Calculus Yapakuvamba Yakagadzirwa Zvakanaka: Timor yeKoroni neHondo Yenyika II

Hwaro hwekuvimbisana kweAustralia neEast Timor hwakavakwa mukudzorwa kweHondo Yenyika II. Kare kare sangano rokuzvitonga risati ratanga, chitsuwa cheTimor chakava nomufungo mukuru nokuda kwaCanberra sechinovharidzo kumusoro. Pakuvamba kwa1942, sezvo mauto eJapan akapararira muSoutheast Asia, mauto eAustralia kubva ku2/2 Independent Company (Mauto eSport Timor) akaendeswa kuPortugal kuti arwise kuvhozhokera kumativi eNetherlands.

Chakatevera iBattle reTimor raipembererwa, chirwiso chevarwi chaityisa chakabatanidza zviuru zvemauto eJapan. Vamiriya veAustralia, vaitsigirwa nevanotakura vanhu vemuTimor nevakuru vakuru, vakauraya vanhu vakawanda. Izvi zvakaparira njodzi kuvanhu vokuEast Timor. VaJapan vakatsiva nokuuraya vanhu vakawanda, vachiuraya vanhu vanenge 40 000 kusvikira ku70 000 Timorese. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nechibayiro chakakura chomutsa pakati peAustralia neEast Timorese, chiyeuko chaizoodza pamutemo weAustralia kurwisa Indonesia.

Pashure pehondo, Portugal yakadzosazve udzori hwehurumende yokumwe yechitsuwa chacho, apo hafu yokumadokero yakava rutivi rweRepublic itsva yakazvimirira yeIndonesia. Kwamakumi matatu akatevera, muitiro weAustralia kuPortuguese Timor wakanga uri wokuregeredza kwomutsa. Hurumende yeMenzies yairangarira koroni yePutukezi semutoro wePutukezi ndokugadza ukama hwayo neJakarta, ichiona Indonesia sechiteji, inorwisana necommunin seyaikosha nokuda kwedziviriro yokuchamhembe yeAustralia.

Makore EWhittam: Chiedza Chokuvheneka

Kuwa kwehurumende yePortugal inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende inodzvinyirira yeUstado Novo muna April 1974 kwakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu zvikuru. Hurumende itsva yeLisbon yakakurumidza kubvisa mamiriro ezvinhu, ichinyandura kumuka kwezvamatongerwe enyika muEast Timor. Mapoka makuru matatu ezvamatongerwe enyika akaoneka: UDT (Timore Democratic Union), achitsigira kubatanidzwa nePortugal; APODETII, ichitsigira kubatana neIndonesia; uye FRETILIN (Revolution for Independent East Timor), iyo yakawana nokukurumidza tsigiro yakakurumbira nokuda kwechirongwa chayo chenzanga uye kuzvimirira kwakakwana.

Gurukota Guru reAustralia Geugh Whittam rakatarisana nechisarudzo chakakomba chemitemo yokumwe. Murangariro waWhitlam wakanga uri wechinonzwika. Aidavira kuti East Timor yakazvimirira yakanga iri mamiriro ezvinhu "asingabviri" ayo aizova asingadzivisiki aizova manyuko okusagadzikana kwenharaunda kana kuti chipfuro chepesvedzero yecommunist. Munhevedzano yemisangano naPrezidenti weIndonesia Suharto muna 1974 na 1975, Whittam akaratidzira kuti Australia "haza haisati isati ichizovhiringidzwa zvikuru" neEast Timor's Indonesia, chero bedzi kwakaitika norugare uye nokubvumira kwavanhu veTimorese. Ikoku kwakadudzirwa neJakarbase sechiedza chegirini nokuda kudzosera.

Chimiro chaWhitlam chakatsoropodzwa zvikuru sekundikano youtungamiriri hweAustralia. Nokutanga ukama hwezvirongwa neIndonesia, akarega nenzira inobudirira nheyo yokuzvisarudza nokuda kwavanhu veEast Timor. Iyi nzvero chaiyoiyo, yaigoveranwa nedhipatimendi reMarudzi eAffairs panguva yacho, yakagadzirira zvakananga nzira yokuvhozhokera kwakatevera.

Bharibho Mishanu: Muvengi Wamasimba Masimba

Muna October 1975, mauto chaiwo eIndonesia paakatanga kupinda mumuganhu weEast Timor, vatori venhau vashanu veAustralia vakanga vari mutaundi reBalibo. Greg Shackleton, Tony Stewart, Gary Cunningham, Brian Peters, naMalcolm Rennie vakanga vachishuma pamusoro perwisano yaiwedzera. Musi waOctober 16, vakatapwa ndokuurawa nemauto eIndonesia akanga akatsunga kuuraya zvapupu kuti zvivhozhoke.

Hurumende yeAustralia, ichitungamirirwa naMutungamiriri weHurumende Malcolm Fraser pashure pokudzingwa kwenharo kwaWhitlam, yakagamuchira nhau yebutiro rehondo yeIndonesia yokuti varume vakanga vaurawa mumoto. Hurumende yeBalibo Five yakava chiratidzo chine simba chekubatana kweAustralia. Kwemakumi emakore, hurumende dzakatevedzana dzakaramba kumanikidza Indonesia kuti ipedzerwe rufu rwadzo, isati yaita kuti dzisarudze ruramisiro yavakapondwa. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri shati inorwadza muUstralia-Indesia uye yengano pamusoro pemaritik.

Kushandisa Nokushandisa: Muitiro Wokunyarara

Musi wa7 December 1975, Indonesia yakatanga kuvhozhokera kwakazara kweDili, coded Microalct Seroja. Zviuru zveEast Timor zvakaurawa mumavhiki okutanga okuvhozhokera. Mhinduro yeAustralia yakarerutswa. Muna 1978, hurumende yeFraser yakapa dictoro ] kuzivikanwa kwakazara kweIndonesia muEast Timor, kureva Australia yaizobata Indonesia sechiremera chinotonga kunyange zvazvo isina kupa jure[FLT] ziviso yapamutemo. Uku kutamba kwechinyakare kwakadzika kwakabvumira Australia kuchengeta kurukurirano neukama hwezvemari neJarkarka nokudzivisa chose kutsigira kubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo inodzorwa.

Muitiro uyu waiva nechikamu chakajeka: kurondwa kweTimor Mekete Treaty. Gungwa reTimor rine mafuta negasi zvakawanda. Pasi pomutemo wenyika yose, East Timor kudai yaiva nyika yePortugal, muganhu upi noupi wepasi pegungwa waizokurukurwa nePortugal. Nokuziva kudzora kweIndonesia, Australia yaigona kutaurirana neJakarta. Chibvumirano cheTimormor , chakasainwa muna 1989, chakazonyora pasi pegungwa remari yakawanda, chichiita mari yakawanda yezvose zviri zviviri Canberra neJakartah asi chichibvisa zvachose vanhu veEast Timor.

Masangano akangwara eAustralia, zvikurukuru Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), akabatanidzwa zvikuru munguva ino. Muyakava chinyadzi chikuru, kwakaziviswa gare gare kuti ASIS akanga apambadza mahofisi edhipatimendi reAthorney-General mukati mekurukurirano dza 2004 kuti awane betsero paEast Timor mukukakavadzana pamusoro peoiri negasi. Ikoku kwakaratidzira zvakajeka urefu hwakagadzirira kuti Australia ichengetedze fariro dzayo dzakanaka nedzemari munharaunda.

Santa Cruz Massacre: Nguva Yokuchinja Pfungwa Dzevanhu

Pana November 12, 1991, varwi veIndonesia vakapfura mwoto pamariro ane rugare paSanta Cruz makuva muDili. Kuponda kwacho, kwakabatwa pafirimu nomutori wenhau weBritain Max Stahl, kwakaratidza nyika utsinye husingadzoreki hwebasa. Varwi vanopfura zvakananga mumisara yavasiri varwi vanotiza vakanyandura hasha dzamarudzi ose.

MuAustralia, hurumende yeHawke Labor yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro huru. Mhinduro yokutanga yakanga iri yokungwarira. Mutungamiriri weMamwe Marudzi ari mutsigiri akasimba wetsika yokuvimbisana zvikuru neIndonesia, achipikisa kuti kuzviparadzanisa kwaizoita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuipa. Hurumende yakatsoropodza masimba masimba asi yakadzivisa chinja ripi neripi remitemo. Zvisinei, kuuraya kwakanyandura East Timorse diaspora nesangano reAustralia, zvichiita kuti East Timor rive nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika yakakurumbira.

Kuwedzera Kwokupindira Mumutemo kweAustralia

Muma1990 ose, sangano rine simba remichina yemugungwa rakakura muAustralia. Mibatanidzwa, machechi, uye mapoka evadzidzi zvakaumba East Timor Action Network (ETAN) nemamwe masangano. Vakaita zvirango, vezvematongerwe enyika vakatutuma, uye vakasimudzira mari nokuda kwokudzivisa. Kuramba kwesangano rengarava kuiswa mungarava kui Indonesia kwakanga kuri chimiro chinobudirira zvikuru chechinzwano.

Kuzvinyima uku kwaikosha mukuchinja mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatungamiriri veEast Timor vaidzivisa kurwisana nehurumende yeEast Timor, zvikurukuru José Ramos-Horta naXana Gusmão, vakapedza makore vari muAustralia vachivaka tsigiro. Vakapa hurukuro muhoro dzetaundi nedzimba dzezvidzidzo dzeyunivhesiti, vachipa mhasa yechizvarwa cheAustralia. Sangano racho rakamanikidzira zvishoma nezvishoma mapoka makuru ezvematongerwe enyika kurangarirazve muitiro wetsigiridzo yejira reIndonesia.

Nguva Yokuchinja: 1998-19999

Sayenzi yeSayensi yePricial Crisis ye1997-98 yakavhiringidza hurumende yeSuharto, ichimumanikidza kuti arege basa muna May 1998. Mutsivi wake, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, Habibie, akaratidza kuva muchinji akanga asingatarisirwi. Habie akanga akajeka kukurukura nezvenzvimbo yeEast Timor, nyaya Suharto yakanga yaita seyaidziviswa.

Muna December 1998, Mutungamiriri wehurumende John Howard akanyora tsamba kuHabie achikarakadza nhambo yenhanho "yenguva refu yokuchinja" kuudzori. Tsamba yacho yaiitirwa kuva inobetsera, asi Habibie yakairondedzera sedzongonyedzo yeAustralia. Yakashatirwa nechikarakadzo uye yashingidzirwa nemirangariro yake amene yokuchinja zvinhu, Habibie akaita chisarudzo chinoshamisa: East Timor yaizopiwa chisarudzo pakati pechisarudzo chaicho nokuzvimirira kwakazara, pasi pekudzosera kweUN.

Chisarudzo ichi chakafadza nyika.Australia yakashinga kutsigira muitiro wacho. UN Alternation Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) yakatangwa netsigiro yesangano raibva kuAustralia. Nhambo yenhimbe yakakanganiswa nokutyisidzira uye nechisimba zvaibva kumauto eIndonesis, asi vanhu veEast Timor vakaratidza ushingi hunoshamisa.

Kudzorerwa Nokuparadzwa

Musi wa30 August 1999, 78,5% yavavhoti vakasarudza kuzvimirira. Zvakaguma nokuparadza kukuru. Mauto epro-Indonesia, achitsigirwa nemauto eIndonesia, akatanga nhimbe yepasi reIndonean. Akaparadza dzimba, akaparadza, uye akauraya mazana evanhuwo zvavo. Mishoni yeUN yaifanira kubuda munyika.

Mifananidzo yevapoteri iri kudirana mumuganhu uye utsi huchikwira kubva kudzimbahwe yakakonzera dambudziko renyika dzakawanda.Australia yaifanira kusarudza zvakasimba: kupindira kuti imise chisimba kana kuti kusiya East Timor kusvikira kunzvimbo inogarwa nevanhu voga.

MABHUKU: Australia Inotungamirira Nzira

Pasi pedzvinyiriro huru yakabva kuChibatanwa chaMarudzi neUnited States, Purezidhendi Habibie akabvuma nokuzengurira kugamuchira urongwa hwokuchengetedza rugare rwenyika yose.Australia yakatungamirira.Mubatanidzwa weInternational For East Timor (INTERFET) wakanga uri mubatanidzwa wamarudzi ose, asi Australia yakagovera kuwanda kwamauto nomutungamiriri wehondo, Mukuru Peter Cosgrove.

Mauto okuAustralia akatarisana nemauto akaoma mwoyo nemauto eIndonesia asi kurayira kwakaita nyika yose kwakaita kuti pasave nehondo yakakura. Mumavhiki mashoma, ITERFET yakanga yaita kuti pave nerunyararo uye yazarura nzira yokuyamura vanhu.

CONTFOTS yakava basa gurusa rehondo reAustralia chifo chehondo yeVietnam. Yakanga iri nguva yorudado rwenyika, ichibvumira Australia kuzvimisa imene somuchengeti worugare wenharaunda. Kwakaratidzirawo chinjo huru mumutemo wokumwe weAustralia: kubva pakugamuchira kudenha kwechiIndonesia kusvikira kukupindira kwokushingaira kutsigira nhambo yokuzvidzora.

Kuchinjwa Kuwana Kuzvimirira

Hurumende yeUnited Nations Transigational Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) yakatora nzvimbo paInteRFET muna February 2000, ichitarisira kuvakwazve kwenyika.Australia yakaramba iri mugove mukurusa wemauto nemapurisa. Musi wa20 May 2002, East Timor yakava nyika yakazvimirira, Xana Gusmão ari purezidhendi wayo wokutanga. Australia yakaita basa rinokosha mukubudirira uku kwenhau, zvose zviri zviviri semwana wepamberi pakuberekwa kwenyika uye somuridziviriri wekuchengetedzwa kwayo kwekare.

Ukama Hwepashure: Kukura Mune Kakavadzano

Ukama hwave hwakaoma.Australia yakaramba iri mukwanyina mukuru wechengeteko, ichiita kuti vachengeti verugare vagadzirwe zvakare muna 2006 apo kuparara kwemapurisa nemauto kwakatungamirira kumasimba masimba. Australian - eled International Reconciliation Force (ISF) yakabetsera kudzorera nhevedzano pamwe chete neUN (UNMIT).

Kusawirirana Mugungwa reTimor

Zvisinei, nhau yemari inogadzirwa neoiri negasi yakaramba iri honzeri yekusagadzikana. 2002 Timor Sea Treaty yakatanga kuparadzanisa mari kubva paJoint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) 90% kusvika kuEast Timor uye 10% kuAustralia. Zvisinei, munda mukuru weSun Greater Suniree waiva panze pe JPDA. Australia yakataurirana kuti iwane muganhu wenyika waizopa shumba mugove, nepo East Timor yakaomerera pamuganhu wemitsetse yenhau.

Kukakavadzana uku kwakava kwokunyanyisa. Muna 2013, vamiririri veAustralia vaitsvaka mari vakavhozhokera mahofisi eboka redare reEast Timor muCanberra, vachitora magwaro. Chirango chacho chakatongerwa neDare reSangano reAribhita. Kukakavadzana kwacho kwakazvurukira kwemakore, kuchiisa mumvuri paukama hwacho. Zvaiita sokuti vaitsigira upfumi hweAustralia, vaitorazve nzvimbo yokutanga pane zvaidiwa nomuvakidzani wavo.

Chibvumirano cheMaritime Boundary cha1918

Mukubudirira kwenhau, nyika mbiri dzakasaina Maritime Boundary Treaty muna March 2018. Chibvumirano chakatanga muganhu wechigarire pakati penyika mbiri panhambo yapakati, chichibvumirana kugoverana mari yeSun tsungiriro yakaenzana. Iyi yakanga iri budiriro yenhau yenhau, kupedza kuderera kumwe kunokosha zvikurusa. Kwakaratidzira kukura kwoukama, kubva pasimba rekare kuenda kuwirirano yavaenzani.

mhedziso

Nhau yokubatanidzwa kweAustralia musangano rekuzvimirira reEast Timor infundo ine simba mukushanduka - shanduka kwoukama hwenyika yose. Inoratidzira kuti personalitik inogona sei kuita gadziriro yokutanga, uye kuti dzvinyiriro yetsika inobva munzanga yevagari vemo inogona sei kuita nzira yakasiana. Kubva kunyadziswa kweBalibo Five uye kubatanidzwa kwebasa mumakore kusvikira kuchiito chikurusa cheInteFET, rwendo rweAustralia neEast Timor inhau yorudzi runotarisana nenhau yarwo. Ukama, nepo hunodzongonyedzwa nenharo pamusoro pezvipfuva nechengeteko, zvinomira sebvumirano yebviro yechinzwano neyananiso. Runoramba ruri rwwetanhando rwakatanhamara zvikurusa nerukurusa rweAustralia mumiitiro yazvino unosariranwa yokumwe nyika yokumwe nyika yokumwe.