Table of Contents

Bumbiro reMitemo rinomira sechinhu chikuru chehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica, richibatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika uye richigadza nheyo huru dzinodzora United States. Iri gwaro remitemo rakakwana harisati richingoparira bedzi gadziriro yehurumende yedu asiwo rinodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga nerusununguko zvinorondedzera ruzivo rweAmerica. Kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo nemiitiro yehurumende zvakaoma kunzwisisa kwainoita kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kutora rutivi mukuwirirana nedonzo rehurumende, kutsigira chinjo, uye kurangarira vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuva vanozvidavirira.

Ungave uri mudzidzi, mudzidzisi, mugari wemo anoitira hanya, kana kuti munhu anofarira bedzi nzira iyo hurumende yako inoshanda nayo, iyi nhungamiro ichakupa nzwisiso yakakwana yenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, zvivako zvehurumende, uye miitiro iyo inoumba mutemo muUnited States. Kuvambira pakuparadzana kwemasimba kusvikira kumuitiro wewirirano, kubva kucheki nedzinoyera kusvikira kugadziriro yokugadziridza, tichanzvera miitiro iyo yakatsigira hurumende yeAmerica kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Fandesheni: Kunzwisisa Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Nhoroondo Nezvinhu Zvakasikwa

United States Constitution yakanyoreswa mukati meConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo muPhiladelphia muna 1787, ichitsiva Theats of Confederation iyo yakanga yabvumikisa kuva isina kukwana kudzora rudzi ruduku. Chinyorwa chaMadziri, kubatanidza James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, uye Benjamin Franklin, chakaungana kuti chivake hurumende yakasimba yehurumende apo yakanga ichiri kuchengeta uchangamire hwehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu. Chinyorwa chavakabudisa chakava chiva chinyorwa chekaresakanyorwa chebumbiro remitemo renyika chichiri kushandiswa nhasi.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa muna 1788 ndokutanga kushanda muna 1789, vachitanga chimiro chitsva chehurumende chakavakirwa pahurumende, riphabliki, uye mutemo. Vagadziri vakashandisa uzivi hwokuvhenekerwa, magamuchidzanwa emitemo echiNgezi, uye zvinoitika zvavo vamene nehurumende inodzorwa kuti vaite gwaro raizodzikamisa simba, kudzivirira udzvinyiriri, uye kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. Gakava rakapoteredza rakaitwa rakatungamirira kuchipikirwa cheBill of Rights, iro rakawedzerwa muna 1791 sedzongedzero yokutanga yegumi.

Kuvambwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinoumbwa nesumo, nyaya nomwe, uye makumi maviri nenomwe. Presary inogadza donzo rechinyorwa chacho, kutanga namashoko akakurumbira "Isu Vanhu" uye kuronga nharidzano nhanhatu dzinokosha: kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru, kutanga ruramisiro, kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro dzavose, kusimudzira garikano yose, uye kuchengetedza zvikomborero zvorusununguko.

Nyaya nomwe dzinotevera dzinotanga gadziriro yehurumende.Chikamu I chinoumba bazu remitemo, Chikamu II chinosimbisa bazu guru, uye Chikamu III chinogadza bazi rinotonga. Chikamu IV chinokurukura ukama huri pakati pehurumende, Chikamu V chinoratidzira mutoo wokugadziridza, Chikamu VI chinosimbisa Bumbiro reMitemo semuitiro mukurusa wenyika, uye Article VII inorondedzera maratiation. Nyaya imwe neimwe ine zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogovera gadziriro dzine udzame dzemashandiro anofanira kuitwa nehurumende.

Nheyo Dzemitemo

Nheyo dzapakuvamba dzinoverengeka dzinotsigira gadziriro yose yebumbiro remitemo. uchangamire hwechipo hunosimbisa kuti hurumende inowana simba rayo mukubvumira kwevadzorwi. Hurumende yakadzikamiswa [[ inoreva kuti simba rehurumende rinoganhurirwa nomutemo, uye vakuru vakuru vanofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kuparadzanisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana kudzivirira chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru.

Mitengo nedzikamo zvinogovera bazu rimwe nerimwe mano okuganhurira mabasa amamwe mapazu, kuvamba gadziriro youtariri hweboka. Féderali [[ inokamura simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, ichibvumira zvose chinzwano nemhatsa. [[FLT:]] hwirudzura , yakagadzwa neDare Rapamusoro muMarbury v. (1873], inopa matare kusarudza kana mitemo nemabasa ehurumende zvichiwirirana nemitemo. Pakupedzisira, [[FLT:]

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Bhuku Romutemo: Congress

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rakaumbwa neBasa reBakameral Congress: Imba yaVamiriri neDare. Iri bazi rine simba rokuita mitemo, kudzora mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutarisira bazi guru.

Imba yaVamiriri ine mitezo 435 inogoverwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo, nemitezo imwe neimwe inoshanda mushoko ramakore maviri. Vamiririri vanofanira kuva namakore 25 okukura, vave vari vagari vemo veU.S. kwaanenge makore manomwe, uye kugara munyika. Imba ine masimba akasiana anoverengeka, kubatanidza mano okutanga mabhadharo, vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vanosarudza purezidhendi kana pasina muvhoti wevhoti.

Senate ine mitezo 100, ine vamiriri vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, vachibatira mashoko amakore matanhatu. Vagadziri vanofanira kuva namakore 30 okukura, vave vari mugari wemo weU.S. kwaanenge makore mapfumbamwe, uye kugara munyika. Dare rine masimba akakwana kubatanidza kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kusimbisa zvibvumirano, uye kuitisa matare. Mutongi anoshanda saPrezidhendi weDare uye anogona kuvhotera.

Dare rinoshandisa masimba akawanda akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, kubatanidza simba rokukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, mari, mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kupa zvivako nekodzero dzekodzero, kuumba matare ehurumende, kumutsa nokutsigira mauto, uye kuita mitemo yose "inodiwa uye yakafanira" yokuita masimba ayo emitemo. Iyi mitemo yokupedzisira, inozivikanwa seEllaclaus Classia or Serity kana kuti Sed Clause, yakaturikirwa zvikuru kukudza chiremera chedare munguva.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Mutungamiriri

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinogadza bazi guru, rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi weUnited States. Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo, achitungamirira mirau yokumwe, achiraira mauto ane zvombo, uye achitungamirira hurumende. Purezidhendi anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye, anotevera Amendment yechi 22, haagoni kuita mamwe mashoko maviri.

Kuti munhu akwaniriswe nokuda kwapurezidhendi, munhu anofanira kuva mugari wemo akaberekwa nomuzvarirwo weUnited States, ane makore anenge 35 okukura, uye ave ari mugari weUnited States kwaanenge makore 14. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College system, uko hurumende imwe neimwe inowana vhoti dzakaenzana nemhesano yayo yose. Mutevedzeri anofanira kugamuchira voti zhinjisa (zvino 270 kubva muna 538) kuti awane purezidhendi.

Masimba aPurezidhendi anobatanidza kusaina kana kuti kuisa mutemo. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru (vane tsigiro yeDare), kutaurirana (pamberi pedare redare), kubudisa zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru, kupa kanganwiro nedzorero, uye kubatira somutungamiriri wehondo. Hurumende yeUnion uye anorumbidzawo mutemo kuCongress. Nokufamba kwenguva, Pricience akura zvikuru musimba nepesvedzero, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzemiitiro yokumwe nyika nechengeteko yorudzi.

Bazu ravakuru vakuru rinobatanidza Vice Purezidhendi, Kabhineti, uye masangano ehurumende akawanda namadhipatimendi ehurumende. Kabhineti ine vakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru, kubatanidza State, Treasurer, Defense, Justice, uye vamwe. Ava vakuru vakuru vanopa zano purezidhendi ndokutarisira kuitwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Hurumende inoshandisa mamiriyoni avashandi vehurumende vanoita mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva rimwe.

Bazu Rokutonga: Muitiro Wedare Rinotonga

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, kuisa simba rokutonga mu "Dare rimwe rapamusorosoro" uye matare akaderera akadaro seCongress angatanga. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inodudzira mitemo, inoshandisa Bumbiro remitemo kumhaka dzakati, uye inopedza nharo dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti mativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa napurezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare uye vanobatira kugadzwa kwenduramo mukati me "tsika dzakanaka," kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga.

Dare rapakuvamba mumitemo yedare rinomira pamugumo wedare rehurumende, rinoumbwa nemitemo mipfumbamwe: Chiratidzo chimwe neSarudzo huru navasere vanosonganirana. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba munhau dzinobatanidza nhume nekakavadzano pakati penyika, asi zhinjisa dzebasa raro rinobatanidza ganhuriro, kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare ehurumende akaderera zvikuru nehurumende pamusoro pemibvunzo yehurumende. Dare Gurusa rinogamuchira zviuru zvezvikumbiro gore negore asi nomutoo wakananga rinonzwa bedzi nhau 70-80 panguva.

Pasi peDare rapamusorosoro pane Courts of Appeals, yakarongwa kuva matunhu 13 anonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare eruwa mukati menharaunda dzawo. matare aya anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare zvokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo asi asingaiti mvumo itsva kana kunzwa ufakazi hutsva. Dare reDicial , rinoshanda sematare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende, namaruwa 94 munyika yose. matare aya ane chiremera chepakutanga pamusoro penhau dzakawanda dzehurumende, kubatanidza kukwikwidza kwapamutemo, kubatanidzwa kwemhosva dzehurumende, uye nhau dzinobatanidza masangano omubatanidzwa munyika dzakasiyana- siyana umo mumhinduro dzinopfuura $75 000.

Simba re rehwirudzuro ye , nepo isina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, rakatangwa muchinoitika chechiratidzo cheMarbury v. Madison (1803). Iri simba rinobvumira matare kushatisa mitemo nemibato yehurumende inorwisana neBumbiro remitemo, kuita judicary nzvero inokosha pamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, Dare Rapamusoro rakaumba nzanga yeAmerica panhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumitemo yemari inorwisana nemitemo kurusununguko rwomunhu.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu kunoratidza kuti hapana bazi rimwe chete rehurumende rinonyanya kuva nesimba nokupa bazi rimwe nerimwe maturusi akananga kuti riganhurire zviito zvemamwe.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pamamwe Mapazu

Dare rinodzora basa guru pabazu ravakuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro mizhinji. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kuKhabhineti, jaji rehurumende, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Dare rinodzora kupedza mari kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare, richisarudza kuti imarii inowanwa nepurogiramu. Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, nokuda kwe "chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakakwirira," apo Dare rinotonga kutonga uye rinogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru nevhoti mbiri.

Congress inogona kukurira mavhoti maviri evapurezidhendi nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzoitiki nemhaka yedanho rakakwirira. Dare rinofanira kuita zvibvumirano zveRefénce napurezidhendi nevhoti mbiri. Dare rinotungamirirawo kupfurikidza nokutonga, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro zvamashoko kumisangano yavakuru vakuru. Pamusoro pejadhiary, Congress inosarudza nhamba yevarate dare rapamusoro, rinoumba matare ehurumende akaderera, uye rinogona kubvisa vatongi vehurumende.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mamwe Mapazi

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress, achimanikidza vagadziri vemitemo kuti vagadzirise mutemo kana kuti zvimwe kuedza kudzora mutemo. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Gurusa, vachiumba kuumbwa kwedare uye nhungamiro youzivi nokuda kwezvizvarwa. Kupfurikidza nemirayiro yevakuru vakuru uye zviito zvokutarisira, purezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera kuti mitemo ishandiswe sei uye ishandiswe, pane dzimwe nguva munzira idzo Congressmos aisakarira.

Purezidhendi anogona kudana marusando chaiwo eCongress uye ane simba rokupa kanganwiro nemhosho nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kugovera chenjero pazvisarudzo zvokutonga. Somutungamiriri mukuru, purezidhendi anotungamirira mabasa ehondo, kunyange zvazvo Congress achichengeta simba rokuzivisa hondo nemibato yehondo. Purezidhendi anopesvedzerawo purogiramu yemitemo kupfurikidza neState of the Union, zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, uye zviremera zvehurumende.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mamwe Mapazi

Dare Rapamusorosoro rinodudzira revo yemitemo negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji richipedza miganhu iyo muitiro wemitemo wakasiyiwa usina kupiwa mvumo. Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare rinotonga risingabvumirani nemitemo kana kuti zviito zvinotorwa nebazu risingabvumirani nehurumende, apo mhaka dziri kusarudzwa.

Vatongi vehurumende vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, vachivadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pomurangariro wakakurumbira kana kuti mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nzira Iyo Mitemo Inoitwa Nayo

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotangwa sei kunokosha pakudzidza nokubatanidzwa kunobudirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kutanga uye Kudzorera

Muitiro wemitemo unovamba apo mutezo weCongress unosuma mutezo. Mitezo bedzi yeDare inogona kutanga mutemo, kunyange zvazvo mifungo nokuda kwezvikwereti ichigona kubva kumitengo, mapoka ezviwaro zvemhindu, purezidhendi, kana kuti mitezo imene. MuImba, mitezo inoisa mabhiri mu "chite," bhokisi remiti pauriri hweImba. MuDare, vatarisiri vanofanira kuzivikanwa nomukuru mukuru mukuru wedare kuti vazivise kusuma kwegwetabhuruti.

Gwaro rimwe nerimwe rinogamuchira zita rinoratidzira nzvimbo yaro yamavambo uye nhamba inoratidzira nhevedzano yesumo (murevo, H.R. 1 nokuda kwegweta rokutanga reInday, S. 1 nokuda kwebhiri reDare rokutanga). Zvikwereti zvemari zvinofanira kuvamba muImba yeVamiririri, sezvinotaurwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Pashure pesumo, pamutemo unonongedzerwa kudare rakakodzera rakavakirwa panhau yaro. Saiger weHouse kana kuti Dare Majonity rinosarudza dare, uye zvikwereti zvinogona kutumirwa kumatare akawanda kana vakapa hurukuro mumiteve yakasiana- siyana.

Kurangarira kweDare

Matare anobatira semabhiza ebasa eCongress, achiitisa kunzverwa kwamashoko kwomutemo unokarakadzwa. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare, zvisingatongorangarirwizve. Apo dare rinosarudza kuita chiito pabhiriti, ringanongedzera kupepa duku rekuhwirudzura. Mahofisi echimbichimbi ane terevo apo nyanzvi, vachengeti vemari, uye vatsigiri vanofarira vanopupurira pamusoro petapuro dzinobvira dzemutemo, betsero, uye mhindu.

Pashure pokunzwa, dare duku rinochengeta rusando rwe "mapepa" apo mitezo inokurukura pamutemo uye inokarakadza. Kana dare duku richitendera mutengi, rinodzokera kudare rakazara nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwazve. Dare rakazara ringachengeta matare aro amene namarusando okuvhota kana mari yacho ichifanira kushuma kunzvimbo yakazara. Matare anogona kushuma mabhiri, nenzira isina kunaka, kana kuti pasina rumbidzo, kunyange zvazvo mishumo isina kunaka isingawanzowaniki sezvo matare achingoramba zvake kuita chiito pazvikwereti zvaanoshora.

Apo dare rinoshuma mushumo wechikwereti, rinogadzirira mushumo wakanyorwa unotsanangura chinangwa chegweta racho, miuyo yaro inokarirwa, uye mufungo wedare nokuda kwokuritsigira. Uyu mushumo unova rutivi rwenhau yemitemo iyo matare namasangano angabvunza pakududzira mutemo. Dare ringakarakadzawo kugadziriswa kwegweta risati raitumira kuuriri.

Kurangarira Nokukakavadzana

Kana bhiri racho rangosvika pauriri hweImba kana kuti Dare, miitiro inosiana zvikuru pakati pemakamuri maviri. MuImba, Dare reMitemo rinopa chaizvoizvo "mutemo" unodzora gakava pamutemo, rinoratidzira kuti inguvai ichagoverwa nokuda kwekurukurirano uye ipi ichagadziriswa, kana iri ipi neipi, inogona kupiwa. Mitemo inogona ku "kuvhura" (kubvumira kugadziriswa kupi nokupi kwebhinya), "kuvharwa" (kusabvumira kutsiviwa kwemitemo), kana kuti "kutenderwa" kudzorwa kwekurukurirano chaidzodo).

Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yapera, Imba inovhota panzvimbo ipi neipi uye yokupedzisira. Imba inowanzovhota pakombiyuta, nhengo dzichishandisa makadhi okuvhota kuti dzinyore nzvimbo dzadzo.

Miitiro yedare inochinjika zvikuru uye inobvumira kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa. Vatsigiri vanogona kutaura kwenguva refu sezvavanoshuva kutoti vhota hove hurusa ichiita kuti pave nokunzwa kwapakarepo, kugumisa gakava. Iyi gamuchidzanwa rinogonesa nomwana, apo vatsigiri vanogona kuvhara mutemo kupfurikidza nokuramba kubudisa uriri. Kukwidziridza kunoda vhoti 60, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kukurira chishoro chakatsunga. Vasarendi vanogonawo kukarakadza kugadziridza kurukurirano ipi neipi, kunyange kana isingawiriraniswi nepepa, kutoti ganhuriro yebvumirano yakabatana.

Dare Romusangano Nokuyanana

Kana mutongo ukaitwa kuti uve mutemo, zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare zvinofanira kupfuudza shanduro dzakafanana. Kana makamuri maviri achipfuura shanduro dzakasiyana dzomutemo mumwe chete, anofanira kuyanana. Ikoku kunogona kuitika kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, apo imwe imba inogamuchira shanduro yeimwe, kana kuti kupfurikidza nedare redare remisangano ravanhu vanobva mumakamuri ose anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Dare remusangano rinogadzira mushumo wemusangano une shanduro yemitemo inobvumiranwa. Uyu mushumo haugoni kugadziriswa; makamu ose ari maviri anofanira kuvhota kuti agamuchire kana kuti kuuramba sewakanyorwa. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri achibvumira mushumo wemusangano, mushumo wacho unopfuurira kuna purezidhendi. Kana ukaramba zvimwe, mutezo wacho ungadzokera kumusangano kana kuti kufa.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Apo bhiridha rinosvika purezidhendi, zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinowanika. Purezidhendi anogona kusaina zvikwangwani, achiiita mutemo. Purezidhendi anogona kuidzosa, achiidzorera kuCongress nokuramba. Ipapo Congress anogona kuedza kukurira dare nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Kana purezidhendi asina chiito kwamazuva gumi (kuwedzera maSvondo) apo Congress inenge iri murusando, pamutemo wacho unova musengwa pasina kusaina.

Kana Congress isati yapera nhambo yamazuva gumi uye purezidhendi asati asaina musengwa wacho, unofa ne "pocket trato". Rudzi urwu rweveto rusingagoni kushaikwa nemhaka yokuti Congress haisipozve kuti iedze kuedza kukunda. Mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva anosiidza kutaura apo vanosaina zvikwereti, vachitaura kutsanangurwa kwavo kwomutemo kana kuti itiro hanya pamusoro pegadziriro, kunyange zvazvo aya mashoko asina simba repamutemo.

Kushandisa Nokumanikidza

Kana mutemo wangova mutemo, vamiririri vakuru vanoshandisa ndokuuita. Dare rinowanzotumira chiremera chine revo kumasangano kuti audze mitemo inozadza udzame hwemashandire achaitwa mitemo. Masangano anobudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register, anogamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye ipapo anopa mirau yokupedzisira. Iyi mirau ine simba romutemo uye inogona kudenhwa mudare kana ikapfuura chiremera chesangano kana kuti kuputsa zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Norusununguko

Bhizi rekodzero, rinoumbwa netruption gumi dzokutanga dzeBumbiro reMitemo, rakatenderwa muna 1791 kukurukura zvinetso zvokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba harina kudzivirira zvakakwana rusununguko rwomunhu. Idzi gadziridzo dzinoganhurira simba rehurumende uye dzinovimbisa maruramiro makuru ayo anokosha kunzanga yakasununguka.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

Gadziriro Yokutanga inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye kukumbira. Mitsetse yorudzidziso inodzivisa hurumende kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo ndokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu okushandisa kutenda kwavo norusununguko. Dziviriro dzakasununguka dzinotambanukira kuzvimiro zvizhinjisa zvokutaura kwokufananidzira uye kutaura kunogumbura, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mapoka akadai setyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandurwa kuchiito chokuda kusateerera mutemo, uye ruzvidzo ruchigamuchira dziviriro shomanene.

Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runovimbisa kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kushuma mibato yehurumende nenhau dzeitiro hanya yavose pasina ganhuriro kana kuti kuongororwa. Kodzero dzokuungana norugare nokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvichemo zvinogonesa vagari vemo kuronga, kunyunyuta, uye kutsigira chinjo. Iyi sununguko yokutanga inoumba nheyo yokutora rutivi rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye yakarondedzerwa seane chimiro chakafanana nechapamutemo chemitemo yemitemo.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Inodzivirira

Kugadziriswa kunoverengeka kunodzivirira vanhu vanopomerwa mhosva.Gadziro yeChina inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari uye inoda maruramiro okutsigira nezvinobvira.Findth Amendment inopa dziviriro dzakawanda: kodzero yokupomerwa mhaka huru dzedare rinotonga nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvinyima, uye vimbiso yokuti hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.

Dare reSikisi Rekupfuudzira rinovimbisa maruramiro outsotsi kutongwa kwokukurumidza uye kwavose nedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvepomero, kodzero yokunangana nezvapupu, kodzero yokumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira, uye kodzero yokubetsera zano. Eighth Amendment inorambidza bhera rakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango cheutsinye uye chechienzi. Pamwe chete izvi zvinovimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi uye zvinodzivirira pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende.

Dzimwe Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Dare reThird Amendment reChipiri rinodzivirira kodzero yokuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo, kunyange zvazvo kodzero iyi ichiri kutoitwa nenharo uye kupiwa mvumo.

Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakurevi kuti vanhu havana dzimwe kodzero dzakanyatsodudzwa.Simba reTenth Amendment rinochengetedza zvinhu harina kupiwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu, richisimbisa nheyo yehurumende.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro Remitemo Kunopfuura Bhizi Rekodzero

Chifo cheBill of Rights, chinjo dzokuwedzera gumi nembiri dzakatenderwa, dzichikurukura nhau dzinovambira pachimiro chehurumende kusvikira kukukura kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. Iyi gadziridzo dzinoratidzira simba reBumbiro remitemo rokuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo dzichichengeta nheyo dzaro dzinokosha.

Kugadziridza

Chikamu chegumi nerechigumi nerechigumi nerechigumi nerechigumi nerechigumi nerechishanu, zvakabvumirwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, zvakachinja mutemo wemitemo weAmerica.Mutemo weHaddy Amendment wakabvisa uranda nouranda hwokusazvidira kunze kwechirango chemhosva. 144th Amendment, zvichida inotsiva inokosha zvikuru pashure peBill of Rights, inovimbisa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, inorambidza hurumende kubvisa kuganhurirwa kwamaropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo, uye inoda kuti ipedze muitiro wakakodzera uye kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo.

Mutengo weKinayi weChiteshi yeChiteshi chePramende yainzi Accosmetic Claus wakadudzirwa ku "inorporate" dziviriro zhinjisa dzekodzero, dzichiita kuti dzishande kuhurumende dzehurumende pamwe chete nehurumende yehurumende. Chibvumirano chaMamirire okudzivirira Claus chave chiri hwaro hwechisarudzo chetsika parusaruraganda, rusaruro rwechirume, uye dzimwe nhau dzekodzero dzevanhu. Hurumende ye15th Amendment inorambidza kodzero yokuvhota parudzi, ruvara, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda, kunyange zvazvo chipikirwa chayo chisina kuzivikanwa zvizere kutozosvikira pakodzero dzevagari vemo dzema1960.

Kuwedzera Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Chinjo dzinoverengeka dzakawedzera kodzero dzokuvhota nokutora rutivi kwehurumende. Seventeenth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1913, yakatanga sarudzo yakananga yavamiriri vakakurumbira panzvimbo pevatongi vehurumende. Idzeyith Amendment, dzakasimbiswa muna 1920, dzakarambidza kuramba kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa pavatano, kuchiguma namakumi amakore okurwisa kweboka ravakadzi.

Dare rePrefection Amakumi maviri neThird Amendment, rakatenderwa muna 1961, rakabvumira vhoti dzinovhota kuRuwa rweColumbia, richibvumira vagari varo kuvhota muvhota yapurezidhendi. Makumi maviri neFourth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1964, yakarambidza mitero yokuvhota muvhoti, kubvisa mhinganidzo yakanga yashandiswa kubvisa varombo uye vavhoti vashoma. Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment, yakatendera muna 1971, kuderedza zera rokuvhotera kubva pa 21 kusvika pa 18, ichiziva kuti avo vakura zvakakwana kuti vashandiswe basa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota.

Kudzikamisa Kunoumbwa uye Kududzirwa

Dzimwe gadziridzo dzakagadziridza zvivako zvehurumende nemiitiro. Twelfth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1804, yakachinja nzira yeElectoral College kudzivisa zvinetso zvakamuka mukusarudza kwa1800. Sumiteth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1913, Congress yakabvumira kuti ipe mutero wemari pasina kuugovana pakati pehurumende. Dare reFilitieth Amendment, raitendera muna 1933, rakachinja misi yokuvamba kwechibvumirano chechibvumirano nemirairo yapurezidhendi, richibvisa nhambo refu ye "lame both".

Amakumi maviri neSamendemende, yakasimbiswa muna 1951, mapurezidhendi akaganhurirwa kumashoko maviri muhofisi. Amakumi maviri namashanu Enziyo, yakasimbiswa muna 1967, yakatanga miitiro yokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi neurema. Amakumi maviri neSandth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1992 pashure pokukarakadzwa muna 1789, mari inorambidza dare rinodzorwa yakawedzera kubva pakushanda kusvikira pashure pokusarudzwa kwavamiririri.

Gadziriro Ye Amendeji

Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa muitiro wokururamisa gwaro racho, kugadzira muitiro wakaoma noune unoda bvumirano yakafara. Kugadziridza kunogona kukarakadzwa munzira mbiri: kupfurikidza nevhoti yedzimba mbiri ne 3 dzedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, kana kuti kupfurikidza nekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo inonzi nedziviri mativi matatu edzimba dzehurumende. Zvose 27 zvakanga zviripo zvakagadziridzwa neCongress; hapana kokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo yakadanwa chifo cheyapakuvamba muna 1787.

Pane imwe nguva yakakarakadzwa, kugadziridza kunofanira kusimbiswa nenhivi nhatu-na dzenyika (zvino 38 we50). Dare rinogona kutsanangura kana kudzorwa kuchifanira kuva nedzimba dzomutemo kana kuti nekokorodzano dzehurumende dzinokwidziridza. Chikamu bedzi makumi maviri okutanga, icho chakatenderwa nekokorodzano dzehurumende; zvimwe zvose zvakasimbiswa nemitemo. Dare rinogonawo kugadza musimboti wekusimbisa, zvikurukuru makore manomwe, kunyange zvazvo uyu muitiro wakashorwa.

Chinetso chomuitiro wokugadziridza chakaparira chinjo shomanene zvikuru pasinei zvapo nezviuru zvezvikarakadzo zvakatangwa muCongress. Iyi ganhuriro yakakwirira yokugadziridza yakaparira kudzikamiswa kwebumbiro remitemo nepo ichitungamirirawo kudzimwe mitoo yechinjo yemitemo, kubatanidza kududzira kwedare, mutemo, uye miitiro nemiitiro netsika zvinochinja.

Kupesana Kwesimba

Federalism, kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende, rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. iyi gadziriro inobvumira zvose zviri zviviri chinzwano chorudzi nemhatsa yenyika, kuchigonesa miitiro yakasiana - siana munyika dzakasiana - siana nepo ichichengeta rudzi runobatana.

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Nyika

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba ehurumende anorongwa, akarongwa zvakananga muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Iwaya anobatanidza simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwakumwe, mari yemari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kupa zvivako nekodzero dzokubudisira, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza mauto, uye kuita kuti mitemo iri madikanwa uye yakakodzera nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo. Supremacy Claus muChikamu VI inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unotora nzvimbo yokutanga pamutemo wehurumende unorwisana.

Nokufamba kwenguva, simba rehurumende rakakura zvikuru kupfurikidza nokududzira kwakafara kweChommerce Claus, Musero neSeaty Clause, uye simba rokushandisa mari. hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa aya masimba kudzora nharaunda dzingaratidzika zvikurukuru kuva dzomunzvimbomo, dzakadai sekodzero dzavagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye mutemo woutsotsi, apo nharaunda idzodzo dzinotapura kutengeserana kwenyika kana kuti kubatanidza kutsigira mari kwehurumende.

Simba Rehurumende

Nyika dzine masimba akachengetwa muTenth Amendment, kubatanidza "simba rehurumende" rokudzora nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika zvavagari vemo vadzo. Nyika dzine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwomutemo woutsotsi, mutemo wemhuri, mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo webvumirano, dzidzo, uye mirau yebhizimisi yakawanda.

Bumbiro remitemo rinorambidza zviito zvakati zvehurumende, zvakadai sokuita zvibvumirano, kuumba mari, kana kuti kukanganisa musengwa wezvibvumirano. Nyika hadzigoni kusarura vagari vedzimwe nyika kana kuti kudzongonyedza kutengeserana kwenyika.

Kushandira Pamwe uye Kushandira Pamwe

Mamwe masimba akabatana, kureva kuti dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinogona kuashandisa. Mwero yose iri miviri inogona kukwereta mutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kumanikidzira mitemo. Apo rwisano yomutemo yehurumende nehurumende mumativi okutonga kwebatira pamwe, mutemo wehurumende unotekeshera pasi peSupremacy Claus.

Chibvumirano chazvino uno chinowanzobatanidza batira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinowanzogovera mari kunyika dzine migariro yakabatanidzwa, kuchibvumira hurumende yehurumende kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa kutsika. Uku kudzora kwehurumende kwazova muitiro munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, zvokufambisa, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo, kunyange zvazvo kwakaparirawo gakava pamusoro pounyengeri hwehurumende nehurumende.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi mabato ezvematongerwe enyika, ivo vakava vanokosha kukushanda kwehurumende yeAmerica.Vavambi vaiwanzoshora mapati, vachivarangarira samanyuko okupesana nesangano, asi mapato akabuda panenge pakare pakarepo uye akaumba makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika nokudzora chifo chenguva iyoyo.

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka: anopinza uye anoronga vada kutora, anoronga nhimbe, anovhota, anogovera zvirongwa kuvavhoti pamusoro penzvimbo dzavada kubhapatidzwa, anoronga hurumende yakambosarudzwa, uye anogovera gadziriro yokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire. Muitiro wezvikamu zviviri wakadzora zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica kweyakawanda zvikurusa yenhau yawo, kunyange zvazvo mapoka akananga nenzvimbo dzawo zvachinja nokufamba kwenguva.

MuCongress, masangano anoronga muitiro wemitemo kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzoutungamiriri, migove yedare, uye kushandira pamwe kwemitemo. Voruzhinji vari mukamuri rimwe nerimwe vanodzora zvirongwa, matare ezvigaro, uye vane simba rinokosha rokufambisira mberi kana kuti kuvhara mutemo. Chirango cheboka kazhinji kazhinji hachina kusimba zvikuru muUnited States kupfuura mugadziriro dzeparamende, asi chakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura sezvo mapoka azova anosianiswa zvikuru uye akaparadzana.

Kusarudza Nokutora Rutivi Rwehurumende

Kusarudza muitiro mukuru uyo vagari vemo vanoshandisa nawo uchangamire hwakakurumbira ndokuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire.Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza mitemo mikuru nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende asi rinosiyira udzame huzhinjisa kuCongress nehurumende.

Kusarudzwa Kwapurezidhendi

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi inoitwa makore mana ari ose paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November. Muitiro unovamba nezvisarudzo zvikuru nezvinosarudzwa uko mapati anosarudza maruva. aya makwikwi anosiana nehurumende, nemimwe ichishandisa primics (Miitiro) uye mimwe ichishandisa couciuses (misangano yemitezo yebato). Mwaka mukuru unowanzovambira muna February kusvikira muna June wegore resarudzo.

Sarudzo yavose inoshandisa Electoral College, umo vavhoti munyika imwe neimwe vanovimbisa vavhoti kutsigira vatendi vakati. Hurumende imwe neimwe inogamuchira vhoti dzinoenzana nemhiko yayo yose. Manyika mazhinjisa anoshandisa gadziriro inowana inowana apo muvhoti mukurusa anowana mavhota ose ehurumende. Maine neNebraska vanoshandisa gadziriro yoruwa umo vhoti dzevhoti dzinogona kupatsanurwa.

Kuti awane mukuru, mudaviridzi anofanira kugamuchira voti zhinjisa (270 kubva muna 538). Kana pasina muvhoti anogamuchira voruzhinji, Imba yavamiriri inovhota purezidhendi, nenhume imwe neimwe yehurumende ichivhota. Ikoku kwakaitika kaviri bedzi, muna 1800 na 1824. Electoral College yakava nenharo, zvikurukuru apo muwani wevhoti akasarudzwa anosiana nomuwirira wakakurumbira, sezvakaitika muna 2000 na2016.

Kusarudza Kwemasangano

Zvigaro zvose 435 zvedzimba zvakakwidzwa nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose, navamiriri vakasarudzwa kubva kumaruwa ane mitezo imwe mukati meruwa imwe. Miganhu yoruwa inodzokororwa makore gumi ari ose pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kuti varatidzire chinjo dzavagari vemo. Iyi gadziriro yokuchinja yazova yezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, neboka rinodzora dare ramaruwa rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji richikwevera maruwa kuti ridivire vadavi varo, muitiro unozivikanwa segerrymaniling.

Sarudzo dzeDare dzinoitika makore matanhatu ari ose, nezvinenge zvigaro zvikamu zvitatu zvesarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Vatongi vanosarudzwa munyika yose, vachiita kuti mijaho yeDare ive yamakwikwi zvikuru uye inodhura zvikuru kupfuura madzinza edzimba. Mashoko anokatyamadza anovimbisa kupfuurira muDare uye anodzivisa kuchinjwa kwakakwana kwemitezo.

Kubatanidzwa Nekodzero

Voter ount muUnited States inowanzova yakaderera kupfuura mudzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakabudirira, kunyange zvazvo ichisiyana zvikuru norudzi rwesarudzo uye chiverengero chavagari vemo. Sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzinoona zvikurukuru nhambo yakakwirira kupfuura sarudzo dzapakati penhambo dzedare, uye dzakura, dzakadzidza zvikuru, uye vagari vemo vakapfuma zvikuru vanosarudza pamwero yakakwirira kupfuura vagari vemo vaduku, vakadzidza zvishoma, uye varombo zvikuru.

Kodzero dzokupana mari dzakawedzera zvinoshamisa munhau yeAmerica kupfurikidza nokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo, mutemo, uye zvisarudzo zvedare. Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakanga ine revo zvikuru mukubvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvhota nokuda kwevaAmerica veAfrica muSouth. Zvisinei, gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, miitiro yokunyoresa, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kuvhota, uye dzimwe nhau dzedare resarudzo dzinotapura kusvika kuvhoti.

Kuita Basa Risingangoshandisi Basa Racho

Nepo kuvhota kuri chimiro chinooneka zvikurusa chokutora rutivi kwenzanga, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda mumuitiro wehurumende nepesvedzero mudzimwe nzira dzakawanda.

Kuonana Nevakuru - vakuru Vakarongwa

Vagari vanogona kuonana navamiriri vavo navamiririri kuti vataure mirangariro pamusoro pomutemo, kukumbira betsero namasangano ehurumende, kana kuti kumutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende. Mitezo yeCongress inochengeta mahofisi muWashington, D.C., uye mumaruwa avo kana kuti nyika, uye vanoshandisa vashandi kuti vapindure kurukurirano dzinobatanidzwa. Kurukurirano inoshanda navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa inobatanidza kuva yakajeka pamusoro penzvimbo yako, kutsanangura kuti nhau inotapura sei iwe kana kuti nzanga yako, uye kukumbira chiito chaicho.

Vagari vemo vanogonawo kupindura panenge pataurwa nemasangano anopa mitemo mitsva, anopinda misangano yehurumende yomunharaunda, kana kuti anoshanda pamabhodhi okuongorora zvinhu.

Kungwarira uye Kuita Zvinhu

Mapoka evanofarira anopinda mumasangano okukwidza maoko anoshandiswa kuti agadzirise manzwi avo. Mapoka anoitira hanya anopinda mukukurudzira, dzidzo yavose, uye kukurudzira kuti zviite kuti zviite zvinhu zvinopesvedzera. Vagari vemo vanogonawo kuronga kana kuti kutora rutivi mukuramba, kuratidzira, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvechiito chakananga zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Makombiyuta nemakombiyuta akagadzira nzira itsva dzokuvimbisana, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakurumidze kuunganidza, kutaurirana mashoko, uye kushandira pamwe.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

KUPA kutora rutivi kunopfuura zvamatongerwe enyika zvorudzi kusvikira kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo, uko zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinoitwa. kupinda misangano yedare rechikoro, kutora rutivi mukunzwa kwenzeve dzavanhu, kubatira pamasangano enharaunda, uye kuzvipira nokuda kwamasangano enzanga zvose zvinobetsera kuubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende negarikano zvakanaka.

Basa reJury rinomirira rumwe rudzi runokosha rwokutora rutivi kwenzanga, richibvumira vagari vemo kutora rutivi zvakananga mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro.Apo kazhinji kazhinji richirangarirwa somutoro, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi mutoro mukuru wehurumende uyo unovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinoratidzira mipimo yenzanga nemipimo.

Nhau Dzebumbiro Remitemo Renguva Ino

Kuitisana nharo kunoramba kuchiratidza kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo unoshanda uye kuti mitemo yepamutemo inoramba ichishanda.

Simba Rine Simba Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Dzikano pakati pesimba rapurezidhendi nechiremera choutungamiriri inoramba ichipokanidzwa, zvikurukuru pamusoro pechiito chehondo, kuongorora, uye masimba ekurumidziro. Mapurezidhendi akaita nenzira inowedzera munhau dzokumwe nechengeteko yorudzi, pane dzimwe nguva achitaura chiremera chegamuchidzanwa chemitemo icho Congress nematare zvakapanikira. Nharo pamusoro peRweemper Resolutions, gadziriro dzokuongorora, kuchengetwa kwemauto anofungidzirwa, uye kushandiswa kwemauto pasina kubvumira kwedare rinopfuurira kuedza miganhuro yebumbiro remitemo.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Kushandisa nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzeFirst Amendment kukurukurirano nekombiyuta, kudzikamisa zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa mumitemo yemasangano anobudisa nhau kunomuka pamusoro pokutevedzerwa kwemashoko, kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asiri iwo, kunetswa paIndaneti, uye kudzikamiswa kwemashoko akasununguka nezvimwe zvinokosha zvakadai sokuva woga nokuchengeteka.

Kuva Woga uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi zvakananga kuva voga, matare akaziva kodzero dzakavanzika mumativi akasiana - siana. Kudzivirirwa kweFramendment yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari kunoshanda kumichina yemichina nekurukurirano, asi kudzivirirwa kunoramba kusina kujeka. Nhau dzakadai semiunganidzwa yemashoko, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kurongedzwa kwenzvimbo, uye kunyorwa kwemashoko enhema kunodenha mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa yechivande chemunhu uye kunoda kuti matare achinjire nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuruzivo rutsva rwesayenzi.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Nharo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, chengeteko yesarudzo, uye urongwa hwesarudzo dzakawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Nharo dzinobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, miitiro yokunyoresa, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kuvhota kwapakarepo, kuvhota, kudzosa, mari yenhimbe, uye kupindira kwokumwe muvhota. iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pokuvimbisa kuvimbika kwesarudzo nokuwedzera kusvika kwevoti iverengwi, pakati pokudzora kwehurumende nokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Kunzwisisa mitemo yebumbiro remitemo uye hurumende ibasa rokudzidza kwoupenyu hwose.

Constitution Center yeNational muPhiladelphia inopa zvirongwa zvedzidzo, zviratidziro, uye zviwanikwa zvepaIndaneti pamusoro penhau dzeBumbiro remitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Website yavo inogovera kusvika kuBumbiro reMitemo, nhau dzeDare Rapamusorosoro, uye zvinhu zvedzidzo mumazera ose. Unogona kunzvera pfuma yavo pa constitutioncenter.org[FL:3]]

Ribhiri reCongress inochengeta miunganidzwa mikuru yezvinyorwa zvenhau, zvishandiso zvemitemo, uye zviwanikwa zvedzidzo. Website yavo inopa kusvika kuCongregational Record, mari inonyorwa, mishumo yedare, uye magwaro enhau. Shanyiwa.

Dare repanotangira rinopa mukana wepfungwa, nharo dzinotaurwa, uye mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yeDare. Vagari vanogona kurava zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kuteerera zvibvumikiso zvokutaura, uye kudzidza nezvenhau nemagamuchidzanwa zveDare pa [FLT:].gov

Mayunivhesiti akawanda nemasangano anopa zvidzidzo zvepachena paIndaneti pamusoro peBumbiro reMitemo, hurumende yeAmerica, uye kuvimbisana kunoitwa nehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Bumbiro reMitemo rakatsungirira kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore nemhaka yokuti rakaumba nheyo dzinokosha nepo richiramba richichinjika kumigariro inochinja. Gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, nzvero nedzikamo, hurumende, uye maruramiro akadzivirirwa dzakabvumikisa kuva dzakasimba zvakakwana kuti dzigovere chinjo huru yenzanga, yemari, uye yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu apo dzaichengeta dzikamo yehurumende nedziviriro yomunhu oga.

Kunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo nehurumende hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzo chete asi kudikanwa kunoshanda nokuda kwougari hwemo hunobudirira. Bumbiro remitemo nderevagari vose veAmerica, uye nheyo dzaro bedzi dzine revo apo vagari vemo vanodzinzwisisa, vanodzikumbira, uye vanodzidzivirira.

Zvinetso zvakatarisana nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica nhasi — kupiwa simba rehurumende yeAmerica, mashoko asina kururama, kuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano, tyisidziro dzokuvhota, uye gakava pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende(8) rangarira kuti ibasa rinozivikanwa uye rakabatana. Nokunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, zvinodiwa neBumbiro remitemo, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kubetsera kupedza izvi zvinetso nokusimbisa ubati ushe hwehurumende.

Mashoko okuzarura eBumbiro reMitemo, "Isu vanhu," anotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende inowana chiremera chayo mukubvuma kwavadzorwi uye kuti vagari vemo vane mutoro mukurusa wokuchengeta hurumende yebumbiro-mitemo. Uyu mutoro unoda kudzidza kunopfuurira, kufunga kwokutsoropodza, hurukuro yavagari vemo, uye kutora rutivi kwokushingaira. Sezvo chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana nedenho itsva nemikana, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa zvose zviri zviviri hwaro hwenheyo dzinogara negadziriro yegadziriro yokufunga yehurumende negadziriro yokuita chisarudzo.

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, kunzwisisa miitiro yehurumende, uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwomunharaunda, vagari vanoremekedza chiono chavavambi nepo vachichichichichichichinjira chiono ichocho kuzvinodikanwa zvenguva ino. Bumbiro reMitemo haisati iri chinyorwa chakabatana muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere asi gadziriro mhenyu inopfuurira kuumba hurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu ndokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Nguva yayo yemberi inotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa nheyo dzayo, vanonzwisisa ukoshi hwayo, uye vanozvipira kutsigira hurumende yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.