Muitiro wakafanira unomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa mugadziriro ipi neipi yemitemo inoremekedza mutemo. Inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima nenzira yokuzvidira vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina kutanga kugovera miitiro inowirirana neutsotsi. Muzvose zviri zviviri miitiro yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti munhu ari wose anogamuchira ziviso, mukana wokunzwa, uye muiti wechisarudzo asina rekare. Iyi dziviriro haisati iri mipimowo zvayo isinganzwisisiki; ikodzero dzinoshanda, dzinomanikidzirwa dzinoumba magadzirire anoita matare, masangano, uye vakuru vakuru vanobata navagari vemo. Nokuda kwevadzidzi vanofunda mutemo kana kuti zvigaro, muitiro wokunzwisisa unokosha nemhaka yokuti inoparira kuva nomutemo wemiuyo yedare uye inochengeta chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yokutonga.

Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Muitiro wakafanira inheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yemitemo yakarurama uye yakatangwa isati yaita chiito chipi nechipi chinotapura maruramiro omunhu. MuUnited States, uyu murangariro unopinzwa muFindrencement, inoshanda kuhurumende yeGavhura, uye Iwewedhindi ye145, iyo inotambanudzira chinodikanwa kuhurumende. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “tsaurirwa muupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Chitsama ichi chinoratidzika kuva chakaparira mazana amakore okududzirwa, chichiita masangano maviri akasiana: muitiro weprocracturalticism uye muitiro wakafanira.

Muitiro wakafanira wezvokushongedzwa[[FT:1] unonangidzira ngwariro pamitoo namatanho zvinofanira kuteverwa nehurumende. Inobvunza kuti: Rudzii rweziviso runodikanwa? Rudzii rwokunzwa runofanira kugoverwa? Mugadziri wechisarudzo anofanira kuva asina rusaruro sei? Dare Rapamusoro rakati zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinosiana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi zvinhu zvikuru zvinoramba zviripo: ziva, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye dare risina kutsigira.

Muitiro wakafanira wokuzvitonga [, mukupesana, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga kubva mudzongonyedzo yehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okumutsa vana vako, uye maruramiro okuzvitonga kwomuviri anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuvadzivisa kutoti ine chikonzero chinogombedzera. Nepo muitiro wakafanira unopesana zvikuru uye unowirirana, muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri mutezo wedare rezuva riri rose namabasa okutarisira.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Mavambo egadziriro yakafanira anosvika kudzokera kuEngland yeMiddle Ages. Magna Carta ye1215 inowanzodudzwa semashoko okutanga akanyorwa enheyo. Chitsauko chayo chakakurumbira 39 chakazivisa kuti hapana munhu akasununguka aigona kubatwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa kwamaruramiro ake kunze kwe “nerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Mashoko iwayo,“ mutemo wenyika,” pakupedzisira akaenzaniswa no “muitiro womutemo. ” Nokufamba kwenguva mirau, yakadai seChirungu Chirevo cha 1628) uye Habeas Corpus Act (1679), akasimbisa pfungwa yokuti korona yevhuna haigoni kudzosa kana kuranga vanhu pasina kutevera miitiro yepamutemo.

Magna Carta Nenhaka Yayo

Vadzori vakamanikidzira Mambo John kusaina Magna Carta vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikurukuru kuganhurira vatsoropodzi voumambo. Vairaira kuti gakava dzipedzwe mumatare akagadzwa, kwete nekuda kwamambo. Nokufamba kwenguva, dziviriro dzechatanuro dzakakura kubva kuvakuru kusvikira kuvanhu vose vakasununguka, uye pakupedzisira kumunhu ari wose ari munzvimbo. Makoroni amaNgezi akatakura aya magamuchidzanwa kuAmerica, uko ivo vakapinzwa mumiitiro yehurumende yapakuvamba uye pakupedzisira muMutemo weU.S.

Kukura muUnited States

Apo Bill of Rights yakagamuchirwa muna 1791, Findrence yakapiwa kuti hapana munhu aigona “kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Pakutanga, ichi chitsama chakashandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChiviko, Igumi Negumi Nezana rePendement yakapazve chirambidzo chimwe chete. Munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvemagedhi muzana ezana ezana rechi19 nemavambo e20, Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kurondedzera mafambiro ebasa ose ari maviri evagari vemo neutsotsi. Makanga mauri akaita se [[FLT:] Hurda] v. [5] [5] [5] uye [mav] miganhuro yegore]

Nheyo Dzegadziriro Yakafanira

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko akananga echirongwa chakafanira anogona kusiyana, dzimwe nheyo dzinokosha dzinoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri kutongwa kwehurumende uye kweutsotsi.

  • Notice: Hurumende inofanira kuzivisa munhu nezvechiito chipi nechipi chapamutemo chinotapura maruramiro avo. Cherekedzo inofanira kurangarirwa nenzira ine mufungo kusvika pabato rinofarira, inopiwa migariro. Munhau dzehurumende, ikoku kunoreva basa romunhu oga rokuraira nokunyunyuta. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kunobatanidza kunyorwa kwepomero nekodzero yekodzero yokusungwa.
  • Kuzviwanisa kuti zvinzwiwe: Munhu anofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa ufakazi, kupikisana nenzvimbo yavo, uye kupindura kutaura kwokushora. Mumashoko ehurumende, ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okuita mafaira, kupinda mukuwana, uye kupa chipupuriro pakutongwa. Mukuita utsotsi, kunobatanidza maruramiro okutaura zvapupu, kudana zvapupu zvinodzivirira, uye kusimudzira dziviriro.
  • Tribunal: Mugadziri wechisarudzo] ($* mutongi, dare rinobetsera, kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende) anofanira kuva asina divi raanotora rutivi uye asingasaruri. Kuoneka kupi nokupi kwokusarura, sefariro yemari mumugumisiro kana kuti kubatanidzwa kwomunhu oga mumhaka yacho, kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira. Vagari vane maruramiro okunzwa nhau yavo nomutongi asina kurangarira nhau yacho.
  • Yakarurama ku Zano: Munhau dzoutsotsi, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro kugweta, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti iyi maruramiro anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende inofanira kugovera zano kuvakwiridziri vasingagoni kuritenga. Munhau dzehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji hamuna maruramiro emitemo ezano, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhau (kuchengetwa kwavana kana kuti musengwa wokuzvidira) dzingada zano rakagadzwa kusimbisa kururama.
  • Nhevedzo neMitemo yoUfakazi: Zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzoutsotsi zvinofanira kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa inodzora kuti ufakazi hunopiwa sei, ufakazi hupi husingapindwi, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei. Iyi mitemo inodzivisa ufakazi husingavimbiki kana kuti hunofungira kusashatisa muuyo uye inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinotsamira pahwaro hwakarurama.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mufambiro Wehurumende

Muitiro wakafanira wehurumende unoshanda panguva ipi neipi (kana kuti boka rinoshanda nechiremera chehurumende) rinotsvaka kutora zvinhu zvomunhu kana kuti rusununguko. Ikoku kunobatanidza kukwirira mhaka pamusoro pezvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, makakavadzano emhuri, temberi dzehurumende pamusoro pebetsero, uye kunyange zviito zvokuranga zviito zvechikoro. Mubvunzo mukuru ndouyu: muitiroi unodikanwa kuva nechokwadi? Chisarudzo cheDare guru mu Maws v. Eldidge yakasimbisa kuedza kuenzana kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo. Dare rinorangarira (1) fariro yapachivande ichatapurwa, (2) ngozi yengozi yokushaiwa kwapashairwa mumiitiro iripo namari inoteverwa, uye (3) mutengo wemitengo, kubatanidza mitoro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinodiwa Nevagari Vemo

  • Kupa mhaka kweMuitiro: Kutonga hakugoni kupfuurira kutoti mukwirirwi aziviswa nenzira yakafanira. Federal Mitemo yeChivil Proceduction neyakaenzana nehurumende zvinoda kupiwa kwomunhu oga, basa netsamba neshoko nokubvuma, kana kuti, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, chinyorwa. Basa risingakwaniswi rinogona kubvisa rutongeso.
  • Mifananidzo: Vaparidzi vose vanofanira kuva nemvumo kumashoko akakodzera. Mitemo yewadiro inobvumira kukumbira magwaro, kutora, uye kubvunzurudza. Pasina kuwana, paungasakwanisa kuunganidza ufakazi hunodikanwa kubvumikisa mhaka yacho, kuderedza mukana wokunzwiwa.
  • Kodzero dzechiRungu: Vatongi vanowanzova nekodzero yokutonga mhaka dzedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzomutemo (zvichipesana nokururamisira) uye kupa zvapupu noufakazi. Vatongi vanofanira kuva vasingasaruri, uye nhau dzinofanira kuitirwa mudare pachena kutoti migariro yechienzi ichida kuvharwa.
  • Appals:[ Kunyange zvazvo pasina maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukwirira munhau dzavagari vemo, miganhu mizhinjisa inogovera imwe. Kukwirira kunobatira sevharo yekotsekano kururamisa zvikanganiso zvingave zvakaputsa muitiro wakafanira pakutongwa.

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha umo muitiro wakafanira wehurumende wakagamuchira ngwariro huru yedare mukutonga. Zvirongwa zvinosarudza kukodzera betsero dzegarikano yeSangano reSangano reSangano reManyika, muripo wourovha, kana kuti maraisenzi enyanzvi zvinofanira kugovera kutongwa pamberi pomukuru mukuru asingatori rutivi. Mu Goldberg v. Kelly[ [1970] [1970], Dare rapamusoro rakachengeta kuti ripedze kugadzirirwa betsero dzegarikano, hurumende inofanira kugovera kukurumidza kunzwika neziviso yakanyorwa, mukana wokupa uchapupu nezvapupu, uye chisarudzo chakanyorwa. [[FLT:] Maws [FLT]] [FLT]]]

Kufambira Mberi Kunoitika Mumatsotsi

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, mapango acho ari pakakwirira zvikurusa: kurasikirwa norusununguko, kana kuti kunyange upenyu.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoumba Matsotsi

  • Kurudyi kuKutonga kwapakarepo: The Sixth Amendment inovimbisa muedzo “pasina kunonoka kusiri madikanwa.” Ikoku kunodzivisa kuchengetwa kusingachinjiki, kunovimbisa kuti ufakazi hunoramba huchiri hutsva, uye hunoderedza funganyo nokuda kwomupomerwi. Dare Rapamusoro rakatanga muedzo wehipatine mu Barker v. Wingo [ [7] [7] Kusarudza kana maruramiro aputswa: urefu, chikonzero nokuda kwokunonoka, pembedzerwa kwekupomerwa rudyi, uye rusaruro kumupomendirwi.
  • Kuiswa kweIncince: Mukwiridziri ari wose anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Iyi nheyo, yakapinzwa mu Muwinshi[ [1970]), inoda kupiwa mhaka kuti itakure mutoro wose wechibvumikiso. Juries anofanira kuraidzwa kuti kuva nemhaka kusava nemhaka chinhu chinokosha chokutonga kwakarurama.
  • Chirevo Kuramba Wakanyarara: Hurumende yeshanu inodzivirira vakwiridziridziri pakumanikidzirwa kuzvipupurira vamene. Chisarudzo chechiratidzo muna Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966) inoda mapurisa kuzivisa vanonyumwira urwu maruramiro, pamwe nemaruramiro okupa zano, pamberi pokubvunzurudza. Zvisarudzo zvinowanikwa mukuputswa kwe [[FLT: 4.] Maranda kazhinji kazhinji kacho]
  • Yakarurama Kuzano: Hurumende yechitanhatu inovimbisa maruramiro kumumiriri. Mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], Dare rapamusoro rakaramba richigadza zano nokuda kwomupomeri upi noupi akananga kupomerwa asingagoni kubhadhara gweta. Gare gare zviitiko zvakatambanudzira iyi maruramiro kunhau ipi neipi uko kuiswa mutorongo kunobvira, kubatanidza varevi vakashata.
  • Kururamisirwa kuJury Tsa olonjanja: Nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba (idzo dzinorangwa neinopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu yokuiswa mutorongo), Summerce yechitanhatu inovimbisa kutonga kunoitwa nedare risingasaruri rakatorwa murutivi rwakaenzana rwenzanga. Mukwirirwi angatorera iyi maruramiro, asi mukwiriri anofanira kuva anoziva uye anozvipira.
  • Mufananidzo woufakazi hweExculporation:[[FT:1] Pasi [[FT:] Brady v. Maryland (1963), vachuchisi vanofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hunofadza kumukwirirwi uye zvinhu kukuva nemhaka kana kuti chirango. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira, pasinei zvapo nokuti mupokani wacho akashanda mukutenda kwakanaka.

Mukuwedzera kuizvi vimbiso chaidzoidzo, vakwirirwi vane muitiro wakafanira kukutonga kwakakomba kwakarurama. Ikoko kunoreva kuti mutongi anofanira kuva asingasaruri, miraidzo yedare haifaniri kuisa mutemo usina kururama, uye mamiriro edare edare haafaniri kuva anowirirana. Nhevedzo, dzakadai sekutongwa, kunzwika kwegwero, uye kudzvinyirirwa, zvinofanirawo kuwirirana nomuitiro wakafanira. Somuenzaniso, bhero haigoni kuiswa pachitsama chakakwirira kwazvo zvokuti haigoni kuranga nenzira inobudirira mupomeri asati atongwa, uyewo haigoni kurambwa pasina kunzwika kurangarira ngozi yokubhururuka uye ngozi kunzanga.

Kukanganiswa Kwezvinoitwa Pamusana Pezvirongwa Zvataifanira Kuitwa

Kana zvikanzi zviitwe zvisina kufanira, migumisiro yacho inogona kuva yakakomba. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, kutyora mutemo kungatungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi, kubviswa kwepomero, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwekutendiswa pakukwirira. Munhau dzehurumende, kutonga kungabviswa, uye mapati angamanikidzwa kudzokororwazve. Asi mugumisiro wacho unopfuura nyaya imwe neimwe. Kudzokororwa kwemhosva kunowedzera chivimbo chavose mutsika yepamutemo uye kubereka kusavimbika pamusoro peruramisiro nokuenzana pasi pomutemo.

Migumisiro Yokutyora Mutemo

  • Appeleals neReversals: Vadziviriri vanogona kuratidzira kuti maruramiro avo akafanira akapunzwa anodzorwa kuhwirudzurwa. Kana dare reappllate rikawana kuti mhosho yakanga isiri isingakuvadzi, kugona kuva kwakatapura muuyo wacho(kutenderwa kana kuti rutongeso zvichachinjwa. Muzvinoitika zvakati, mhaka ingadzorerwa nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva nemiitiro yakafanira.
  • Mutemo weThrofficion: Munhau dzoutsotsi, ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwomuitiro wakafanira (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokutsvaka kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kureurura kwokumanikidzira) hunogona kudzingwa pakutongwa mukutonga kwegweta. Uyu mutemo, nepo uchiitiranwa nharo, unobatira sechidziviso mukurwisana nomufambiro wamapurisa uye unotsigira perero yejadhiyari.
  • [[FOL:0] HARbeas Corpus: Vasungwa vangadenha kuva pamutemo kwekusungwa kwavo kupfurikidza nemhesho yehabeas corpus, vachizivisa kuti muitiro unodikanwa unoitwa unoita kuti kutonga kwavo kuve kusina kururama zvikurukuru. Federal habeas inopa nzvero yokupedzisira pazvikanganiso zvehurumende.
  • Public Ocry and Reform: profile yakakwirira inodikanwa negadziriro dzinodavirwa pamutemo dzakanzi dzakashaikwa gare gare neufakazi hweDNA(*) hwakatungamirira kumasangano echinjo dzeruramisiro yeutsotsi. Chinjo mumiitiro yokuzivisa kwezvipupuriro zvakaona, miitiro yebvunzurudzo, uye mirau inowana zvose zvakanyandurwa nokuputswa kwomuitiro wakarurama.

Masangano ehurumende angarayirwa kuti ape betsero dzinoshanda kana kuti kubhadhara zvinokuvadzwa. Mumhaka dzakanyanyisa, matare angapa mirayiro inoda sangano racho kuti ripedze nzira dzaro.

mhedziso

Nheyo dzemuitiro wakafanira hadzisi zvisaririra zvenhau; ivo vari kurarama zvisimbiso izvo zvinochinjira kumigariro mitsva apo zvinochengeta mipimo mikuru yeruramisiro noruremekedzo nokuda kwechiremera chomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira ku Mathews v. Elctridge uye ] Manda [[[FLT]]], mutemo wakakudza nenzira yakatsigaidza dziviriro dzinowanika kumunhu ari wose anotarisana nechiito chehurumende. Vadzidzi vanodzidza muitiro unowana kuonga kukuru zvikuru nokuda kwemiitiro yezvo, asi somutoo umene unoparadzanisa mutemo nesimba risingafungidziri. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nheyo idzi, tinogona kusimbisa kuti ruramisiro inowanikwa muzvose zviri zviviri utsotsi.