Vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti Congress inoongorora uye inoongorora sei zviito zvehurumende achishandisa maturusi akasiyana - siyana. Iyi nhungamiro inotsanangura maitiro aya, inotsanangura nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye inoratidza kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vanogona sei kuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo zuva nezuva.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwokutarisira

Simba reCongress rokunzvera nokunzvera bazu guru harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, asi kwave kuchizivikanwa kwenguva refu sesimba rinodikanwa kuti bazu rewigine remitemo riite mabasa aro. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa chiremera ichi muzviitiko zvinooneka zvakadai se Mcrain v. Daughty [197], iro rakasimbisa kuti Dare rine simba rokumanikidza uchapupu uye mapepa serutivi rwebasa raro rePucricve. Iri chiremera chakabva mumipimo kudikanwa yokuzivisa mutemo, kutungamirira kushata kwemitemo, uye kubvisa marara, kunyengera, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira zvisina kufanira mumapurogiramu ehurumende.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogoverawo nzvero dzakajeka dzinoverengeka: simba rechikwama (Article I, Chikamu 8), basa reDare mukusimbisa kugadzwa nokugadziridza zvibvumirano (Article II, Chikamu 2), uye muitiro wokusaidzira (Mashizha, Chikamu 2 ne 3). Maturusi aya anoumba wirirano yegadziriro yecheki nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa rimwe bazi ripi neripi kudzora vamwe.

Kuongorora Kwemasangano

Kuongorora uku kunogona kuitwa nedare ripi neripi kana kuti nedare riri mukati meImba kana kuti Dare, kazhinji kacho kuchishandisa chisarudzo chinobvumira.

Marudzi Okunzvera

Kuongorora kunowanzoitwa mumapoka akasiyana - siyana:

  • [ Nzvero dzinoshanda [ - dzakanangidzirwa kuunganidza maidi kuzivisa kunyorwa kwemitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kweichiripo.
  • Kunzvera kwokungwarira - kwakanangidzirwa pakuyera kushanda, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro dzamabazu makuru nemibato.
  • Kunzwa kwokusazvibata - kwaishandiswa kunzvera pomero dzoushati, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kana kuti kupunzwa kwomutemo navakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti masangano avanhu.
  • Kusimbisa nokuisa mashoko [[[FL:1] - Matare eDare anonzvera zvikwaniriso nemigariro yakagadzwa navakuru vakuru, kubatanidza vatongi, vanyori vedare, uye vakuru vesangano.

Zvishandiso Zvokunzvera

Matare ane chishandiso chine simba chokuunganidza uchapupu uye anomanikidza kushandira pamwe:

  • SUBPOenas - mirairo yapamutemo inoda vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano kubudisa magwaro kana kuti kuoneka pamberi pedare kupupurira pasi pemhiko. Kuramba musangano kunogona kutungamirira kunhau dzokuzvidza, idzo dzingaguma nefaindi kana kuti kunyange kuiswa mutorongo kana zvichitsigirwa nekamuri rakazara.
  • Kunzwa [ - Marusando akavharwa apo zvapupu zvinogovera chipupuriro uye zvinopindura mibvunzo inobva kumitezo yedare. Kunzwa kunogona kuva kunoshamisa, navakuru vakuru veprofile yakakwirira kana kuti vapfuri vanotarisana nokunzvera muchinjikwa mumagetsi emakamera eterevhizheni.
  • [ Zvikumbiro zveTC [ - Matare anowanzokumbira mhatsa yakafara yezvinyorwa, kubatanidza maemail, mitoro, kuzivisa mari, uye mishumo yomukati. Zvikumbiro izvi zvinogona kuitwa nokuzvidira kana kuti nokumanikidzira.
  • [ wirirano[[FLT]-1] – Yapamhikano nezvapupu, zvinoitiswa navashandi vedare kana kuti mitezo. Mabhii anobvumira kubvunza kwamashoko pasina chiono chapachena chokutonga.
  • Nzvero dzechiPurofesa - Vanzveri venyanzvi pavashandi vamadare vanoitisa bvunzurudzo, kuunganidza ufakazi, uye kugadzirira mishumo nokuda kwemitezo.

Kunzwa

Kunzwa ndiro rutivi runooneka zvikurusa rwenzvero dzesangano. Dzinowanzotevera manyorerwo akarongwa. Mugadhiridzo anopa mashoko okuzarura anoonesa chinangwa chokunzwa. Mutezo wakatanhamara ungapa mhinduro ipapo. Pashure paikoko, zvapupu zvinopikirwa ndokupa chipupuriro chazvo chakagadzirirwa. Ipapo mitezo yeDare ine chitsama chakatemwa chenguva, kazhinji kazhinji maminiti mashanu, kubvunza mibvunzo. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri mirangariro mizhinji nemishomanene inobudiswa, kunyange zvazvo chigaro chichishanda chinodzora purogiramu nenguva.

Vanhu vose uye vanobudisa nhau vanogona kunzwa kana kuti kuvharwa kuti vazive mashoko okuchengetedza nyika yose anenge aita kuti mashoko anenge ataurwa kana anzwiwa anyatsowanika kana dare rateererwa.

Miganhu Nezvinetso

Nzvero dzeCongress hadzina kuganhurirwa. Zvapupu zvingasimbisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakadai seFindremendment yakarurama mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa. Ropanoro yeGuru inogonawo kunzi neWhite House kudzivisa kurukurirano dzakati kuti dzirege kuwanwa, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo dzingatora makore. Kusawirirana mumatare kunogona kunonotsa kana kuti kubvisa mativi ose. Uyezve, ukuru hwebasa nepfuma dzavashandi dzakaganhurirwa zvinoreva kuti hadzisi nhau iri yose inowana ngwariro inofanirwa nayo.

Nzvero Dzomutemo

Kana pangopera kuongorora, Congress inoramba ichidzora bazu revakuru kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira mitemo, kuronga zviremera, uye kusimbisa masimba.

Simba Rechidyiro

Cherechedzo hurusa inodzora kushandiswa kwemari yehurumende. Pasi peBumbiro reMitemo, hapana mari inogona kutorwa muVhinzi pasina kunyorwa kwemitemo. Gore rimwe nerimwe, Congress inopa chisarudzo chemari inoiswa pamwero wemari inoshandiswa yose zvayo, ichiteverwa nezvikwereti zvemipiro zvinogovera mari kumasangano akati nezvirongwa.

Kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari, Congress inogona kuderedza mari yezvirongwa zvokutanga yainoramba, kuwedzera mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzainotsigira, uye kuisa migariro pamashandisirwe emari. Somuenzaniso, Congress ingarambidza kushandiswa kwemari yemimwe mibato, chishandiso chinozivikanwa somutasvi wemitemo. Simba iri rakashandiswa kudzivisa chinhu chiri chose kubva kumabasa ehondo munyika dzakati kuti kusvikira kumirairo yemhoteredzo. Hurumende Accouncial Office (GAO) inoongorora mari inotengwa kuvimbisa kuwirirana nemitemo iyi.

Kusimbiswa Kwavakagadzwa

Basa reDare "kubvuma nebvumo" icherekedzo yakananga pakugadzwa kwapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi anoisa vanhu kunzvimbo huru, kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vakuru vakuru vehondo. Ipapo Dare rinonzvera kutemwa kumwe nokumwe kupfurikidza nokuvhota kwedare neuriri. Voruzhinjiwo zvavo vanodikanirwa nokuda kwesimbiso zhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nzvimbo, kufanana navatongi veDare Guru, vanoda kudzorwa kukurusa mumigariro yakati.

Iyi nzira inobvumira vatenzi kunzvera zvikwaniriso zvavakuru, pfungwa, uye chinyorwa chetsika. Kana Dare rikaramba mutungamiriri, purezidhendi anofanira kusarudza mutsivi. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero huru yewirirano paidzoro yebazu revakuru vakuru nerokutonga.

Treaty Retation

Tsamba dzinokurukurwa napurezidhendi dzinofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji vaviri vanosvika kutatu muDare dzisati dzagona kushanda. Ichi chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti misengwa yamarudzi ose inoratidzira bvumirano yakafara uye kuti mukuru mukuru haagoni kusungirira United States jongwe nekamwe kamwe kubvumirano dzokumwe. Dare ringachinjawo kana kuti kuisa migariro kubvumirano, kuchipa kuwedzerwa kwemiitiro yokumwe.

Kutungamirira Kwomutemo Kupfurikidza Nokunyorazve uye Kuronga Zvezuva

Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinobvumirwa nokuda kwenhambo yakaganhurirwa. Congress inofanira kupfuudza zvikwereti zvokunyoresazve kuti irambe ichimhanya, ichigovera mikana yenguva dzose yokuhwirudzura kuita chiito ndokuita chinjo. Zvikamu zvemashoko zvezuva zvinogumisa mapurogiramu nenzira inozvidira kutoti Congress ichiita chiito chokuamutsidzira, kumanikidza kunyorazve kwapanhambo nenhambo.

Kuronga Zvaungaita

Kuranga ndiko kukurusa (napane purofiti) uye tool Congress isingawanzowaniki ine basa rokunzvera mapazu makuru nedare. Muitiro webumbiro remitemo wokubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi, nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru uye utsotsi husina kururama. Muitiro unoitika muzvikamu zviviri.

Chikuva Chokutanga: Imba Yevamiririri

Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokutanga kuteererwa. Dare, rinowanzova Dare reHouse Judicary, rinonzvera pomero nenyaya dzinonyorwa nepepa rokunyorerwa. Idzi nyaya dzinobatira sepomero dzakarongwa. Imba yakazara ipapo nharo namavhoti panyaya imwe neimwe. Kana nyaya ipi neipi ipfuurirwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo, mukuru mukuru mukuru haapindwi. Kuparidziri mukuru mukuru mukuru wacho amene hakubvisi mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Chinotongwa Chechipiri: Kutonga kweDare

Kana Imba yangopa mhaka mukuru, Dare rinotonga. Mutongi mukuru weDare Rapamusorosoro anotungamirira mumitongo youpurezidhendi; mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kana kuti mutarisiri akasarudzwa anotungamirira mune dzimwe nhau. Mitezo yeimba inoshanda savachuchisi, inogovera ufakazi uye inodana zvapupu. mukuru mukuru anopomerwa ane maruramiro okupa zano rapamutemo, kupa ufakazi, uye kupupurira vanopinda mumitezo yeAstamine.

Pamhedziso yokutonga kwacho, Dare rinovhota papwiso. Voruzhinji vaviri vamapereti varipo vanodikanirwa kubvisa mukuru mukuru pahofisi. Dare ringavhotawo kusakwanirisa mukuru mukuru kuva nenzvimbo yomunguva yemberi. Kupwiswa hakuwanzoitika; purezidhendi vatatu bedzi (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump kaviri) uye vashomanene vavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakapi navapi vakaiswa, uye nhamba duku bedzi yakawanwa ndokubviswa, vazhinjisa vavo vakanga vari vatongi vehurumende.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Nerevo

Muitiro wokusatendeseka wakashandiswa zvishoma asi nesimba. Kupikiswa kwaPrezidhendi Andrew Johnson muna 1868 kwakabva mukuputswa kwake kweTenure of Office Act, kunyange zvazvo iye akasunungurwa nevhoti imwe. Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akapinzwa mhaka muna 1998 nokuda kweringi nejeko reruramisiro zvine chokuita nemhosho yaMonicale Lewinsky; Dare rakamusunungura muna 1999. Donald Trump akanzi anzi anzi anzi anzi anzi anzi: muna 2019 nokuda kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba uye kudzorwa kweDare pamusoro peUkraine, uye muna 2021 nokuda kwokunyandura kudenha Capito; nguva dzose dziri mbiri Dare rakasunungurwa.

Kukumbira kunoshanda sechenjero huru pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwevakuru vakuru, asi nhanho yakwo yakakwirira yokupwiswa inoreva kuti yakachengeterwa mufambiro wakakomba zvikurusa womufambiro wakashata.

Mimwe Michina Inotarisirwa

Kuwedzera pakuongorora, kushandisa simba, uye kusabvuma, Dare Rinodzora rinoshandisa dzimwe nzvero dzinoverengeka kuti riite kuti hurumende ive nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.

Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende (GAO)

Mishumo yeGO inowanzotungamirira kugadziridza mitemo uye inogona kupiwa mudare rinotarisira kana kutsoropodza zviito zvevakuru vakuru.

Service on Research (CRS)

CRS inogovera zvakavanzika, nenzvero yakakomba kumitezo yeCongress nevashandi vayo. Inofukidza nhau dzemitemo, mirau, uye bhajeti, ichibetsera vaiti vemitemo kunzwisisa nhau dzakaoma vasati vavhota. Mishumo yeCRS haisati ichiitwa yavose, asi vazhinji vanosunungurwa pakupedzisira kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro.

Vanzveri Mukuru (IGs)

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine Office of Inspector General inonzvera tsvina, kunyengera, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.IGs rinoshuma zvarinowana kuCongress uye mukuru wesangano.

Congressal Baccursor Office (CBO)

Kufungidzira kwemari inodiwa neDare rinobatsira kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo pamusoro pemari uye mari inoshandiswa.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayo vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo

Vagari vomunyika vanogona kutora matanho anoverengeka kuti vatsigire kuzvidavirira uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vamiririri vavo vanoshandisa zvinhu izvi nokuchenjera.

Ramba Uchiziva

Dare rinoona nezvenyaya dzepaIndaneti uye rinoongorora nyaya dzacho, rinotumira mashoko akawanda paIndaneti kana kuti panzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa dzakaita sedzinonzi YouTube.

Ona Vamiriri Vako

Nyora, dana, kana kuti email mitezo yako yeCongress kuti iratidze tsigiro kana kuti chishoro kumabasa akati okutarisira. Ita kuti vazive kuti une hanya nehurumende yakasununguka nokuzvidavirira. Nhau dzomunhu oga nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo zvinoshanda zvikuru. Unogona kuwana mashoko ewekina pa Canerfer.gov.

Pinda Kunzwa Nezvinoitika

Kana uchigara pedyo neWashington, D.C., unogona kupinda mudare riri pedyo nedare.

Shandisa Rusununguko Rwomuitiro Wemashoko (FOIA)

FOIA inobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira marekodhi kubva kumasangano ehurumende. Kana ukanyumwira kusazvibata kana kuti uchida kuona ufakazi huri seri kwechisarudzo, nyorai FOIA chikumbiro. Ichi chishandiso chinopa simba vagari vemo kufukura mashoko angada kuramba akavanzwa. Department of Justice inochengeta [FL:0] FOIA chipa tsigiro [ kuti vabatsire kutungamirira muitiro wacho.

Masangano Anoona Zviri Nani Anotsigira

Mapoka akafanana ne shopu pamusoro poudzori hweHurumende [[FT:1] ne GAO basa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa ehurumende akatendeseka uye anoshanda zvakanaka. Kuzvipira kumasangano aya kunosimbisa nhamburiko dzawo uye kunokurudzira tarisiro yakasimba zvikuru.

Iva Noutariri Mundangariro

Vari kuongorora kuti vamiririri vedare vanoona here kuti kuongorora kwavanoita kunoitwa nedare ndiko kunoita kuti vamiririri vebazi vazvipikire pasinei nokuti vari papi kana kuti vari muboka racho here?

mhedziso

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvinoiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inotsamira zvikuru pamano eCongress okunzvera, kutungamirira, uye kuita kuti bazu guru rizvidavirire. Kubva kumadziduku namanzwi kudzoresa kudzorwa nokusapiwa ganhuriro, maturusi anowanika kubazi rewirogic anotyisa( asi anoshanda zvakanakisisa apo ruzhinji inopinzwa nokuziviswa. Nokunzwisisa kuti Congress inoshanda sei uye nokushingaira, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuvimbisa kuti hurumende irambe ichiita chimwe chinhu, ichireve yakatendeseka, uye yakatendeseka.