Basa Rebumbiro remitemo: Neiko Mapazu Matatu?

Hurumende yeUnited States inovakwa pachivako chakagadzirwa nokungwarira naMadzibaba Kuvamba kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chipi nechipi. Yakafuridzirwa nouzivi hweChenezheni hweMontesquieu neitiro hanya dzinoshanda dzevanhu vanongwarira madzimambo, Bumbiro reMitemo ra 1787 rakagadza mapazu matatu akaenzana: chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye dare. Uku kuparadzanisa masimba, kwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yakasimba yechekedzo nedzikamo yejekero, kunoparira kuva nesimba rakatungamirira rudzi rwacho kwamazana amakore maviri. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana, kuisa mitemo, kuisa mitemo, uye kutsanangura mitemo, zvinobatanidzawo, zvishandiso chimwe nechimwe kumibato yavamwe. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anoshanda sei uye kuti ashande nenzira inokosha.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu Mukuronga Mitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa masimba ose emitemo muBako reBasa reMitemo, rakaumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Iri bazi rine mutoro wokuumba mitemo yorudzi, kuzivisa hondo, kutengeserana, uye kudzora bhajeti rehurumende. Chivako charo chinoratidzira Kubvumirana Kukuru kwe 1787, kudzikamisa mufananidzo wakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo (Imba) nemifananidzo yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe (Sante).

Imba Yavamiriri: Yakakomberedzwa Kuvanhu

Nemitezo yokuvhota yakapa mumwe nomumwe pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pakuverenga vanhu kwazvino uno, House of Declarations yakarongedzerwa kuva inogamuchira zvakananga kuvavhoti. Vamiriri vanobatira mirayiro yegore maviri, kuvamanikidzira kuchengeta onano yapedyo nezvinodikanwa zvavo nemirangariro. Imba ine simba rakakwana rokutanga mari yose yemari yapamutemo yakavakirwa pamapepa .Nzvimbo zvinonzvera mano omukuru wehurumende okutera mutero(* uye kuvakuru vakuru vakuru venyika, kubatanidza purezidhendi. Muchinoitika chisingazivikanwi cheElectoral College tay, House inosarudza precience, nenvis dzinovhota .

  • [ inoita kuti mutemo wemari yemari nemutero – mari yose yokukwidza mari inofanira kuvamba muImba (Artle I, Chikamu 7).
  • [ Simba rokudzora - Imba inovhota kana ichizounza pomero dzapamutemo mukurwisana napurezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru naVasakarurama.
  • Tsika yeKoreji - Kana pasina mumiriri wapurezidhendi anowana ruzhinji rwamavhoti akasarudzwa, House inosarudza purezidhendi kuvatatu vakakwirira.

Imba inewo gadziriro ine simba yedare(* kubatanidza Dare reMitemo, iro rinogadza mitauro yekurukurirano − inoumba muitiro wewirogio. Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kupesana kwakawedzera muImba, asi basa rayo guru se chipfuro chavanhu chinoramba chisina kuchinjwa.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhau nemitezo yazvino yeImba pa [[FLT: 0] website yeImba yepamutemo.

Dare: Muedzi Anotonhodza Taya

Dare, rine mitezo 100 (miviri pahurumende), rakanambwa seboka rinobvisa maruramiro zvikuru. Vatongi vanobatira zvigaro zvamakore matanhatu, nezvigaro zvine nhanhatu zvezvigaro zvinoiswa nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose, vachigovera kupfuurira nemurangariro murefu. Masimba eDare akasiyana anobatanidza kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (vatongi vedare, vatongi vehurumende, vamiririri) uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano zvakataurirwa nebazu revakuru vakuru nevoruzhinji vaviri. Iro rinoitisawo ruramisiro, noMutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusorosoro apo purezidhendi anotonga pakutonga, uye mavhoti maviri anodikanwa nokuda kwokupwiswa.

  • Basa nokubvuma kugadzwa - zvinyorwa zvapurezidhendi zvebazu redare redare redare redare uye rehurumende zvinofanira kugamuchira tsigiro yeDare.
  • [ Kuitwa kwechikwereti [ – zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoda mvumo inobva mumativi maviri namatatu evatsigiri varipo.
  • [ Kutonga kwokunyoresa mufambiro[ – Dare rinoshanda sedare rinobetsera vatongi mukutevedzerwa; kutenderwa kunobvisa mukuru mukuru pahofisi.

Chiratidzo cheDare chepajispulbuster () kubvumira mutevedzeri mumwe kunonotsa vhoti kutoti kana vasarudzi 60 vemajeni nokuda kwekuruma-runda) chiri chinhu chakasiyana chinosimudzira bvumirano asi chinogonawo kutungamirira kukuwedzera. Mutungamiriri weSangano anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota chivhoti chechisungo kana chiri madikanwa. Basa reDare sechenjero pasimba rapurezidhendi rave riri pachena mukusimbisa hondo nokuda kwevatongi veDare gurusa uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vedare munhau yose yeAmerica.

Cherechedza kunyorwa kwazvino kweDare namarekodhi enhau pa Sayenzi.gov.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Rinochengeta Mutemo

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States. Purezidhendi anobatira samukuru mukuru, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, mutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, uye muvaki mukuru wemitemo yokumwe. Bazu guru rinobatanidzawo Vice Purezidhenti, Kabhineti (misoro yedhipatimendi rinodzora 15), uye dare guru rehurumende rinoita kuchengetwa kwemitemo kwezuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva.

Purezidhendi: Mukuru Mukuru-Mutevedzeri uye Mukuru Mukuru

Akapiwa makore mana ari ose muElectoral College, purezidhendi ane mubatanidzwa wechienzi wamasimba ebumbiro remitemo. Kupfuura kuita nokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress, purezidhendi ane chiremera chokuti:

  • Chiratidzo kana kuti chiteshi chemitemo – purezidhendi anogona kuramba mari dzechikwereti dzinopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo matatu maviri achidzorwa mumakamuri ose ari maviri anogona kubvisa chiwi.
  • Mirairo yavakuru vakuru [ - Iyi mirau inodzora kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende uye ine simba romutemo, asi inodzorwa nehwirudzuro yedare nemari yesangano.
  • Kukanganwira kwakakwana – Nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, purezidhendi anogona kubudisazve kanganwiro nekanganwiro, simba rinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwekuitira mhaka.
  • Tsvaka nhau dzokumwe – Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nebvumirano), anoziva hurumende dzokumwe, uye anobatira somumiriri mukuru wenyika.

Basa rapurezidhendi somutungamiriri mukuru rakawedzera zvikuru chifo chokuparadza kweBumbiro reMitemo, zvikurukuru munhambo yazvino uno yemisengwa yehondo yenyika yose. Masimba eHondo echisarudzo cha 1973 kuedza kunzvera simba iri kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto akashongedzwa uye kuganhurira kubvumirano kumazuva 60 pasina kunyoreswa kwedare.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende neDare

Vice Purezidhendi, akasarudzwa patikiti imwe cheteyo napurezidhendi, wokutanga mumutsetse wokutevedzana uye anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare. VP inotorawo migove inogoverwa napurezidhendi, zvakadai sokutarisira zvirongwa zvakati kana kuti kumirira utarisiri kunze kwenyika. Dare (____Kubatanidza Mutungamiriri navakuru vedhipatimendi revakuru vakuru (Moza, Supercial, Defense, Justice, zvichingodaro)

Hurumende yehurumende iri pasi peCabinet inobatanidza masangano akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, uye Dare reMhindu reMukati. aya masangano anoshandisa mitemo kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo, kuchengetwa, uye kuvimbisa, achishanda munhungamiro yapurezidhendi asiwo achidzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act uye kutarisirwa kwedare.

Nokuda kwetsananguro ine udzame yebazu ravakuru vakuru, shanyira tsananguro yapamutemo yeWhite House.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, iro rinotsanangura mitemo nokushandisa ruramisiro. Basa guru redare redare nderokupedza gakava rinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Dare rapamusoro rinogara pamukwidza mukuru, nedare rehurumende rakaderera pasi paro.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Chirevo Chikurusa

Dare rapamusoro rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe .a ruramisiro huru namatongi masere anowirirana anogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Iyi nduramo yakaitirwa kudzivirira mutongi mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokubvumira vatongi kududzira mutemo pasina rutyo rwokutsiva. Simba reDare rinokosha zvikurusa ndiro hwirudzuro yedare , chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti mabasa ehurumende, kutanga kuzivisa mu Marbury v.[FLT] [FF:3] [180]]

  • Tsitsi Bumbiro reMitemo – Dare rinosarudza nhau dzinomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, richigadza mienzaniso inotungamirira matare ose akaderera.
  • Inoyera mitemo yehurumende nezviito - Kana mutemo uchipfuudzwa neDare kana kuti chiito chapurezidhendi chinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo, Dare rinogona kuuparadza.
  • Inopedza kakavadzano pakati pedzimwe nyika [[[FLT: 1] – Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rine simba rapakuvamba munhau dzinobatanidza nyika mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda, dzakadai semuganhu kana kuti rwisano dzekodzero dzemvura.

Dare rinogamuchira chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau dzakakumbirwa gore rimwe nerimwe, izvo zvinobatanidza zvikurukuru mibvunzo yapamutemo, zvisarudzo zvapasi zvinorwisana, kana kuti nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika. Zvisarudzo zveLandmark zvakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954]), R. Wade v [773]), uye Obergefell v. Hodges[FL:5] (20) yakaumba nzanga yeAmerica zvikuru.

Rava pamusoro penhau yeDare Rapamusorosoro nedokotera razvino pa STREMECURT.gov.

Matare Echibharo: Mabhiza Anoshanda Eruramisiro

Pasi peDare rapamusoro pane mitsetse miviri mikuru: matare oruwa namatare amatunhu ezvikumbiro. Matare eruwa matare edare edare rehurumende, umo mhaka dzinotongwa, ufakazi hunopiwa, uye majaji anopa mhedziso. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, rimwe nerimwe richibatira nzvimbo yakati. Zvikwidzo zvinobva kumatare eruwa enhu zvinoenda kune rimwe ramatare 13 enhu okukwirira, iro rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chemhoshoro dzemitemo. matare edunhu kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ishoko rokupedzisira pamhaka dzakawanda dzomubatanidzwa wenyika, sokunzwa kunoitwa nedare repamusorosoro bedzi nechiverengero chiduku.

  • 94 Matare oRuwa eU.S. – Tarisa kutonga kwevagari vemo noutsotsi pasi poudzori hwehurumende.
  • 13 Matare Edunhu eZvikumbiro – hwirudzuro zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati mematunhu awo; kutonga kwawo kunosunga matare ose akaderera mudunhu iroro.
  • [[FOL:0] Matare Anokosha – kubatanidza Dare reUnited States reTrade yamarudzi ose, Dare reUnited States reMaperembudzi, uye Dare reMitero reU.S.

Vatongi vehurumende muaya matare ose vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu hwose, vachivimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga.

Gadziriro Yemakemikari Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

Hunyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. harisi mukuwanisa masimba bedzi asi mukupa maturusi ebazu rimwe nerimwe kuti anzvere mamwe.Iyi simba inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva guru uye inokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokufunganya. Hezvino zvichekedzo zvinokosha zvinochengetwa nebazu rimwe nerimwe:

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • Dare reHurumende rinogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa sapurezidhendi nokuda kwavatongi, vakuru vakuru vedare, uye nhume.
  • Dare rinodzora bhajeti yehurumende; hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina mutemo wokuronga.
  • Congress ine simba rokubvisa purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • Congress inogona kuongorora zvinoitwa nedare pabazi ravakuru vakuru kuburikidza nokutongwa kwedare uye kutongwa nemapurisa.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Purezidhendi anogona kudzora mari yezvikwereti inopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuigadzirisa kana kuti kuedza kuikurira.
  • Purezidhendi anogona kudana kuti Congress murusando chairwo (kunyange zvazvo simba iri risati ramboshandiswa).
  • Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, saPurezidhendi weDare, anogona kugumisa mavhoti.
  • Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inogona kutungamirira nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa nayo, pane dzimwe nguva ichidzivisa kusaita chiito kwemitemo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

  • Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri yemitemo, ichideredza chiito chesangano.
  • Matare anogona kurova zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti zvinoputsa kodzero.
  • Vatongi vehurumende, vakambosimbiswa, vanobatira kwoupenyu hwose uye havagoni kubviswa kunze kwokusabvumirana, vachidzivirira kuzvimirira kwavo pamamwe mapazu.

Dzimwe Dzikamo

  • Mutongi anogona kuchinja nhamba yavatongi vehurumende vakaderera kana kuti kugadziridza simba rematare (kunyange zvazvo simba reDare Rapamusorosoro rapakuvamba richigadzwa neBumbiro Remitemo).
  • Mutungamiriri anomanikidzira kuisa dare; kana purezidhendi akaramba kuita kuti murairo wedare uteererwe, njodzi yebumbiro remitemo inogona kumuka (mutoo, Worcester v. Georgia chiitiko pasi paPurezidhendi Andrew Jackson).
  • Vanhu, kupfurikidza nesarudzo, vanoita kuti mapazi ose matatu ave anozvidavirira: Mitezo yeimba makore maviri ari ose, vatarisiri vemhuri yoga yoga, purezidhendi ari mana, uye nenzira isina kunanga kupfurikidza nokugadzwa uye zvibvumikiso.

Iyi nyaya yakaratidzirwa zvakajeka mukati menjodzi yeWatergate: Congress yakanzvera ndokutyisidzira kupiwa mhaka, Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira kubudiswa kwamatepi eWhite House, uye Purezidhendi Nixon akarega, achiratidza kuti tsika pakupedzisira inoita sei kuti simba rizvidavirire.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwesimba Rakaparadzana

Kuparadzana kwemasimba pakati pemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye anotonga hakusi kungoda kuzivawo zvako kwenhau, asi chirongwa chipenyu chinopfuurira kuumba zvematongerwe enyika eAmerica, mutemo, uye nzanga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rakashanduka nokufamba kwenguva, nokukura kwehurumende, kukura kwehurumende, uye kuwedzera kwemagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange zvakadaro kunoramba kuripo: Congress inonyora mitemo, purezidhendi anoibvisa, uye matare anoidudzira. Iyi tsika, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva yakaoma uye inonoka, yakagadzirirwa noune kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuita kuti ive chinhu chimwe kana kuti munhu mumwe adzore. Nokuti vagari vemo, kunzwisisa aya mapazu anoramba achibatanidzwa navo sei, uye kuti vabatane rutivi runokosha rwokuzvibatanidza.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pegadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo, bvunza National Archives' Constitution uye kunzvera zviwanikwa zvinobva kumasangano edzidzo yavagari vemo se Legal Information Institute paCornell Law School.