Kunzwisisa Zvinetso Zvepamutemo: Kutanga

Mano okudenha mutemo mudare iko kuiswa kwechiremera chehurumende yehurumende. Inovimbisa kuti zviito zvemitemo nezvoutungamiriri zvinoramba zviri mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa nebumbiro remitemo uye kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa pakutsoropodzwa. Nokuda kwavatangi, kufamba mumitemo yapamutemo kunogona kuratidzika kuva kunotyisa, asi kunzwisisa miitiro inokosha yenzira iyo mitemo inodenhwa nayo inoshongedzera nayo vagari vemo, vatsigiri, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo dzine zivo yokutsigira nokuda kwechinjo. Iyi nhungamiro inokwevera pamifungo huru, uye kurangarira kwakafanira kunobatanidzwa mukupanikira kuva nenhau yomutemo, ichi chimiro chikuru nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anofarira rutivi runotambudza rwegadziriro yokutonga.

Zvinorevei Kudenha Mutemo?

Kudenha mutemo chiito chapamutemo chapamutemo chinoitwa kukwikwidzana kuva wechokwadi, kunamatwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kushandiswa kwomutemo, murau, kana kuti chiito chehurumende. Hakusati kuchingova bedzi kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika; kunoda hwaro hwepamutemo hwakasimba uye kunamatira kumirano. Denho yacho inowanzotaura kuti mutemo unoputsa chiremera chakakwirira zvikuru. (hwukurukurukurukuru mumiitiro yehurumende) kana kuti hurumende kuti yakagadzwa pasina chiremera chakafanira, inorwisana nemiraudzo iripo, kana kuti yakashandiswa nomutoo wakakomba. Zvinetso zvinobudirira zvinogona kuguma nokuparadzwa chose chose chose, kuchinjwa nenhevedzano yedare, kana kuti kuganhurirwa mukushandiswa kwawo kumigariro yakananga. Uyu muitiro unokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta mutemo uye kusimba rayo risingapfuurirwi kwehurumende.

MuUnited States, simba rokuongorora dare (kubvira ipapo), mano ematare okuzivisa mitemo isati iri pamutemo() akagadzwa munhau yechiratidzo chenhau Marbury v. Madison (1803). Kubvira ipapo, matare akabatira sevapikisi vakuru vakurusa vemitemo yemitemo inowirirana nenheyo dzemitemo. Kuisa mutemo musero isati iri iri iri iri nyore kana iri nyore; inowanzobatanidza makore okupindwa kwemari, mitengo inokosha, uye kumiririrwa kwapamutemo. Zvisinei, inoramba iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwefambiro mberi yenzanga nedziviriro yemitemo.

Marudzi Ezvinetso Zvepamutemo

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira kujekesa nharo dzepamutemo nemigumisiro inobvira.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo

Izvozvi zvimiro zvinozivikanwa zvikurusa uye zvinotapura denho. Denho yeGishoni inosimbisa kuti mutemo unoputsa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, yakadai se First Amendment (rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano), [[[FLT:]] Fitentententer [[2] Supermence] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FOT]] [inoshandiswa napasvo] [[FOK] muimwe migariro inodzo, asi yakakwirira].[10]

Matambudziko Okusatevedzera Mitemo

Zvinetso zvemitemo hazvibatanidzi nhau dzebumbiro remitemo asi panzvimbo pezvo zvinotaura kuti denho dzinotsamira panheyo dzerondedzero kana kuti dzakanzwisiswa zvisina kufanira nesangano kana kuti dare rakaderera. Somuenzaniso, mutengi angataura kuti mutemo wehurumende unodzima mutemo womunzvimbomo, kana kuti kuti kuti sangano rehurumende rinopfuura donzo raro remitemo apo rinenge richiisa murairo. Zvinetso izvi zvinowanzotsamira panheyo dzerondedzero, dzakadai sechinongedzero chinoreva kana kuti ].

Zvinetso Zvehurumende

Idzi denho dzinonanga mitemo, mirau, kana kuti zvisarudzo zvamasangano ehurumende. Zvirongwa zvinowana chiremera chazvo mumirairo, asi zviito zvazvo zvinofanira kupfuurira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nezvemitemo. Zvinetso zvoubati ushe zvinowanzobatanidza kutaura kuti muitiro wesangano rokuita mitemo unopesana nechirevo che Procture Act [APA] [[FLT]] Act [[FLT]] [g.1] (m., kukundikana kuzivisa nokutsinhirana), kuti mutemo unopesana nechibvumirano chesangano. Somuenzaniso, mapoka anodenha kazhinji kazhinji miraudzo yemhoteredzo EPA, achipikisa kuti sangano rive rakakoshairira kana kuti zvimwe kudzivirira utano hwapachena sezvinodikanwa nomutemo.

Mutemo Wavose Nezvinetso Zvinoenzana

Zvisingawanzoitiki asi zvichiri kukosha, idzi denho dzinomuka mudzidziso dzapamutemo dzegamuchidzanwa dzisingawirirani mumirau. Somuenzaniso, mutengi angatsvaka information kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo wakavakirwa pawirirano kana kuti kutaura kuti mutemo unoputsa nheyo dzapakuvamba dzeruramisiro. Idzi denho dzinowanzobatanidzwa nezvinotaurwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti remitemo.

Vatungamiriri Venhau Nokuda Kwomutemo Unodenha

Dzidziso idzi dzinoita kuti matare anyatsosarudza kupesana chaikoiko, chaikoiko uye adzivise kubudisa pfungwa dzokunyepera.

Kumira

Kuti amire, mutongi anofanira kuratidzira (1) kuvadziko yakakotsekana neyakajeka (yakavapo kana kuti yava pedyo), (2) batano pakati pekuvadziko nemutemo inodenhwa, uye (3) bviro yokuti chisarudzo chedare chakanaka chichabvisa kuvadziko. Pasina kumira, dare harina simba rokunzwa nhau yacho. Somuenzaniso, mugari wemo haagoni kungova nemhaka yokuti haabvumirani nomutemo; vanofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo wacho unovakuvadza. Chinodikanwa chokumira chakajekeswa mumhaka dzakadai se LN. V. Vareversi vaWildlife ][196], apo Dare Gurusaresaro rakachengeta kuvadziko rakananga, risingawirira vanhu vose.

Kutsvedza

Kukurumidza kutongwa kunodzivisa matare kusarudza nhau.

Kuzvitutumadza

Nhau inova inopera kana gakava guru rakapedzwa kana kuti kuvadziko yapera.

Kudzivirira Changamire Nehurumende

Mumadzoro akawanda, hurumende hadzina kudzivirirwa pasakafanira kutoti dzakabvuma kupiwa mhaka. Mukuwedzera, mitemo yakati ingadzivirirwa nedzidziso dzakadai se kudzivirira kukwaniriswa nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende, kuchikuita kwakaoma kudenha zviito zvavo. Kunzwisisa idzi dziviriro dzinokosha pakuronga denho yapamutemo.

Kuoma Kwomutemo

Rwendo rwokubva pakuisa nyunyuto kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira runobatanidza matanho akawanda, rimwe nerimwe rine kurangarira kwaro rimene kwakafanira. Nepo zvinenge zvichitaurwa zvichisiyana kupfurikidza nechiremera (dare rehurumende), gadziriro yose zvayo inotsinhirana.

1. Kuziva Nheyo Dzezvinetso

Danho rokutanga kunzvera kwakakwana kwapamutemo kuziva zvikonzero zvakanaka. Ikoku kunobatanidza kunzvera rugwaro rwomutemo, nhau yawo yemitemo, mutemo wayo wenhau yakafanira, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Varairi vanofanira kusarudza kana chinetso chacho chinofanira kuva chiso kana kuti chinoitwa, uye kana chichimutsa zvikurukuru pamutemo, mirau, kana kuti nhau dzehurumende. Kuunganidza ufakazi kunovamba nokukurumidza, zvikurukuru nokuda kwedenho dzinopanikidzwa umo migariro chaiyo yomupultiff iri inokosha.

2 Kunyunyuta

Kana pangova nezvikonzero zvatangwa, dare rinosaidzira rinotsanangura mudare rine chiremera chakafanira. Kunyunyuta kunofanira kutaura hwaro hwapamutemo hwedenho yacho, rondedzera kuvadziko yakatambura, uye kukumbira nyaradzo chaiyo (imo, rutongeso rwokuti mutemo hautsivi, murairo unodzivisa kuchengetwa, kana kuti kuvadziko). Mudare rehurumende, kunyunyuta kunodzorwa neFederal Rureagement of Civil Procedeture. Nokuda kwedenho dzemitemo, mupurisa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anotaura nezvehurumende (g., Attoneral General) somukwiridhe.

3. Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika

Pamberi pokuwana, mativi ose ari maviri angagadzira kugadziridza ukuru hwenhau. pfungwa yokudzinga inoramba kuti kunyunyuta kunokundikana kutaura chirevo kana kuti dare harina muganhu. Kufunga kwokutonga kwokupfupikisa [ kunosimbisa kuti hakuna nharo dzechokwadi dzeidi rezvinhu uye kuti boka rinofambiswa rine kodzero yokutonga senhau yomutemo. Zvinetso zvamabumbiro emitemo akawanda anopedzwa pakutonga kwapfupikidzwa nemhaka yokuti maidi anoshorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji.

4. Kuwanikwa kwaPease

Kana nhau yacho ikaramba iripo pamberi pezvirongwa zvedare, kuwanikwa kunovamba. Mapepa okuchinjana, kutora nzvimbo, uye kukumbira. Nokuda kwezvinetso zvinobatanidza makakatanwa eidi (sezvinei, kana mutemo wokuronga une simba reruramisiro), kuwana kunokosha. Zvisinei, mudenho chaidzo dzebumbiro remitemo, kuwana kungaganhurirwa nemhaka yokuti maidi kazhinji kazhinji apamutemo kana kuti mawiro muchisiko.

5. Kutonga

Zvinetso zvizhinjisa zvebumbiro remitemo zvinosarudzwa nomutongi asina dare rinobetsera vatongi (kutongwa kwedare), sezvo zvinobatanidza mibvunzo yomutemo panzvimbo peidi. Mativi ose ari maviri anopa nharo uye angasuma chipupuriro chounyanzvi. Mutongi anoshandisa mupimo wapamutemo wakafanira, wakadai se mirau yenhau [ [pamitemo inoremedza kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti nhevedzano yedzinza] kana kuti hwaro hwehwiru hwehwirusa rwezvero yezvero yemari [. Muuyo wacho muuyo wakanyorwa uyo unotsigira kana kuti zvimwe kushatisa mutemo.

Kukwirira

Rumwe rutivi runogona kukwidza chisarudzo chedare rokutonga kudare redare rapakati kana kuti, pakupedzisira, kudare rapamusoro zvikurusa (muchib. 0], Dare Gurusa reU.S. kana kuti dare rapamusorosoro). Zvikwidzo zvinonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvomutemo, kwete zviwanwa zvechokwadi. Muitiro weappllate unogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore. Zvinetso zvakawanda zvechiratidzo zvinosvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro kupfurikidza ne Dare repabheritari , iro Dare rinopa mhaka bedzi nokuda kwoukoshi hworudzi kana kuti apo matare akaderera akakamuranisa panhau yacho.

Kufunga Kunokosha Nemitemo Inonetsa

Kudenha mutemo hakurerutsirwi, uye kunze kwokuoma kunzwisisa kwepamutemo, zvinhu zvinoshanda uye zvinoshanda zvinofanira kurangarirwa.

Kumirira Kwapamutemo Nendyiko

Zano remitemo rinokosha. Mafemu echiwaniro chomutemo wemhindu yavose (mutoo, ACLU, Institute for Justice, kana kuti Lambda pamutemo) anowanzobata zvinetso zvikuru pasina kubhadharisa vatengi. Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti mapoka maduku, ndyiko yeripo yomunhu oga inogona kuva inorambidza(wechipiri, mari yedare, uye ndyiko dzemhesano dzechapupu dzinogona kusvika mazana ezviuru zvemadhora. Probo giramu ingawanika, asi haivimbiswi.

Nguva Nezviwanikwa

Uyezve, kana dare rikatsigira mutemo, mupurisa wacho angava ane mhosva nokuda kwezvinenge zvataurwa nemukwiridziri wacho. Zvisarudzo zvakarongwa, zvakadai sokutsvaka murayiro wokutanga wokumisa kuchengetwa kwedare panguva yokutongwa, zvinogona kuchinja nguva nedzvinyiriro.

Kumira uye Kusarudzwa Kwemhosva

Kuwana chigadziko chine kumira chakongiri kazhinji kazhinji ndiro danda rokutanga. Mapoka ezvourezi anowanzotsvaka vanhu vanokuvadzwa zvakananga nomutemo kuti vashande sevapuri. Somuenzaniso, mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), varoorani vevatano vairamba kunyoreswa marezenisi eroorano kana kuti roorano dzavo dzakaitwa mune dzimwe nyika dzisingabvumirwi. Chisarudzo chePrecttiff chinogonawo kutapura kunzwisisa pachena netsitsi dzedare.

Mashoko Akanaka: Mazano Okuongorora uye Kukanganisa Kwazvinoita

Zvinetso zvakawanda zvinobudirira rutivi rwenzira huru yechirongwa chinozivikanwa se sutusions . Masangano anosarudza nokungwarira maidi akanakisisa nechiremera kuti aedzedzei mukana wokutonga kwakanaka. Somuenzaniso, boka raNaACP rapamutemo mu Brown v. Board of Education anosarudza noune nhau kubva kumaruwa akawanda kuratidza muenzaniso weBHORO, uye akavaka chinyorwa chichishandisa ufakazi hwesayenzi yenzanga pamusoro pezvikanganiso zveITH. Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga anokoshawo.[FURCUP] kungada kana kuti kusava nyore kurangarira zvimwe zvinetso pakuumbwa kwechi judicary.

Kuongorora Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Zvinobudirira

Kuongorora nyaya dzine zvadzinosiya dzakanyorwa kunoratidza kuti zvinetso zvepamutemo zvinotanga sei uye kuti zvinobatsira sei.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Iyi denho inofanirwa yakakurira rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose. Vadzidzi veAmerica nevabereki vavo .Aragut vakataura kuti “zvinhu zvakaparadzaniswa asi zvakaenzana” zvakanga zvisina kuenzana nenzira yomuzvarirwo, zvichiputsa chisarudzo [[FLT: 0] cheNyiviro yePrequeteteence [ yeGrandment. Mhaka yacho yakanga iri nhamburiko yakatsinhiraniswa neNAACP, chinotungamirirwa naThur Good Marshall. Dare guru rinobvumirana nechisarudzo che Plasscev. Ferguson[FL:3] [186]])) uye yakaronga nheyo dzekodzero dzavagari vemo vavagari vemo. Chipo chaicharome, chapamutemo chakabatanidzwa noufakazi hwetsika.

Wade (1973)

Jane Roe (namashoko enhema nokuda kwaNorma McCorvey) akadenha mitemo yeTexas yokuti kubvisa mimba kwakaputsa kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwomukadzi. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti `Faith Procession Clause[ yeGrandment ye14neth Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomukadzi yokuva woga, uko kunobatanidza chisarudzo chokugumisa pamuviri. Kunyange zvazvo Roe v. Wade [[FLT]] gare gare gare [[FLT] inodzorwa mu [FL:] Dobs. Vakadzi Vatano yezvoutano [[FLT] [5] [202], inoramba muenzaniso unotambudza mutemo wamarudzi.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Nyaya iyi yakawedzera denho dzakawanda dzokutaura zvirambidzo paroorano yohuhuhuhutu. Vatsamiri vakarangarira kuti kunyima marezenisi eroorano kwakaputsa Bheatietiery Procession Clause uye . Dare rapamusoro rakatonga 5-4 kuti varoorani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo vane maruramiro makuru okuroora, vachishandura pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo munyika yose. [[FLT:] Brown, nhau yacho yakanga iri mugumo wamakore okufarira kwavose namasangano akadai seACU naGalda, uye yakabetserwa nokurangarira kwapachena.

Mimwe Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka

Mira v. Arizona (1966) denho yakakurumbira yakagadza “Marinda maruramiro” pasi peFindromendment, ichida kuti mapurisa azivise kufungira kodzero dzawo. Gideon v. Wainright [1963]) akadenha kuramba zano nokuda kwavanopomerwa mhaka, kuchitungamirira kumaruramiro kumugweta mumi mumimimimimimimi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvinetso zvinogona kubva kuvanhu nezvipfuyo zvishoma asi nebetsero yavachengeti vehurumende kana kuti prono.

Basa Ramapoka Anofarira Vanhu Nemasangano Evafundisi

Mapoka efariro avanhu kazhinji kazhinji isimba rinosunda denho huru dzapamutemo. Masangano akafanana ne American Libersion Union (ACLU), Southern Post Infolety Law Center (SPLC), [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Institutions for Justice [, [[FLT]], Sangano reKufambira mberi kwevorasika vanhu (NACP) ,[FLT] uye [FLT] , [FFLT] .[FFLT]

Vanopindawo mu mamicule mipfupi, inobvumira masangano kupa nharo kudare kunyange kana asiri rutivi rwakananga kunhau yacho. Mipfumo mipfupi inogona kuumba nzwisiso yedare yenhau dzakaoma kupfurikidza nokugovera kurangarira kwapamutemo kwapamutemo, kunzvera kwesayenzi, kana kuti mirangariro inobva munzanga dzakatapurwa. Somuenzaniso, OGeneberge, mipfupinduro mizhinji yamashoko yakachengetwa navanyori venhau, nyanzvi dzezvorudzidziso, uye mapoka orudzidziso (inongedzei ruramisiro).

Basa razvo rinovimbisa kuti kudenha mutemo hakusi nzvimbo yevapfumi chete kana kuti yevane manyuko akanaka.

mhedziso

Kudenha mutemo mudare chishandiso chine simba chokufambira mberi ruramisiro, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nepo muitiro wacho wakaoma, unodhura, uye unopa nguva, bviro yokuchinja kwapanguva ino unouita rutivi runokosha rwenzanga yedemokrase. Kunzwisisa marudzi ezvinetso. "`aconstitution, attution, uye acureator , semhinganidzo dzakafanana nokumira, kuibva, uye kungwara, kunopa vagari vemo simba simba rokuita chinhu chine revo. Kufunda [FLT: 0] v.[5] Brown. Board yedzidzo yedzidzo yeD [FLT] , kunyange , , , , , , [FLT] uye pamutemo mukuru wemitemo inopfupikisa. [FFFF], inotongedza kubetsera kubetsera kubetsera kubetsera kupfurikidza nemitemo yapamutemo.