Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo yePurezidhendi Oath

Mhiko yapurezidhendi wehofisi, yakapinzwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheUnited States Constitution, inomirira imwe yamagamuchidzanwa anogara zvikurusa muhurumende yeAmerica. Apo vagadziri vamafomu vakaungana muPhiladelphia mukati mezhizha ra1787, vakanzwisisa kuti budiriro yehurumende yavo yokuedza yaizotsamira zvikuru paunhu uye kuzvipira kwemukuru wayo mukuru mukuru. Mutauro wavakagadzira nokuda kwemhiko yapurezidhendi wakanga uri wamaune, kuraira purezidhendi ku "kupika nenzira youngwaru" kana kuti "Kusimba" kuti vaizo“ ramba vachiuraya Hofisi yaPristie weUnited States" uye, kumunhu akanakisisa wezvinoita. "Serrever, uye dziviriro muganhu yeUnited States."

Musiyano pakati pokutuka nokusimbisa wakanga uri mugumisiro wokungwarira. Chizvarwa chakatangwa, kubatanidza Quakers uye mamwe masekete maduku, chairamba kupika mhiko dzechitendero. Nokubvumira kupika sechimwe chinhu, vairatidza kuzvipira kurusununguko rwechitendero kwaizobatanidzwa muFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo ichi chiduku asi chine revo chakasimbisa chinangwa chikuru cheBumbiro remitemo: kuumba hurumende inogona kugona kutsiva zvitendero zvakasiyana - siyana asi ichichengeta zvinangwa zvakabatana.

Mukati meConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo muPhiladelphia, Dare reMipinduro rakakarakadza pakuvamba mhiko iri nyore zvikuru, asi shanduro yokupedzisira yakabuda muDare reSpecial, iro raibatanidza Gouverneur Morris, uyo anorumbidzwa zvikuru nemhiko dzinooneka muBumbiro reMitemo. Mhiko yacho yakarongedzerwa kupiwa pachena, zvikurukuru neDare guru reUnited States Supreme Court, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo risingatauri chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anofanira kurishandisa. Nokufamba kwenguva, tsika yeRumbiso Rukuru runobata mhiko yakavambwa naGeorge Washington achiita mhiko yokutanga pana April 30, 1789, paGwaro mukuru muNew York City, rinoitwa naRobert Livington, Sautor of New York.

Kutsaurirwa kweWashington kwakagadza mienzaniso yaizopesvedzera chinjo dzapurezidhendi kwamazana amakore aiuya. Iye akawedzera kutaura kwokuti "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" kumugumo wemhiko, gamuchidzanwa iro purezidhendi vazhinjisa vakatevera, kunyange zvazvo kusati kuchidikanwa mumutemo. Washington akaisawo ruoko rwake paBhaibheri, achigadza imwe gamuchidzanwa rokufananidzira iro rakapfuurira munhau yeAmerica. Uku kuwedzera kwamasanga kuchinodikanwa chapamutemo kunoratidzira kuti mhiko yacho yakashanduka - chinja sei kupfurikidza nokushandisa, kuva mutambo wakaisvonaka kupfuura vagadziri vangava vakafungidzira.

Mashoko ebumbiro remitemo anoratidzawo kusawirirana kukuru mukutonga kweAmerica: ukama pakati pebazu rinodzora namamwe mapazu ehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokupika ku "chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo," purezidhendi anobvuma kuti chiremera chavo chinobva muBumbiro remitemo pacharo, kwete murumano rwakakurumbira kana kuti chinzvimbo chomunhu oga. Irori rinomirira musengwa mukuru kukutonga kwomutemo, nheyo yakaedzwa yaedzwazve mukati menhambo dzenjodzi yorudzi.

Mitoro Yavakuru Voumambo Munguva Dzehondo

Munhau yose yeAmerica, kutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi kwave kuchiitika nguva nenguva dzerwisano yezvombo. Nguva idzi dzakazivisa basa remhiko mukugovera kupfuurira nedzikamo mukati menguva dzine ngozi nedzisina kujeka. Kubatana kwokutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvehondo kwakaparira nhambo dzine simba dzokufananidzira idzo dzakasimbisa masangano ehurumende inotonga navanhu.

Abraham Lincoln Nehondo Yavagari Vemo

Kutsaurirwa kwokutanga kwaAbraham Lincoln pana March 4, 1861, kwakaitika panzvimbo yapakati pekuwedzera kwehondo yavagari vemo yoswedera. Nyika nomwe dzokumaodzanyemba dzakanga dzatozivisa kufambiswa kwadzo kunobva muUnion Lincoln isati yaita mhiko, uye Konferatement States of America yakanga yaumbwa mwedzi wapfuura. Mugariro muWashington wakanga waoma, mauto akaiswa mukati meguta rose kuti adzivise masimba masimba anobvira. Lincoln amene akanga asvika mudzimbahwe pachivande, achiumba chirongwa chokuuraya muBaltimorence.

Mutongi mukuru Roger B. Taney akapa mhiko kuLincoln paEast Portico yeCapitol. Chivimbo chakajeka: Taney akanga anyora chisarudzo chaDred Scott chokuti Lincoln neRiphabliki yake vakanga vashora zvakasimba kwazvo. Uku kubatana kwevavengi vezvematongerwe enyika vaibatanidzwa mugadziriro yemitemo kwakaratidzira kusimba kwemasangano eAmerica kunyange sezvo nyika yakabatana nechemberi kwokuparadzana. Ayasio, nokukumbira kwayo kwakakurumbira ku "ngirozi dziri nani dzomusikirwo wedu," yakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri tariro yake yokuyananiswa uye kutsunga kwake kuchengetedza Union.

Kutsaurirwa kwechipiri kwaLincoln pana March 4, 1865, kwakapa mashoko akapoteredza akasiana zvikuru. Hondo yavagari vemo yakanga iri mumavhiki ayo okupedzisira, norukundo rweUnion rwakanga ruchiwedzera kuva rwechokwadi. Lincoln akapa zvichida hurukuro inoshamisa zvikurusa yokutanga munhau yeAmerica, achidana kuti "kuna ani naani" uye kuti "Kumira kwavose" sezvo rudzi rwakanga rwagadzirira kuvakwazve. Chiratidzo chaPust Salphin P. Chase chakapa mhiko, chiratidzo chokuti nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga yachinja chose sei chifo chaDrde Scott nguva. Vhiki nhadzi nhanhatu gare gare gare gare, Lincoln aizourawa, achiita hurukuro yake yechipiri yokutanga yedarudzo inotambudza pamusoro pezvitsauko zvehondo nedenho dzorugare.

Franklin Roosevelt neHondo Yenyika II

Franklin D. Roosevelt kutsaurirwa kwakana kwakaitwa paKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi neHondo Yenyika II, nhambo dzakaedza utongi hweAmerica hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kusvikira kumiganhu yahwo. Kutsaurirwa kwake kwokutanga pana March 4, 1933, kwakaitika mukati mokuderera kwoKuderera kwoUrombo, nokushaya mabasa kunosvika 25 muzana uye kundikano dzebhangi dzakaparadza rudzi. Mutongi mukuru Charles Evans Hughes akapa mhiko yacho sezvo Roosevelt akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya kutya ndirwo chimene." Chinotanga chibvumirano chakaitwa chakamirira nguva yetariro yakabatana nechisarudzo, namamirioni eAmerica aiteerera mumaredhiyo ari munyika yose.

Roosevelt yokutsaurirwa kwechitatu musi waJanuary 20, 1941 — wokutanga kuitika pamusi mutsva wakatangwa neMitevedzano yeMiteve Yechipiri — yakaitika sezvo Hondo yeNyika II yaiitika muEurope asi pamberi pokubatanidzwa kwakananga kweAmerica. Mhiko yacho yakabatira sechiyeuchidzo chetsika dzehurumende yedemokrase yeAmerica panguva apo fascism yakanga ichityisidzira masangano ehurumende yedemocracy munyika yose. Pakasvika 1945, apo Roosevelt akapika kwenguva yechina, akanga atova kuderera kwoutano, uye hondo yakanga yava kusvika kumugumo wayo. Kupfupika kweiyi kutsauriro yokupedzisira — yakaitwa panzvimbo peCapitol panzvimbo pekudzorwa nenguva yehondo yehondo.

Muutungamiriri hwose hwaRoosevelt, mhiko yairatidzira kupfuurira nedzikamo mukati medenho dzisina muenzaniso. Kudisa kwake kuputsa gamuchidzanwa — kutanga kupfurikidza nokumhanya nokuda kwamashoko matatu, ipapo nokuda kwemana — kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi iyo pakupedzisira yaizotungamirira kuMapendudziko Amakumi maviri neSango. Bva mukati menjodzi dzimene, kutarisirwa kwemhiko yacho kwakagovera vimbiso yokuti miitiro yedemokrati yakapfuurira kushanda.

Kubiwa KwaPuerside Mune Zvematongerwe Enyika Nemitemo

Kupfuura hondo, nhoroondo yeAmerica inosanganisira zviitiko zvakawanda apo mhiko dzapurezidhendi dzaiitwa panguva dzenyongano yezvematongerwe enyika, kusava nechokwadi kwebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anotevedzana.

John Tyler Nokubudirira Kwokutanga KwaPrezidhendi

Rufu rwaPrezidhendi William Henry Harrison muna 1841, mwedzi mumwe chete pashure pokugadzwa kwake, rwakaita njodzi yebumbiro remitemo yaizogadza muenzaniso wakakomba. Rufu rwaHarrison rwakanga rwuri rufu rwokutanga rwapurezidhendi muhofisi, uye chitsama chamashoko chomutevedzero cheBumbiro reMitemo chakanga chisina kujeka, chichitaura bedzi kuti masimba apurezidhendi aizova anoshanda paMutungamiriri weHurumende kana kuti purezidhendi murudyi rwake amene.

Vice Junier John Tyler akanga ari pamusha pake muWilliamsburg, Virginia, apo akaziva nezvorufu rwaHarrison. Akamhanyira kuWashington uye akapikirwa naMambo William Cranch weU.S. Dare reNhenha reRuwa reColumbia pana April 6, 1841. Tyler nokukurumidza akataura kuti akanga asiri bedzi "purezidhendi anoshanda" asi akanga ari purezidhendi akazara, namasimba ose nemabasa ebasa. Akatora mhiko yapurezidhendi kuti atsigire kutaura kwake, achisimbisa muenzaniso wokuti muteveri wekambani vanopinda purezidhendi vanova purezidhendi murudyi rwavo vamene. Iyi gare gare gare yakasimbiswa mudariro yamakumi maviri namakumi maviri. Tlerlet akaratidzira kuti chipikiso chaigona kushandiswa sei kusimbisa kupfurikidza nokujekesa mutemo, achigovera kupfurikidza nokujekesa.

Andrew Johnson uye kuvakazve

Kutevedzana kwaAndrew Johnson pashure pokuurawa kwaLincoln pana April 15, 1865, kwakamirira imwe yedzorero hurusa yapurezidhendi munhau yeAmerica. Johnson, Mudzori weTennessee uyo akanga aramba akavimbika kuUnion, akapikirwa muMutongi Mukuru Salmon P. Chase mumutambo mupfupi paKirkwood House Hotery muWashington. Mhiko yacho yakafunga zvikuru sezvo Johnson akafunga kuva mutungamiriri werudzi ruchiri kusurukirano muhondo yavagari vemo vomunyika imwe nyika uye zvino ari kuchema kurasikirwa nomutungamiriri wayo mukuru.

Johnson aizova mutungamiriri waizoratidzirwa nerwisano yakakomba neCongress pamusoro pomuitiro wokugadziridza. Kudisa kwake kuita mhiko yebasa hakuna kudzivisa kudzorwa kwake kwokupedzisira neImba yavamiririri — kunyange zvazvo iye akasunungurwa nevhoti imwe muDare. Mhaka yaJohnson yakaratidzira ganhuriro dzemhiko: nepo yakasunga purezidhendi kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, kwaisagona kuvimbisa kuti purezidhendi aizodudzira mitoro yemitemo nenzira imwe cheteyo seCongress.

Lyndon Johnson Nokuurawa kweJFK

Zvichida mhiko yapurezidhendi inoshamisa zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica yakaitika muAir Force One pana November 22, 1963, maawa mashomanene bedzi pashure pokuurawa kwaPrezidenti John F. Kennedy muDallas, Texas. Vice Lyndon Johnson akapikirwamo nomutongi wehurumende Sarah T. Hughes, achiita kuti Johnson ave purezidhendi wokutanga kutangwa nomukadzi. Mutambo wacho wakaitika muminheto yendege yapurezidhendi, naJacqueline Kennedy, achiri akapfeka suturo yake yepinki, akamira pedyo.

Pikicha yeiyi nziyo yakava chimwe chemifananidzo mikurusa yemifananidzo yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kutora giravhiti nokukurumidza kutevedzana kwapurezidhendi. Mhiko yaJohnson yaimirira zvose zviri zviviri chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo nechiratidzo chine simba chokupfuurira mukati menhambo yekatyamadzo yenyika nenhamo. Kumhanya uko chinjo yacho yakaitika nako — anenge maawa maviri chete pashure porufu rwaKennedy — kwakaratidzira ukoshi hwebumbiro remitemo mukuvimbisa kuti simba rapurezidhendi raizochinjwa nguva dzose nokukurumidza uye nenzira yakajeka.

Gadziriro yaJohnson yakasimbisa ukoshi hwechokufambisa chazvino uno nekurukurirano mukuchinja kwapurezidhendi. Johnson akaita mhiko asati aenda Dallas, achivimbisa kuti hapana musiyano muchiremera chavakuru vakuru waizoitika kunyange sezvo rudzi rwakadzidza nezvorufu rwaKennedy. Uku kusvika kwakava muenzaniso nokuda kwenhevedzano yomunguva yemberi, kuchisimbisa ukoshi hwokupfuurira kwokukurumidza uye kunooneka.

Kurwisana Kwemashoko Nenjodzi Dzepasi Pose Munguva Youtungamiriri Hwehurumende

Nguva yeHondo Yemashoko yakatangira zvinetso zvitsva zvapurezidhendi weAmerica, nezvombo zvenyukireya, kurwisana kwepfungwa, uye mitoro yenyika yose zvichichinjazve simba rapurezidhendi.

John Kennedy uye Hondo Yenyukireya

John F. Kennedy, musi waJanuary 20, 1961, akaitika pakakwirira perwisano yeHondo Yemashoko. Purezidhendi mutsva akapa hurukuro yake yokutanga muchando chaityisa cheWashington, mashoko ake anooneka mukufema kukuru sezvaakataura kurudzi nenyika zvakasanotarira. Denho yaKennedy yakakurumbira — `Kubvunzai icho nyika yenyu inogona kukuitira" — yakaitirwa kupesana nokukwirira kwenyukireya uye rwisano neSoviet Union.

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akapa mhiko kuna Kennedy, uyo akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri rimwe chetero rakashandiswa naGeorge Washington naAbraham Lincoln. Chifananidzo chokupfuurira napurezidhendi wekare chakanga chiri chamaune, chichikarakadza kuti magamuchidzanwa ehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica aizotsungirira kupfurikidza nedenho dzezera reatomu. Bva kutsaurirwa kwaKennedy kwakaratidzirawo pwere nesimba rechizvarwa chitsva, napurezidhendi wezera ramakore 43 anomirira musiyano mukuru wake Dwight Eisnerower, uyo pazera ramakore 70 akanga ari purezidhendi mukurusa wezera kusvikira papfundo iroro.

Kennedy aizova mutungamiriri wehurumende yaizodzorwa nenjodzi dzemiitiro yokumwe, kubatanidza Bay of Hungues vhozhe, Berlin Crisis, uye Cuban Missile Crisis. Mhiko yaakaita pamangwanani iwayo yaizoedzwazve sezvo akatarisana nebviro yehondo yenyukireya. Mukati meCuba Missile Crisis muna October 1962, kuzvipira kwaKennedy kukuchengeta nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo kwakava nerevoresa sezvo nyika yakasvika pedyo zvikuru nakare kare kuArmagedhoni yenyukireya.

Richard Nixon Nomugumo WeNguva Yehondo Yamashoko

Richard Nixon wechipiri kutsaurirwa musi waJanuary 20, 1973, kwakaitika mukati menhambo yezvose zviri zviviri mukana wamarudzi ose nenjodzi dzomumba. Nixon akanga atanga ukama hwemibatanidzwa neChina ndokutevera kudzorwa neSoviet Union, achibvisazve nzvimbo yeHondo Yemashoko. Bva mhaka yeWatergate yakanga yatofukunurwa, kunyange zvazvo mativi ayo ose akanga asati ava pachena. Mhiko yaNixon yakatora zuva iroro zvino inoratidzika kuva inosetsa: akapika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo apo ubati ushe hwake hwakanga hwave hwabatanidzwa mukuedza kwakarongwa kuputsa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende.

Apo Nixon akarega paAugust 9, 1974, Vice Purezidhendi Gerald Ford akapika muEast House yeWhite House. Kupinda kwaFord kwaive kusati kwamboitika kare kare: akanga agadzwa kuva mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi muAmakumi maviri-F5th Amendment pashure pokurega kwaSpiro Agnew, achimuita purezidhendi wokutanga asina kutongosarudzwa kungava mutevedzeri weEast kana kuti muteveri wapurezidhendi. Mhiko yaFord yakamirira kuedza kudzorera chivimbo muna Noxon pashure pokubatwa zvisina kufanira kweNen nguva yaNixon. Kukanganwira kwake kwakatevera kwaNexon, apo akanga achimutsa nharo, kwakaratidza chitendero chake chokuti rudzi rwaifanira kuenda mberi panzvimbo pokugara rwakashata mumatare naparudzo.

Mutezo Wamakumi Aviri Nezvishanu uye Kubudirira Kwazvino Uno

Kuiswa kweChibvumirano chaMakumi maviri ne5 kubva muna 1967 kwakataura nezvezvinhu zvakawanda zvakatevedzana munhevedzano yapurezidhendi zvakanga zvaratidzwa munhau yose yeAmerica. Kugadziriswa kwakagovera miitiro yakajeka nokuda kwezvinzvimbo zvoupurezidhendi zvechikamu chapurezidhendi, urema hwapurezidhendi, uye kuchinjwa kwesimba. Kwakarongawo kukosha kwemhiko youpurezidhendi segadziriro yokuita kuti kurambe kuchipfuurira uye kuva pamutemo.

Chikamu 1 chegadziridzo chakabatanidza muenzaniso weTyler, kuchisimbisa kuti "Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi achazova Mutungamiriri weProfesi" parufu rwapurezidhendi kana kuti pakurega. Chikamu 2 chakagoverwa nokuda kwokuzadza nzvimbo dzapurezidhendi dzoupurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kwapurezidhendi. Zvikamu 3 ne4 zvakananwa nomugariro wapurezidhendi, zvichibvumira mutevedzeri kubatira sapurezidhendi apo purezidhendi anenge asingakwanisi kuita mabasa avo. Kuchinja kwakamirira mhinduro yebumbiro-mitemo kuzvinetso zvenhevedzano izvo zvakanga zvavamba munhau yeAmerica.

Ukoshi hweChibvumirano chaMakumi maviri ne5th Amendment hwakava pachena mukati mekuiswa kwechipatara kwaPrezidenti Ronald Reagan pashure pokuedza kuuraya muna 1981. Reagan akanga apfurwa naJohn Hinsckley Jr. pana March 30, 1981, uye akavhiyiwa nokukurumidza. Mutungamiriri wehurumende George H.W. Bush akanga achidzokera kuWashington. Pakanga pane nyonga pamusoro pokuti simba rakanga rachinjwa nenzira yapamutemo, sezvo Reagan akanga asina kukumbira Chikamu 3 cheAndementmentment. Chinoitika chacho chakatungamirira kukugadza miteko yemitemo yakajeka yaparidziro yokukwidza pakudikanwa.

Purezidhendi George W. Bush akakumbirwa kaviri Chikamu 3 cheChikamu chaMakumi maviri ne5th Amendment panguva yaaitonga, achitamisira simba kuVice denderer Dick Cheney kwechinguvana achingoita macoloscopie muna 2002 na 2007. Idzi nhambo dzakaratidzira kuti kugadziridzwa kwakanga kwava chishandiso chenguva dzose chokudzora, kuvimbisa kupfuurira kwechiremera kunyange mukati menhambo pfupi dzechigaro chapurezidhendi. Chipikiso chehofisi chakaramba chiri pakati pegadziriro idzi: apo simba rakachinjirwa, muteveri mukuru mukuru mukuru wapurezidhendi akanga achishanda sapurezidhendi, achibatira nemisengwa mimwe yebumbiro yemitemo.

Muhara Sedombo Rokubata Rotsika Dzehurumende

Kupfuura kushanda kwahwo kwebumbiro remitemo, mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatira sokuratidzirwa kune simba kwemipimo yedemocracy nemisengwa.Icho chinomirira chipikirwa chavose icho chinobatanidza purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe kuvose vari vaviri vakatangira navanotsiva, kuchitanga mubatanidzwa usingaputsiki woruvimbiko rwebumbiro remitemo uyo unodzokera shure kusvikira kunhambo yokuvamba. Ufakazi hwokufananidzira hwazova hunokosha zvikuru sezvo purezidhendi akura musimba nokuoneka.

Mhiko yacho inoshandawo sechimanikidziro pasimba roupurezidhendi, ichiyeuchidza mukuru mukuru mumwe nomumwe kuti chiremera chavo chinobva muBumbiro remitemo uye chinoganhurirwa negadziriro dzaro. Uku kunzwisisa kwakaedzwa mukati menhambo dzenjodzi, apo purezidhendi vakaedzwa kupfuura miganhu yemitemo muzita rechengeteko yenyika. Abraham Lincoln akarembera habeas corpus mukati meHondo yeChivilini; Franklin Rooselt akabvumira Japann American internmentmentment mukati meHondo yeNyika II; Richard Nixon akataura kuti ane ropafadzo yapamusoro yokudzivisa kunzvera. Chimwe nechimwe chezviito izvi chakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti mhiko dzapurezidhendi wacho dzakanga dzapunzwa here.

Miedzo yokutonga yaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump yose yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuvimbika kwapurezidhendi kumhiko yavo yebumbiro remitemo. Mutauro wakananga wemhiko — ku "nokutendeseka kuuraya Hofisi yaPrezidhendi" — yave iri chinhu chikuru kukupomera mhaka, neImba yaVamiririri vanopoka purezidhendi nokuputsa basa iri. Rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nokudaro runova mupimo unopesana nero iro mufambiro wapurezidhendi unogona kuyerwa, kunyange revo ye "Kutendeka" inoramba ichikwikwikwidzana.

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatirawo somuenzaniso wezvimwe mhiko dzebasa dzinotorwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubva kumitezo yeCongress kusvikira kumatare eDare Rapamusorosoro kusvikira kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende vose vanopika kana kuti kusimbisa kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, vachitanga mubatanidzwa wemisengwa yebumbiro remitemo iyo inotsigira hurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi kweMutungamiriri weHurumende

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa yakabva muchinodikanwa chakapfava chebumbiro remitemo kuva gamuchidzanwa rakaoma kunzwisisa iro rinobatanidza mativi emitemo, ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye okufananidzira.

National Reducation Relation Programme yeConstitution, kubatanidza nyaya inotanga mhiko yapurezidhendi, sechiyeuchidzo chegadziriro yokungwarira yechizvarwa chakagadzwa. [[FLT:] Mitambo yeProjective Information Projective for Public Service [[FLT:] Project yePunity yePrefecter yePrement [[FLT]] , inodzidza kuti zviremera zvinouya zvichagadzirira sei kuita mitoro yemhiko. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [5] Kunzvera kwaparwa kwenguva yeVirginia [FLT] kunoitwa napa chigaro [F]

Sezvo United States inopfuurira kutarisana nedenho itsva — kubva pakudzongonyedzwa kwemibato yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kusvikira kuchinjo yevagari vemo kusvikira kumakwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika — mhiko yapurezidhendi icharamba iri sangano rinokosha. Icharamba ichisunga purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe kuBumbiro reMitemo, ichiyeuchidza ivo nenyika misengwa inokosha inotsigira hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Mashoko anotaurwa pakutsaurirwa kuri kwose haasati achingovawo bedzi muitiro: anomirira chipikirwa chakachengetwa, padzimwe nguva isina kukwana, kupfuunopfuura mazana maviri amakore enhau yeAmerica. Chipikirwa ichocho ndihwo hwaro pahwo kuedza kweAmerica muAmerica mugaro.