoko kwemaoresa muAtene yekare kusvikira kuzvinonyorwa zvemifungo zvemashandiro etsika muzana ramakore rechi21, chiito chokuvhota chakachinja kuratidza mipimo inochinja yezvisarudzo, zvakavanzika, uye budiriro. Kunzwisisa iyi mirangariro inokosha kunzwisiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri kodzero dzatinoshandisa uye zvinetso zvatinotarisana nazvo mukusarudza kwazvino uno. Rwendo urwu harusi bedzi runoratidzira kukura kwemipimo yemitemo yedemocracy asi runosimbisawo kupfuurira pakati pokuwana nokuchengeteka, gamuchidzanwa nefambiro mberi. Nguva imwe neimwe yakaparira gadziriro iyo inoumba kuti vagari vemo vanoratidza kuda kwavo, uye masangano aya anopfuurira kugadziridza kudika mararamiro matsva enzanga.

Mavambo Ekare: Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Chaizvo muGreece

Miitiro yokuvhota yapakuvamba zvikurusa yakapupurirwa yakatanga muGirisi yakare, zvikurukuru muAthens munenge muzana ramakore rechi 5 BCE. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hweAtene hwakanga huri chimiro chakananga chehurumende apo vagari vemo vakaungana mu eklexia (ungano huru) yokukurukura nokuvhota pamitemo, zvibvumirano, uye nhau dzehondo. Mitongedzero yakanga iri yakapfava uye yavose: vagari vemo vakasimudza maoko avo ([[[FLT:]] chetonia [[FLT]]]) nokuda kwezvisarusoso zvizhinji, kana kuti kushandisa matombo ([FLT:] [FF]] [FLD]] [5]]) akashumwanwa kutyisidzira.[5]

Nepo kuvhota kwavanhu veAtene kwakava neganhuriro dzakakomba. Zvinenge 10-20% bedzi zvavanhu vakura vaigaramo(vaibvumirwa kutora rutivi, kunze kwavakadzi, varanda, uye vatorwa (vokunze). Kupfuurirazve, kushaikwa kwechivande mukuvhota kwakaparira vagari vemo kuva vanotapurwa nedzvinyiriro yavaenzani, chiokomuhomwe, uye tyisidziro. Pasinei zvapo neidzodzi, muenzaniso weAtene wakavamba wemitemo yedemokrame nemitemo yokuvhotera yakasiana-mone yehurumende ([FLT:] 0] kuentariaria , uye mutemo womutemo. Kwakashanda senongedzero yenyuko yete yehurumende yapashure, uchipesvedzera vazivi kufanana naAristoristoricraticss aiita mirayiro yakasiana-vhinziroseroseroserose.[FF]

Kuchinja KwevaRoma: Kubva Kumagungano Kuenda KumaBallots

Rome Republic (c. 509-27 BCE) yafambira mberi kuvhota kupfurikidza nokutanga miitiro yakagadzirwa zvikuru neinovanza. VaRoma vakavhota mumagungano anoverengeka: Comitia Conturiata [[ yakarongwa namasangano ehondo, [[FLT:] yakarongwa ne [[FLT] yainyorwa [[FLT] Plebit] yePlebeans. [5] pakutanga [[FLT] yaitaurwa neboka, asi kumativi ose], [[FEx6] , [5] napakati pet] napakati pet pamutemo [inenge]

Kuvhota kweRoma kwakaisawo pfungwa yokumirira kupfurikidza negadziriro yakavakirwa paboka, uko zana rimwe nerimwe ramakore kana kuti dzinza rakaisa vhoti imwe chete inodzivisa (inotangira kunzvimbo dzokuvhota. Zvisinei, kufanana neAthens, kutora rutivi kwakaganhurirwa kuvagari vemo vechirume, uye tsika yacho yakasimbiswa zvikuru kuvapfumi (zvikurukurukuru, makirasi okutanga okuverenga vanhu aiva namazana amakore akawanda). Roman Republic pakupedzisira yakawa, asi miitiro yayo yokuvhota, zvikurukuru kushandiswa kwemiitiro yakanyorwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemisi yeMiddle Ages uye mifungo yeRepublication. Mutemo weRoma wakapesvedzerawo maruramiro pamusoro pezvisarudzo navagari vemo, uchiumba nheyo yapamutemo iyo yakapfuurira muUmambo hweByzance uye muEurope.

Nguva Yepakati Nepakati Nenguva Yokuchinja: Mitumbi Yakaganhurirwa Nemitumbi Inomirira

Mukati menhambo yeMiddle Ages (inenge zana ramakore 5 ne15), kuvhota kwakava kwakatangwa zvikuru asi kuduku zvikuru kwedemokrase nemipimo yazvino uno. Gadziriro yeruvayo yakananga mumadzimambo navakuru, nokuvhota kwakaganhurirwa kumatare makuru. Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvinokosha zvakachengeta pfungwa yokumirira iri mhenyu. MuEngland, Magna Carta (1215) yakasimbisa kuti mambo aisagona kubvisa mitero yezvechisimba pasina "kubvumira kwechibvumirano chehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukudanwa kweMaparimende yokutanga muzana ramakore rechi13.

Mhiri kweEurope, mitumbi yakafanana yakabuda: Mabumbiro echiFrench (130). , Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth's Sejm, uye Iceland Althing (rimwe rekaresa, rakaitwa 930). Magungano aya aiwanzoongororwa panzvimbo pemitemo, uye mitoo yokuvhotera yakasiyana kubva pakunyora nokunyora mashoko. Renation (14-10510) yakamutsa fariro muruzivo rwemagariro enyika, zvikurukuru pfungwa dzechiGiriki nedzeRoma pamusoro poruvagari vemo nehurumende. Vafungisi vakafanana naNiccoläl Machielli vakaongorora maripabulic uye basa rokubatanidzwa kwakakurumbira. Kutanga kwokudhinda nokubudisa pfungwa idzi, kudzika nhambo ino. Munguva ino, kuvhotera kwakaramba kuri ropafadzo yemanyoro echipatoo, vafundisi vapfumi, asi vakawana pfungwa yokupfumisa.

Kujekeswa: Nheyo Dzemadhimocratic Masangano Emazuva Ano

Chirevo chakajeka cha 17 ne18 chakashandura zvikuru uzivi hwokuvhota. Vafungi vakuru vakagovera mavambo epfungwa nokuda kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira nebvumirano yezvidzo. John Locke [[FLT]] yakataura kuti hurumende dzinowana simba kubva mubvumirano yavanhu uye kuti vagari vemo vane maruramiro okupandukira udzvinyiriri, "madaro [[FLT:]] Makurukota [[FT:] [16] [16]] [16] [16]) vagari vemo]. [[FLT:] [5][5] , , [5] , , izvo zvinotaura `FLT]

Iyi mifungo yakanyandura zvakananga chinjo dzeAmerica (1776 neFrench (1789). Chiziviso cheHumo cheU.S. chakasimbisa kuti hurumende dzinowana "masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kwoudzori". Hurumende yeU.S. (1787) yakagadzira hurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nekoriji yedare rehurumende nerokuvhotera reruwa, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga bedzi varume vane nzvimbo dzezvinzvimbo vachena vaigona kuvhota. Chinjo yeFrance inosuma nzvimbo yose yenguva yakati, pamwe chete nomufungo we "rudzi" samanyuko oruko. Rutesitaro rweFrance rwakashandisa gadziriro mbiri yenzvimbo inosarudzwa. Kunyange zvazvo chinjo dzimwe nguva yakapa nzira kurusarusarusa, kujeka kwakagadzwa senheyo yetsika yapasi pose, kukwirira kwenguva refu nokuda kwokukuwedzera. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kwouzivi. [Foplutest proficity]

Kuchinja Kwezana Remakore rechi19: Kuwedzera Kwemajeri uye Bhallet Yakavanzika

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakapupurira wedzero inoshamisa mukodzero dzokuvhota uye chinjo dzetsika munyika dzedemokrase. MuUnited States, zvinodikanwa zvezvinhu zvakabviswa zvishoma nezvishoma mukati menhambo yeJackson (1820-1850s), zvichitambanudzira kupfuudza kunenge varume vose vachena. MuUnited Kingdom, Reformation Acts ya1832, 1867, uye 1884 zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kusarudzwa kubva kuna vanasanzi vezvinhu vapfumi kubatanidza varume vezera rapakati navanasaimba vomumaruwa. Kuchinja kwakafanana kwakaitika muCanada, Australia, uye Europe.

Chimwe chezvinjo dzakakomba zvikurusa chakanga chiri kugamuchirwa kwechivhota chakavanzika. Pamberi paikoku, kuvhota kwaiwanzoitwa pachena (kuvhota kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuisa mubhora rakatsikirirwa panze), uko kwakabvumira vagari vemo, vashandirwi, uye vakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika kumanikidza vavhoti. Australia yakabatira "Australian bolot" muna 18566,a yunifomu yehurumende yaidhindwa, inoronga muchivande, uye yakaiswa mubhokisi rakanamirwa. Iyi gadziriro yakapararira nokukurumidza: United Kingdom yakaigamuchira muna 1872, United States kupfurikidza nemitemo yakasiana-nyika muna 188080,1890, uye marudzi mazhinji eEurope. Hurumende yakavanzika yakaderedza zvikuru nokuvhotera.

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakavawo nokuberekwa kwamasangano akarongwa avakadzi. Seneca Falls Convention muna 1848 muU.S. yakaraira maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi. New Zealand yakava nyika yokutanga kuzvipinza kuti ipe vakadzi vhoti muna 1893, yakatevera Australia (102, yakaganhurirwa). Zvisinei, nzvimbo zhinji dzakadzivisa kuvhotera kwakazara kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 20. Kuwedzera, kuratidzira (PR) kwakakarakadzwa uye kwakatangwa mukati menhambo ino, nokugamuchira Denmark tsika yePR nokuda kweNyika ye18595 neBelgium ndaza yePR inopayona muna 1900. PR yakavavarira kuvimbisa kuti zvigaro zvemitemo zvakaratidzira nenzira yakarurama zvikuru kupfuura maruwa ose, pasi pokukurukura uku.

Kuchinja Kwezana Remakore Rechi20: Kugadzirwa Kwezvigadzirwa, Kodzero Dzenyika Yose, uye Kugadziridzwa Kwemashandiro Anoita Zvinhu

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaunza chinjo dzinochinja kupfurikidza noruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu namasangano makuru enzanga. Dzinopa kodzero dzakawedzera zvinoshamisa pashure peWWI: UK yakapa vakadzi vanopfuura 30 vhoti muna 1918 (yakaenzana na 1928), U.S. yakatendera Dare reChibvumirano rechi 19 muna 1920, uye nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzakatanga chinjo yapose pose pashure pechinjo kana kuti hondo dzenyika. Chibvumirano chekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu oga muU.S. mukati ma 1950s 2960s akarwa kubvisa Jim Crow mitemo yakadzvinyirira kuvhota kuAfrica kupfurikidza nokunzvera kurava nokunyora, kuvhotera, uye masimba. Chirango cheKodzero chaMarudzi eMite yeMitemo yoruwa chakarambidza kuvhotera muvhotera uye kudzo yenyika nemunhau yenhau yenhau yerusarurano.

Muruzivo rwemichina yezvokuvhota, zana ramakore rechi20 rakatangwa michina yokuvhota (yakashandiswa muU.S. kubvira kuma1890 kusvikira kuma 1980), iyo yakakurumidzisa kuverenga asi isina pepa. 1960 yakaona michina yokutanga yemagetsi okuvhota (DREs), uye pakasvika 1990, gadziriro dzokuona napo dzakava dzinozivikanwa zvikuru. Maposi-in contions yakakudziridza zvikurukuru, zvikurukuru mumitengo yakafanana neOregon (iyo yakagamuchirwa nokuvhota kwose muna 1998) uye nokuda kwokuva nayo inobudiswa. Zana rechi20 rakaonawo kukwira kwegadziriro dzokuvhotera dzinotsiva: nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzakagamuchirwa nedzinongedzero (g.), kuvambira muna 1949, nepotezoka, France yakava pamutemo yedzoro yamarudzi ose. Chikamu chenyika yose. Chikamu chamarudzi maviri anenge: [5]

Hafu yapashure yezana ramakore yakarwisana nedenho dzakadai sedzokuvhota miganhu yoruwa nokuda kwebetsero inopesana) uye muvhoti wakaderera muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Nharo pamusoro pemitemo yezvivhoti dzakava nesimba muma 2000, dzakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuwana kusvika mukudzivisa kwemiitiro yokunyengera. Pasinei zvapo nenhau idzi, zana ramakore rechi20 rakatanga kuvhota sechokwa chapose pedo nemocracy munzanga dzedemocracy, negadziridzo dzinopfuurira kumitoo negadziriro.

Miitiro Yezvinotevera Yokuchengetedza Zvinhu: Mhatsa, Zvinetso, uye Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Nhasi, nzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinoshandisa mhatsa huru yegadziriro dzokuvhota, imwe neimwe ine revo dzakasiyana dzouzivi nedzinoshanda. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano chinhu chikuru kukuyera ruramisiro nemirariro. mhuri mbiri dzakafara igadziriro huru nemirau inowirirana (PR).

Masangano Makuru

Chakakurumbira zvikurusa ndi wokutanga-kare-pakunyora [FTP], inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India. Ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza muvhoti mumwe; mukundi ndiye ane mavhoti akawanda, kunyange kana vasingasviki. Vatsigiri vanoidza kuti inoita hurumende dzakatsiga uye dzinotsiva zvakajeka, apo vatsoropodzi vanogona kutungamirira kubvisa miuyo yemiuyo (eg., kambani inowana 40% yevhoti asi inotora 50% yezvigaro) uye kuvhotera. Mimwe miitiro mikuru inobatanidza gadziriro yezvigaro zviviri (France), apo inodzorwa kana isingadzorwi, uye inodzorwa 50% inoshandisa vhitiokeri (g.

Miitiro Yokuratidzira

PR ivavariro yokushandura vhoti zvakananga mugoverano. Yakapararira zvikurusa iPR, inoshandiswa muIsrael, South Africa, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeLatin America, umo vavhoti vanosarudza nzvimbo, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa nenzira inowirirana. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] Nhamba-mativi [ISH] [ISH, New Zealand] inobatanidza maruwa ezvigaro zvapamusoro kuti ave nechokwadi chokuvara. PR inowanzobudisa masangano mazhinji nehurumende dzinowirirana. Zvisinei, vashoo vanogona kutungamirira kukusatera nokutungamirira. Nokuda kwemitevedzeroro, [FFL]

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingovapo

Gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinotarisana nenhau dzinopfuurira. [[FLT: 0] GERMAN] muU.S. inopfuurira kuparira hondo dzapamutemo; masangano okuzvimirira abuda sechinjo. [[FLT:]] Mitemo yeIT [[FLT:]] inokakavara, nemimwe mitemo inoganhurira uye mimwe inokudza kusavapo kwekuvhotera kuti iwedzere. [[FLT:]] chengeteko [[FLT:]] yazova itiro yeitiro yechinhu chikuru pashure pechiteshivi mu2016 na 2020; mativi mazhinji zvino zvinoshandisa mapepa sechiteshivi sechite. [Fot] [5] [FT] inochinja zvikuru, inova inova inotenderwa zvikuru nenyika dzinodzorwa naanobvumirwa naanoteverwa.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwenguva Yemberi: Kufambisa Magetsi, Kufambisa Magetsi, uye Kushandisa Madhigirii

Kutarira mberi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runovimbisa imwe mhindumupindu yakakomba mumasangano okuvhota. Kuvhota kwave kuchiedzwa muEstonia chifo cha 2005, umo vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota kupfurikidza nemakadhi emagetsi eIndaneti ipi neipi inofambidzana. Nepo kwakakodzera, kuvhota kunomutsa njodzi dzakakomba dzakakomba: kurambwa kwe-tervice, mareawereat magetsi pamashandiro echivhoti, uye kusakwanisa kunyora. kuvhota muchina wokugadzirwa kwezvinhu wemagetsi zvakakarakadzwa sechigadziro chekuvhotera kuvhotera, nezvirongwa zvendege muUta neWemadokero (kunze kwehondo dzekunze kwegungwa). Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinongwarira kuti vhinzino isingagadziridzisimudziro kana kuti dzishake mamiriro adzoro adzoro adzore zvakanaka.

Mimwe miitiro iri kumuka inobatanidza kuvhota kwakadzikiswa , kwakagamuchirwa mumaguta seSan Francisco uye kunoteverwa seMaine neAlaska. RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vadaviri panzvimbo yavose; kana pasina munhu anowana 50%, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa uye anovhota akabviswa. [[FLT:] Kuderedza tsigiro yavazhinji. [[FLT]] Universal-posi-mail-joct awana nyika, zvikurukuru mukati me CHOVHOVD-19, izvo zvinowedzera kugamuchirwa kwayo muUS.S.

Nguva yemberi sezvingabvira inobatanidza mutoo wakakotsekana wokuvhota wakachengeteka nokuda kwavamwe, wakabatanidzwa namaturusi akasimba emichina nokuda kwavamwe. Zvisinei, chinjo ipi neipi inofanira kuva yakakomba(kuedza chengeteko, kusvikika, uye kuvimba kwavanhu vose ikuru. Nokuda kwokunzverwa kukuru kwedenho dzemifungo yokuvhota, Kujekeswa kwounyanzvi kunopa kunzvera kwounyanzvi. Kushanduka kwamasangano okuvhota kuchapfuurira kuumbwa nokuoma kwemiitiro yetsika pakati pekuchinja nokuchinja zvinhu uye chinodikanwa chinokosha chedemocracy chinovaratirwa nokuchengetwa chakavanzika.

Mugumisiro: Rwendo Rwusina Kuvhiringidzwa Rwenyika

Nhau yegadziriro dzokuvhota munzanga dzedemocracy haisati iri nhevedzano inovambira panhambo huru asi nhevedzano huru yepfungwa, rwisano dzesimba, uye bviro dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kuvambira pamagungano apachena eAthens kusvikira kumaruramiro akavanzika ezana ramakore rechi 19, kubva panzvimbo dzinogarwa nemitemo dzeCheright kusvikira kunhau dzeIndaneti dzanhasi, nhano imwe neimwe yakakudziridza rondedzero youyo anosarudza hurumende yake. Chimiro chokuvhota hwhotahhhhhhh maruramiro eva nekodzero yavanhu vazhinji, bva kushanda kwayo kunoramba kukwikwikwidzana mudemocracy. Voter, kudzorwa kworusarudzo, uye kubvisa perero yesarudzo pasi rose.

Kunzwisisa iyi nhau vagari vezvombo navaiti vemiitiro vane zivo yokudzivirira nokuvandudza masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvatinorangarira chinjo / kana kuri kuiswa mumitemo yetsika, kuvhota kwakarongwa, kana kuti mipimo yemichina yetsika yakarongwa yakanyorwa kuti ive yakavakirwa munheyo huru: kuti sarudzo inofanira kuva yakasununguka, inoyera, inosvikwa, uye inovimbwa navanhu. Nyaya yokuvhota haina kupera, uye chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kunyora ganhuro yacho kupfurikidza nokutsigira nokufambisira mberi mipimo yedemocracy iyo zvizvarwa zvakarwira. Nharidzi yokupedzisira inoramba iripo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti inzwi riri rose rinoverengwa uye kuti kuda kwavanhu kunotonga zvirokwazvo.