Zana ramakore rechi20 rinomira senguva yakaparadzwa nokuda kwamasangano ekodzero dzeroorano munyika yose. Kuvambira pakurwisa kwapakuvamba ganhuriro dzedzinza kusvikira kuhondo dzapashure nokuda kwokuzivikanwa kwokwevatano, iyi nhambo yakava nechinjo huru mumanzwisisire nedzokutungamirira roorano. Vaiti vemitemo, magweta, uye vagari vemowo zvavo vakadenha mitemo yetsika, vachimisa miganhu nokuisazve roorano mumugariro wakasiana zvikuru. Nyaya ino inonzvera fambiro mberi huru, nhamba, uye zvinoitika zvenyika izvo zvinorondedzera masangano ekodzero dzeroorano muzana ramakore rechi20, zvichisimbisa kutamburira kupfuurira nokuda kwokuenzana.

Kutanga Kwezana Remakore Rechi20 Kurambidzwa uye Zvinetso Zvokutanga

Pamavambo ezana ramakore rechi20, mitemo yeroorano munyika zhinjisa yakanga yakadzika midzi mudzinza, vatano, uye boka. MuUnited States, nyika makumi matatu dzinomanikidzira mitemo inorwisana nemitemo inodzorwa nemitemo yemichato yemarudzi akawanda yakaita utsotsi iyo yakaramba iripo kusvikira mukupera kwema1960. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzakaisa zvinodikanwa zverucheno rwedzinza, nepo munyika dzakadai seSouth Africa, Provition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) yakarambidza zvakajeka mibatanidzwa pakati pavanhu vachena namamwe mapoka edzinza. Roorano yaibatirawo sesangano ramadzitateguru: vadzimai kazhinji kazhinji vairangarirwa nenzira yapamutemo kuva zvinhu zvavarume vavo, nekodzero dzakaganhurirwa kuzvinhu zvavo vamene kana kuti kuchatanura.

Zvinetso zvapakuvamba kuizvi zvakabuda mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), yakavambwa muna 1909, yakatora nhau dzaibatanidza kusarurana kwedzinza muroorano, asi fambiro mberi yakanga iri inononoka. Masangano avakadzi, zvikurukuru ayo akabatana newave homesbost, akasundira nokuda kwechinjo yekodzero dzezvinhu zvevakadzi vakaroorwa nemitemo yokurambana. Muna 1929, kukwidza kwehurumende yeBritain Age of Marriaual Act kwakasimudzira roorano yapamutemo kusvika zera ramakore 16, rutivi rukuru mukupindura nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokurwisa kuroora vana. Izvi, nepo zvaiganhurirwa, zvakaisa denho huru gare gare gare gare muzana ramakore.

Mukuwedzera kuganhuriro dzedzinza nedzechikadzi, ukama hwevatano hwevatano hwakafanana hwakaitwa kuti huve hweutsotsi munyika yose kana kuti huve hwenzanga. Hakuna gadziriro yapamutemo yaivapo nokuda kwokuziva mubatanidzwa wevatano, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe vakatarisana nezvirango zvakakomba, kubatanidza kuiswa mutorongo nokumanikidzirwa kurapa. Masangano apakuvamba echiDutch COC (akavambwa muna 1946) uye Matchacine Society (1950 muUS), akavamba kutsigira nokuda kwokuzvidzwa kwetsika, kunyange zvazvo roorano yakaramba iri kure. Chifungwa chakapararira chakanga chiri chokuti roorano yakanga iri pakati pomurume nomukadzi bedzi, murangariro wakasimbiswa nedzidziso dzorudzidziso namagamuchidzanwa omutemo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Neroorano Yehurumende

Ma 1950 na 1960 zvakaratidzira chinjo huru mumasangano ekodzero dzeroorano, yakasundwa nokurwisa kwakafara kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. MuUnited States, kurwisana nemitemo inorwisana nehosha yetsika dzakava nzvimbo yehondo. Mhaka yechiratidzo ye yaibuda v. Virginia [1967]) yakanga iri mugumo wemakore echiito. Richard naMildred Lover, varoorani, vakapiwa mhaka yetsika dzakavakwa mu 1958 nokuda kwokuputsa Chiteko cheVirginia. Pashure pokudzingwa munyika, vakaendesa nhau yavo kuDare guru, iyo yakarova pasi nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana. Chivitina chaMakuru vakanyora kuti “rusununguko, kana kuti vasarone dzinza, varangwe nomumwe munhu. [2]

Simba re Kubuda. Mhaka yakatambanudzwawo muenzaniso wapamutemo kuti roorano yakanga iri maruramiro makuru, nheyo yakapinzwa gare gare mudzimwe nyika dzine rwisano dzeroorano dzakafanana. Zvisinei, kushora kwakanga kwakakomba. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kudzivisa kutonga kupfurikidza nokudzokerazve kumuchato mune dzimwe nzira dzechitsotsi, uye murangariro wavose wakaramba wakakamuraniswa. Yaizotorawo makumi amakore eroorano kuti ive roorano inogamuchirwa navose; sokupera kwa1901, kunzvera kwakawanikwa kuti kwechine roorano imwe cheteyo.

Kupfuura US, mamwe marudzi akaona zvinoitika zvakafanana. muUnited Kingdom, Race Relations Act ya1965 yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza munzvimbo dzavose asi haina kurangana zvakananga. Zvisinei, kuoneka kuri kuwedzera kwevakaroorana vedzinza rakavhengana nepesvedzero yekodzero dzevanhu veAmerica zvakabvisa zvishoma nezvishoma zvisatenderwa munzanga. MuCanada, roorano yemadzinza akasiyana - siyana haina kurambidzwa nenzira yakarongwa, asi rusaruraganda rwakanga rwakasimba kutozosvikira kuma1970. Kurwisana neganhuriro dzedzinza dzakaratidza kuti kodzero dzeroorano dzakanga dzisati dziri nhau yomunhu oga asi rutivi runotsoropodza kodzero dzavanhu dzakakura.

Kumuka kweLGBTQ+ Musangano Weroorano: Kubva Kuwanwa Kwamabwe Kusvika Kukuzivikanwa Kwapamutemo

LGBTQ yazvino uno inotevedza mavambo ayo kusvikira kukupera kwama 1960, inodzorwa nezvipikitsi zveStonewall muNew York City muna 1969. Stonewall yakanga iri nhevedzano yeratidziro dzinozviitikiranwa navanhu vanorwisana noutsinye hwamapurisa, uye yakatanga boka idzva rezviito zvakanangidzirwa pakuoneka nokuenzana. Muma 1970, masangano akafanana neGy Liberation Front ne Human Rights Cance (akavambwa 1980) akavamba kumanikidzira nokuda kwekodzero dzeroorano, kunyange zvazvo vatsigiriki vazhinji vapakuvamba vakamisa mitemo yokubvisa utsinganyiriri wemhosva uye kupesana. . [FLT] [FLT]

Kuedza kwokutanga kwapamutemo kuchengetedza roorano imwe cheteyo muUnited States kwakaitika muna 1970, apo varoorani veMinnesota, Richard Baker naJames McConnell, vakakumbira rezenisi reroorano. Mhaka yavo, Babaker v. Nelson, vakasvika Dare Gurusabheti muna 1972 asi vakarambwa nokuda kwe “kushaiwa nhau chaiyo yehurumende.” Kuramba kwedare kunzwa nhau yacho kwakabvumira nenzira inobudirira kurondedzera roorano sechipfuumbiso. Ichi chisaita chiito cheFiligis asi chakamanikidzirawo chikwidziro: kwamakumi matatu amakore akatevera, LGBTQ + masangano mazhinjisa ezvo kuwana betsero dzemhuri nedziviriro panzvimbo pokuzvidzivisira.

Ma 1980 akaunza denho itsva nemikana. Dambudziko yeAIDS yakaparadza LGBTQ+ nzanga, asi yakasimbisawo kushaikwa kwedziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo. Vashandi biyani vakanyimwa maruramiro eshanyo dzechipatara, nhaka, uye betsero dzeinishuwarenzi. Mukupindura, vashingairi vakasunda mitemo yeroorano yomumba. San Francisco vakapfuudza mutemo wokutanga wakadaro muna 1982, vachipa kuzivikanwa kwakaganhurirwa kuvaroorani vasina kuroora. Pakasvika 1990, nyika dzinoverengeka dzeScandinavia (1993), Norway (1993), Sweden (19959) .

MuUnited States, 1990 makaita zvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi nemhesano. Dare rapamusoro-soro reHawaii rakatonga mu Baehr v. Lewin (1993) kuti kunyima marezenisi eroorano kumitemo yevatano imwe cheteyo. Ikoku kwakaparira mhirizhonga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza [[FLT:]] Defense of Marriact [DOM] [Z] (DOMA) muna 1996, iyo yakarondedzera roorano pakati pomurume nomukadzi nokuda kwamadonzo ehurumende uye mukadzi anobvumirwa kuita roorano inoguma namakumi amakumi amakore. Purezidhendi Bill CN akasaice mumutemo, akazonzi nyika ino yakazonzi yakatenderwa kunyoreswa kupfurikidza nokunyoreswa kwebasa.

Hondo Huru Dzapamutemo Dzama 1990

Ma1990 akavawo nenhau dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzedare kunze kweUS. muCanada, Dare rokukwirira reOntario rakatonga mu M v. H. (1999) kuti varoorani voga voga vanofanira kubatanidzwa murondedzero ye “kutsigira kwoupotsi. Chisarudzo ichi chakagadzirira nzira yokuenzana kwakakwana muna 2005. MuSouth Africa, post-parate division, yakagamuchirwa zvakajeka muna 1996, kurambidza zvakajeka rusaruro pahwaro hwevatano, kuita kuti nyika yokutanga munyika idaro. Zvisinei, chakatongerwa kusvikira muna 2006 nokuda kweDare reMitemo remitemo kunyoresa pamutemo mu [FLT:] Mitemo yeMitemo yeMusha. [4]

Mirangariro Yenyika Yose Pamapoka Ekodzero Dzeroorano

Masangano ekodzero dzeroorano ezana ramakore rechi20 haana kuganhurirwa kunyika dzokuMadokero. MuLatin America, nyika dzakadai seArgentina neBrazil dzakava nokushata kwoupameso kwapakuvamba kweukama hwevatano nezivikanwo yehurumende. Bumbiro reCuba ra1969 raibatanidza vimbiso yakafara yokuenzana, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwemibato kwaivapo. muAsia, Japan neTaiwan dzakanga dzine LGBTQ + masangano, asi kuenzana kweroorano kwakaramba kuripo kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi 21. India yakaona kuvadziko yevatano yevatano youngochani muna 2018, asi maruramiro eroorano achine nharo.

MuAfrica, mamiriro ezvinhu akanga akaoma zvikuru. Nyika dzakawanda pashure penyika dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzakachengeta mitemo yapashure pekudzorwa kwehurumende dzakaita utsotsi humwe chetehwo muBotswana (2010) yakagarwa nhaka nemitemo yechirango cheBritain kana kuti cheFrance. Zvisinei, pashure peaparatid bumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika dzepasi pevhu rakaitawo basa: United Nations Human Rights Committee, mumiganhu yeUnited Nations yekodzero dzevanhu, mumhaka dzakadai se [[FLT:] Toonen. [FLD1] [1994], mutemo weutsotsi unoita kuti udzori hunopesana nohumo hwakato wakaramba kunyange mumhoteredzo inorwisana. Mitengo yeSangano yeNyika dzose dzakatonga nyika yose yakato dzakaitawo. Mitengo iyi hainawo kubatana nekodzero yehurumende Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeSangano dzeNyika Dzose.

Europe yakaona basa rakamanikana refambiro mberi. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzemhuri, mu [FLT] Schalk naKopf v. Austria (2010), rakaramba kuraira wirirano yeroorano asi rakaziva kuti varoorani voutevedzani vakawirana mudanho rekodzero dzemhuri. Pakuzosvika kumugumo wezana ramakore rechi20, Netherlands bedzi yakanga yanyoresa zvizere roorano, asi zvisungo zvakanga zvichiwanika muDenmark, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Finland, Germany, uye United Kingdom. Rwendo rumwe norumwe rwakaita masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika omunzvimbomo uye simba rezviito zvechimubatanidzwa.

Zviverengero Zvinokosha Nemasangano Murwisano Yekodzero Dzomuchato

Masangano ekodzero dzeroorano ezana ramakore rechi20 akadzorwa navanhu vane ushingi namasangano akasimba. MuUnited States, HARVEY Milky (1930/1978) akanga ari mumwe wevakuru vakuru vehurumende vokutanga kusarudzwa pachena munyika. Somutarisiri weSan Francisco, akarwira LGBTQ+ kodzero uye akaurawa muna 1978. Nhaka yake yakafuridzwa chizvarwa chavashingairi. Bardy Rustin[[[FLT:] (11219987]), murongi mukuru weMarch paWashington, akanga ariwo mutengi wekodzero dzevatano dzevagari vemo uyo akatsigira dzinza rose riri maviri nerevokuennounio, kunyange zvazvo chinyorwa chake chaidzorwa kazhinji.

Masangano akafanana na[[FLT: 0] KUPARADZA (AIDS Chibvumirano kuUntash Power, yakavamba 1987) akashandisa chiito chakananga kuraira kurapwa kwezvokurapa nokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwavanhu vane AIDS nemhuri dzavo. Lambda Maragi [[FLT:]] [yakavakwa] [[FLT]] na[FLT:] .[5][FLT]

Munyika yose, nhamba dzakafanana ne Hredh Windsor (1929-2017) dzakava zviratidzo zvehondo. Kunyange zvazvo rukundo rweDare Rapamusorosasaidzo ( United States v. Windsor[[[FLT:]], 2013) yakaitika muzana ramakore rechi21, denho yake yapamutemo kuDOMA yakavakwa pamakumi amakore echiito. MuNetherlands, [[FLT:]] Krol[FLT][FL:] uye COC yaishairira mutongo wakakwirira. [FK]

Kuziva Mavambo uye Kusiyana Kwazvo

Chidzidzo chikuru kubva muzana ramakore rechi20 chakanga chiri ukoshi hwokuvaka mibatanidzwa mumasangano akasiyana- siyana eruramisiro. Kurwira kuva wakaenzana kwemadzinza eroorano kwakabva pagadziriro yekodzero dzavanhu, nepo LGBTQ+ mubato wakadzikirwa nemhinganidzo dzinorwisana nehondo dzavakadzi muma 1970. Kupesana kwakafanana ne reNational LGBTQ+ Motical [Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu echikwata chehurumende ) (rakatarirwa 1973) kwakashanda kuvhara miganhuro pakati pevarariro yedzinza nerevokuenzana. Zvisinei, gakava rakavapowo, sezvo dzimwe maruramiro avagari vemopho nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzakanga dziripo nedzimwe maruramiro avanhu vakanga dziri dzorudzi. Kuparadza uku kupesana kwapa-marudzi.

Matambudziko Epamutemo Nenzanga Muzana Remakore Rechi20 Rapera

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, zana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurira kupesana kune simba mukurwisana namasangano ekodzero dzeroorano. MuUnited States, kubuda kweDOMA muna 1996 kwakateverwa neredhiyo yehurumende ne “kugadziriswa kweroorano”. Pakasvika 2000, hurumende 35 dzakanga dzaita mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakaganhurira roorano kuvakwanyina vevatano yevatano nevarume nevakadzi. Iyi nhano yaiwanzotsigirwa namapoka ezvitendero etsika akaomerera patsika aitaura kuti roorano yegamuchidzanwa yakanga iri mutyisidziro. Chechi yeKaturike, Southern Baptist Convention, uye mamwe masangano aikurudzira nhimberidzo dzouswa, kubatanidza “Kuponesa Vana Vedu. rondedzero inoshoo inoshorwa ya LBTQ.

Munyika dzakawanda, masimba anochinja akadzorerawo. MuRussia, Purezidhendi Boris Yeltsin akarerutsa ungochani muna 1993, asi zvimiro zvenzanga zvakaramba zvine utsinye, uye wirirano yeroorano haina kutongorangarirwa zvakakomba. MuEastern Europe, chinjo dzapashure pecommunist pane dzimwe nguva dzakaunza pesvedzero dzorudzidziso idzo dzakasimbisa mabasa etsika egamuchidzanwa echikadzi nerondedzero dzeroorano. Munyika zhinji dzeMiddle East neAsia, nhaka yehurumende yokumwe nyika (jeri renyika) yakabatanidzwa nemipimo yetsika yomunzvimbomo neyorudzidziso (chinonzi kurangarira roorano imwe cheteyo yakanga isingabviri mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Vamwe vashingairi vezvemitemo vaiva mukati meLGBTQ+ vakapanikira kutanga kweroorano, vachipa nharo dzokuti rakanga riri sangano retsika ringagona kubvisa simba panhau huru dzakadai sourombo, kutarisirwa kwoutano, uye masimba masimba amapurisa. Iri basa romukati raivapo pamwe chete nechishoro chokunze, richiparira nzvimbo yakaoma nokuda kwevatsigiri. Pasinei zvapo neiyi nharo, sangano rekodzero dzeroorano rakapfuurira kuwana tsigiro, zvikurukuru sokurangarira kunoita vanhu vose munyika dzakawanda kukuva vanogamuchirwa.

Zvinoitwa Nezvinobudisa Nhau Netsika Dzepokiri

Tsika dzezvokubudisa nedzepop dzakaita basa rinokosha mukuumba mirangariro yekodzero dzeroorano. Muma1990, terevhizheni inoratidza se “Rosean” uye“ Gace” acharatidza mavara engochani neukama, achibatanidza vakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo yevezerani. Musiano we 1998 Filini yeMuchatorial Bancott (Ang Lee) yakanzvera kuoma kweroorano imwe cheteyo mukati memhuri yeTaiwan, ichisvitsa vateereri venyika yose. Mapepanhau anofukidza zviitiko zvakafanana ne “March for Lesbian,y, naBicime Gault ne“ Sucture 30" akabetserawo kutsigira musi wegore wa30. Inthaneti yakazova chishandiso chokuronga kuronga kuronga Taiwan; mawebsitemu apakuvamba ewebhurari okupfuuni okupfuudzoro.

Nhaka uye Zvinetso Zvezana Remakore Rechi21

Masangano ekodzero dzeroorano ezana ramakore rechi20 akashandura zvikurukuru nzvimbo yepamutemo nenzanga. Nheyo yokuti roorano ikodzero huru, inosimudzirwa mu Lovang v. Virginia, yakazoshandiswa gare gare mu [ Obergfell v. Hodges[[FLT]] [2013], inonyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo munyika yose muUnited States. Njodzi dzakafanana nedzoro huru muEurope, uye mativi eLatin America. Chiteshingidzo chakapfuudzirwa neiyi inopfuudzira pakati pezana ra20. Zvisinei, itsika inobvumirawo mativi ose ebhizimisi. Mune zvinangwa zvakawanda, zvinangwa zviri kure, zvinoramba zviri kurevererwa, uye senhau dzeSupt America yeSault America.[5]

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakadzidzisawo kuti masangano ekodzero dzeroorano anobudirira zvikurusa apo anoshanda mumibatanidzwa nedzimwe rwisano dzeruramisiro. Kurwira roorano yemadzinza akasiana - siana, roorano yevatano yakafanana, uye kuenzana kwechirume nevatano zvakagoverana rutivi rumwe cheterwo: kudenha simba rehurumende rokudzora ukama hwapedyo. Kutarira mberi, chizvarwa chinotevera chevanorwira rudzidziso chichapfuurira kusunda nokuda kwokuenzana kwakakwana, kwete bedzi muroorano asi mumativi ose ekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzevanhu. Nhau yezana ramakore rechi20 ndeimwe youshingi, kupfuurira, uye kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kworudo rwapamutemo.

Kubva kumurume nomudzimai vane Rudo muVirginia kusvika kushamwari dzechikadzi dzokuDenmark, chiitiko chimwe nechimwe chairatidza kukunda kutya uye rusaruro. Nzira yacho haina kumbotevedzerwa, asi mamiriro ezvinhu emasangano aya haachinji / kutsigira simba revanhuwo zvavo kuti vaonekwe, varemekedzwe, uye vadzivirirwe nomutemo.