Nhaka Isingaperi Yenhamba yeUnited States

United States Census inopfuura zvikuru kuwanda kwapachivande kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, chinyorwa chipenyu chinobata kurova kwemitengo yenyika makore gumi ari ose. Kupfurikidza nokuronda rwendo rwokuverenga vanhu kubva panzvimbo yakakwirira muna 1790 kusvikira pakushanda kwemichina yanhasi, tinowana nhau yokuchinja, kurwisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudikanwa kwevagari vemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti mhindu ndokutsanangura chikonzero nei nhau iri yose nokuda kwemireza, mari, uye muitiro.

Nhau Yapakuvamba Yenhamba yeU.S.

Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo uye Kuverenga Kwokutanga

Chikamu I Chikamu 2 chinorayira kuti “kutora kunoitwa mutsika kuve kwakananga muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Chikamu 2 chizivikanwe kuti kugadzirwa kwevagari vomunyika munenge mava nemakore matatu muCongress yokutanga uye makore gumi oga oga pashure pacho. Nharidzano yacho yakanga yakananga: zvigaro zvokugoverana muImba yeVamiririri pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo, uye kusarudza mitero yakananga (kunenge kushandisirwa nokukurumidza kwadzinopera). Kuverengwa kwokutanga kwakavamba muna August 1790 pasi poMunyori weHurumende Thomas Jefferson. U.S.

Chikamu 1790 chemibvunzo chakanga chiri chakapfava zvikuru. Chakabvunza mibvunzo mitanhatu bedzi: zita romusoro wemhuri, uye chiverengero chavarume vachena vakasununguka vari pasi pe 16, vachena 16 navakuru, vakadzi vachena vakasununguka, vamwe vanhu vose vakasununguka, uye varanda. Hwerengedzo yakasvika ku3 929,214, nhamba iyo yaibvisa maIndia okuAmerica yakanga isingabhadharwi. Nhamburiko yokutanga yakatora inenge mwedzi mipfumbamwe uye yakadya mari iri pasi pe $5 000. Pasinei zvapo nokupfava kwayo, kuverenga kwakatanga nheyo yokuti mufananidzo unofanira kubatanidzwa nechiverengero chavagari vemo, pfungwa yechinjo panguva yacho.

Kuwedzera Kwokugutsikana Muzana Remakore rechi19

Nyika zvayaikura uye yave kugadzirwa, ndizvo zvakaitawo kuverenga vanhu. Kuwedzera kwe1810 mibvunzo pamusoro pokugadzira zvinhu uye nhamba yevanhu vaiita zvokurima. Pakazosvika 1820, mapoka evokune dzimwe nyika asina kusikirwa uye vanhu vaiita zvekutengeserana akaoneka. Kuverengwa kwevanhu muna 1840 kwakatanga kuedza kwokutanga kuunganidza mashoko okuremara, kubvunza nezve “vanhu vane urema nembeu”, kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwemaitiro ezvigadzirwa uye kudarika kuwanda kwemiitiro yakanetsa nhamba idzi dzekare dzenzanga.

Kuverengwa kwavanhu muna 1850 kwakaratidza kuchinja kukuru. Kwenguva yokutanga, munhu wose akasununguka akarongwa somunhu mumwe nomumwe (kwete musoro wemhuri) papurogiramu yakasiyana. Vagadziri vakanyorwa zera, vatano, ruvara (Mutema, kana kuti Mulatto), basa, ukoshi hwenzvimbo chaiyo, nzvimbo yokuberekwa, kana akaroora mukati megore, uye vakawanda. Kuchinja uku kwakaratidza fariro yehurumende inokura mumigariro yenzanga nezvemari. 1860 yakawedzera mibvunzo pamusoro penhamba yevaranda. Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kuverengwa kwevagari vemo kwa 1870 kwakaedza kurava vaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa, kunyange zvazvo nhamba dzechinjo dzakarongwa uye kusavimba zvakapfuurira.

Kuverenga vanhu muna 1880 kwakatangwa rudungwe rwakasiyana rwokuuraya, rwokurima, rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye nhamba dzenzanga — chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti kuverenga kwacho kwakanga kwava kubudisa mashoko makuru nokuda kwevagadziri vemitemo uye vanofarira zvebhizimisi.

Kushanduka Kwemitoo Yokuverenga

Kubva Papepa Kuenda Kumakadhi Epunch

Kufambira mberi kukuru kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu muzana remakore rechi19 kwakauya muna 1890.Herman Hollerith, aimbova mushandi weHofisi Yokuverenga vanhu, akagadzira muchina unoshandisa magetsi waishandisa makadhi kunyora mashoko. Kuverengwa kwavanhu muna 1880 kwakanga kwatora makore masere kuti kuvhure; nemuchina weHollerith, nhamba inopfuura mamiriyoni 62 — yakagadzirwa mumakore matatu chete. Iyi purogiramu haina kungochengetedza nguva asi yakaisawo hwaro hweindasitiri yekombiyuta. Hollerith pakupedzisira kambani yeHollerith yakava yeInter Business Machiness (IBM).

Muzana remakore rechi20 rose, Census Bureau yakaenderera mberi kuvandudza nzira dzayo. Muna 1900, Chirongwa cheCensus Bureau chenguva dzose chakatangwa. Kuverengwa kwavanhu kwakawedzerwa mibvunzo pamusoro penzvimbo yokuberekwa kwevabereki, mutauro waitaurwa, uye kana munhu wacho akanga ari nyanzvi yeUnion kana kuti mauto anodzorwa. Kuverenga vanhu muna 1940 kwakawedzera mibvunzo pamusoro pemari, dzidzo, uye kutama, uye kwakasuma mubvunzo wokutanga wemibvunzo — “chimiro chakakura” chakapiwa kuinenge 5% yemhuri. Iyi shanduro yakabvumira mashoko ane udzame zvikuru pasina kudzosera kupindura kuri kwose.

Matsamba, Makombiyuta, uye Mavara Mapfupi

Kwamakumi amakore, zvimiro zvokuverenga vanhu zvakabviswa ndokuunganidzwa navanoronga. Muna 1960, Bureau yakavamba kutumira pepanhau remibvunzo kudzimba zhinjisa, ichikumbira vagari kuizadza ndokuitumira kudzokera. Iyi ndyiko yakaderera zvikuru nebasa romumunda. Kuverengwa kwetsamba kunze/tsamba kwakawedzerwa kusvika ku60% yavagari vemo. Makore gumi mamwe chete iwayo akaona kutanga kwokubatwa kwemashoko ekombiyuta kubva muhotera, kuchishandiswa kuziva mutambi wemaziso.

Kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa1990 kwakanga kuri kwokutanga kushandisa chimiro chipfupi (chichibvunza bedzi mibvunzo mikuru yechiverengero chavagari vemo) nokuda kwemhuri 83%, nechimiro chirefu chakatumirwa kumuenzaniso. Zvisinei, sezvo mwero yemhinduro yakaderera — kubva pa 78% muna 1970 kusvikira ku 65% muna 1990 — Bureau yakava shoo dzemasimba masimba nenhimbe dzokuwedzera. Kuverengwa kwa 2000 kwakagovera zvimiro mumitauro mitanhatu uye kwakatanga nhamburiko inobhadharwa yokusvika kuvagari vemo vakaoma.

Pakazosvika 2010, kuverenga vanhu kwacho kwaiitwa netsamba, mhuri dzichigamuchira kafomu kadiki ke10, kana kuti, kokutanga, American Community Survey (ACS) yakanga yatsiva zvachose mamiriro okuramba aripo.ACS yava kubudisa shanduro yegore negore yemagariro evanhu, mari, dzimba, uye tsika dzevagari vemo, zvichiita kuti kuverengwa kwevanhu kwemakore akawanda kuve zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuverenga uye kuzivikanwa kwevagari vemo.

Kuverenga Kwazvino Uno Nezvikamu Zvako

Kuverengwa Kwamakore 2020: Kuchinja Kwemichina

Chitsama cha2020 chakaratidza kuchinja kukuru kwemashandiro azvinoita mumakumi emakore. Kwenguva yokutanga, mhuri dzaigona kupindura paIndaneti, pafoni, kana kuti nepositi. Indaneti yakatsigira mitauro 13, uye Census Bureau yakatanga nhimbe huru yokushambadzira pamichina pamwe chete nemasangano enzanga. Chinangwa chaiva chokukurudzira kuzvideredza kuti kudiwa kwemari inodhura, kuderedza nguva mutevedzerwa.

Pasinei zvapo nedenho — kubatanidza gakava rokupedzisira pamusoro pomubvunzo wougari hwemo (zvichimbobvira wakavharwa neDare Rapamusorosoro), denda reCOVID, mirarira yemoto, madutu, uye kunonoka kushanda — 2020 kuverenga vanhu kwakasvika mwero wokuzvibatanidza we 66.5% (kusvikira kuma 66.4%) pakubatanidza mhinduro dzepaIndaneti. Zvisinei, denda racho rakamanikidzira Bia rekuwedzera kushanda nokudzorera mashoko.

Mativi Makuru Akaunganidzwa

Kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2020 kwakabvunza mibvunzo mikuru: chiverengero chavanhu vanogara kana kuti vanogara pakero, vatano, zera, dzinza, uye kana saimba aiva kana kuti airenda. Nokuda kwedzinza nedzinza, chimiro cha2020 chakatevera mipimo yakavandudzwa yeHofisi yeDzidzo neHlamuro (OMB), ichipa mibvunzo yakaparadzana nokuda kwamavambo eHispanic/Latino nedzinza, neMiteo yeAsia, MaIndian Hawaii, uye mamwe mapoka. Nzvimbo itsva yokunyora yakabvumira vapindukiri kududza mavambo akadai se “Germany,”“ Jamaican,” kana kuti “African American.

Kupfuura nhamba yegore negore, American Community Survey (ACS) inobvunza mimwe mibvunzo yakawanda — inosanganisira mari, dzidzo, basa, mari yokuwana, mari yokubhadhara imba, inishuwarenzi youtano, mafashoni, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akabudirira — uye inobudisa zviverengero zvakagadziridzwa gore negore. Pamwe chete, mashoko aya anotanga kuva musimboti wehurumende, hurumende, uye kugadzira chisarudzo chomunzvimbomo.

Revo Yokuverengwa Kwevanhu

Kumirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chikamu I Chikamu 2 chinoda kuti pave nezvigaro zvinoiswa pavagari vehurumende imwe neimwe (kubatanidza vatami pasinei nenzvimbo yepamutemo; Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshandisa “vanhu,” kwete“ vanhu vezeni, , kugovera nhamba yeMabasa anenge apiwa Purezidhendi, uye zvigaro zvinoiswa pakati penyika. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokuverengwa kwevanhu 2020, nyika nhanhatu dzinowana zvigaro (Colorado, Florida, Montine, North Caroline, Taxas) uye zvigaro zvinomwe zvakarasika (Calbia Recurea Recureas, Illinonia, Illinonia, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia).

Uku kugovana kunotapura kwete bedzi Imba asiwo Electoral College, sezvo vhoti dzehurumende imwe neimwe dzinoenzana nezvigaro zvayo zveImba nezvigaro zvayo zviviri zveDare. Kunyange kuchinja kwezvigaro kumwe kunogona kudzongonyedza sarudzo yapurezidhendi. Uyezve, hurumende dzinoshandisa mashoko okuverenga vanhu kunyora maruwa edare rehurumende. Mukusasarura kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo. Mashoko anogona kutungamirira kukukwirira muganhu kuti udererwe nechikwata chimwe kana kuti boka.

Kugara Munzvimbo Dzinobhadharwa Mari Nemari

Basa rakaenzana rakakomba rokuverenga vanhu riri kutungamirira kuparadzirwa kwemari inopfuura $1,5 mabhiriyoni emadhora gore negore. Zvirongwa zvakadai seMedicaid, Children’s Health Inshuwarence Program (CHIP), Musoro, Chikamu 8 pokugara, Chikamu 8, National School Lunch Program, kuronga nokuvaka, uye kukura kwokumaruwa kunobvumira kuti vose vashandise matura anodzorwa. Munhu ari wose akapotsa mukuverenga, nyika yaigona kurasikirwa nezviuru zvamadhora gore rimwe nerimwe kwegumi. National Urban League yakafungidzira kuti rutava rwekuverengwa kwavanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 2,1 (kubatanidza mamiriyoni 1,5) mabhiriyoni anosvika makore gumi akatevera.

Kunzvera Mitemo Nokuronga Musha

Vatsvakurudzi, mabhizimisi, uye mapurofiti vanotsamira pamashoko okuverenga vanhu nokuda kwechinhu chiri chose kubva pakudeya kutaura chinodikanwa chavatengi kusvikira kukuzivisa kusatsarukana kwoutano. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisa mashoko acho kuronga zvikoro, zvipatara, uye nzira dzokufambisa vanhu. Kuverengwa kwacho kunopa musiyano wenzwisiso nokuda kwourombo, kushayikwa kwemabasa, kuvapo kwedzimba, uye mutauro. Pasina mashoko akarurama, nzanga hadzigoni kutsigira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwezviwanikwa kana kuti zviwirirano zvemiteo yezvo.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kuverenga Vanhu Vakaoma Kusvika Kuchiverengero

Pasinei zvapo namazana amakore evandudziko, kuverenga vanhu hakuna kutongosvika pakuverengwa kwakakwana. Munhau, vana vaduku, vanhu vashoma vedzinza nedzinza, vatami, vanhu vakaderera vanotambira mari, vagari vomumaruwa, uye MaIndia okuAmerica munyika dzemaruwa sezvingabvira zvikurusa vanoshayikwa. Kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2020 kwakaratidza kuva nenhamba yakaderera ye3% yavagari veAsia kana kuti Pacific Islander uye 4.1% yavagari veHispanic White, nepo vagari vemo veHispanic vakaverengwa ne1.1%, mukuwirirana nenzvero dzepashure pezvipfupi. Mawarenguro avana ari pasi pe 5 — kazhinji anonzi “vasingatapukugarikwa" — akasvika mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.

Chirongwa cheCensus Bureau chinoita kuti pave nezvirongwa zvakawanda zvokushandira pamwe nemasangano enzanga, nhume dzinovimbwa, uye kubhadhara kushambadzira kuti vagadzirise kusavimbana, kusavimbana kwomutauro, uye zvinetso zvemagariro. Zvisinei, kuganhurirwa kwemari, kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye kuedza kuita kuti zviome kusvika kumunhu wose. Chimwe chigadzikiso chikarakadzo kushandisa mapepa ehurumende — akadai seSocial Security, IRS, Medicare, uye mapepa ehurumende — kuti zvizadzike kudikasa kudikanwa kwokutevera.

Kuva Woga uye Kuchengeteka Kwemashoko

Sezvo kuverengwa kwevanhu kunowedzera, zvinetso zvekuzvivanza zvinowedzera. Bureau inosungirwa nomutemo (Tit 13, Traume yeU.S.) kuti idzivirire mhinduro dzevanhu uye kuti isatongodzigoverane nemamwe masangano, kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti zviremera zvokutama. Zvisinei, muna 2018, kunetsana kwevagari vemo kwakaparira kutya kwaiitika pakati pevanhu vakatamira kune dzimwe nyika, zvichitungamirira kudare rakavata kusvika kuDare Repamusorosoro. Kunyange zvazvo mubvunzo wacho wakabviswa, kukuvadziko yakada kuvimbwa naro. Kudzivirirazve kuva voga, vaBureaust vakagamuchira zvakavanzika zvakasiyana - zvinyorwa zvemashoko 202020 — kuwedzera ruzha kumatafura ezviverengero zvezvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvakataura kuti zvive zvakaderedza kururama nokuda kwedare duku.

Kuverenga vanhu munguva yemberi kuchada kudzikamisa kuona zvinhu zviri pachena nezvakavanzika, zvichida nokushandisa mibatanidzwa yemashoko yakachengeteka kana kuti zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemapepa.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa uye Kuverengwa Kwamakore 2030

Census Bureau iri kutonzvera nzira dzokuverenga vanhu kwe2030 kwapera makore 2030. Nharaunda huru dzinobatanidza kuderedza mashoko ehurumende kuti ideredze nhamba yedzimba dzinoda kuonana zvakananga, kuvandudza mwero yemibatanidzwa yepaIndaneti kupfurikidza nezvinofambiswa zvinonakisa zvinonakisa zvinoshandiswa nemotokari, uye kushandisa michina kudzidza kufanoziva nzvimbo dzakaoma kunyora uye kugadziridza. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira “kuverenga kunopfuurira”, umo kugadziridzwa kwevagari vemo kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemitezo yemitemo yemitezo yemari inodzo yemari inogadziridzwa, asi izvozvo zvingada kuchinja.

Rimwe denho kukwira kwemhando dzedzimba dzisiri dzegamuchidzanwa — dzakadai seRVs, zvikepe, uye marendi echinguvana akarongwa pazvikuva zvenguva pfupi zvokurenda — izvo vanonyora mazita vanogona kupotsa. Kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa 2020 kwakaedza kuverenga vanhu vasina pokugara nenzira yakarurama zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuitisa “nzvimbo dzokuvanda dzakavakirwa panzvimbo dzechibharo” panzvimbo dzezvivako zvesupu, uye nzvimbo dzenze. Asi vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti nhamba yacho inoramba isina kukwana.

Pakupedzisira, nhamba yokuverengwa kwevanhu ya2030 ichafanira kukurukurwa nenhamba iri kuwedzera yevagari vemo vasina kero yakananga kana kuti vanogara mumapoka akadai semabhodhirosi, majeri, uye misha inochengeterwa vakwegura.

mhedziso

Kuverenga vanhu kweU.S. hakusati kuri chinhu chinooneka cheBumbiro reMitemo. Igadziriro inoshamisa, inochinja zvinhu inoratidzira kurwisa kunopfuurira kwenyika kurangarira munhu ari wose nenzira isina ruramisiro. Kuvambira pakutasva mabhiza muna 1790 kusvikira kumhinduro dzeIndaneti muna 2020, mitoo yacho yachinja, asi nheyo huru inoramba iri: kuverenga kwakarurama ndiko hwaro hwemipimo yeruramisiro nerakaro yezviwanikwa zvinochinjika. Sezvo United States inova yakasiana zvikuru, yakabatanidzwa zvikuru, uye kuva yakavanzika zvikuru, vazivisi vazhinji, vapfumi veCenca vanofanira kupfuurira kupfuurira kunyungurira apo vanoramba vachivimba navanhu. Kunzwisisa nhau nerevo yokuverengwa kwavanhu kunosimbisa vagari vemo kuti vatsigire rutivi, vatsigire kururama, uye kudzivirira nguva inotevera kugoverwa kwezviverengero zvehurumende. Chikumbiro chamagaro chamagariro chapamutemo chamatema chinoitwa — Chibvumirano cheAmericanhambano — Chikamu kana kuti chiyeve chiya chakananga kuutano choutano chako.