Table of Contents

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoda kutsanangurwa kwokungwarira kwegwaro revhu renyika kuti rikudziridzwe, rishandiswe, uye ritevedzerwe mitemo. Tsika yeBumbiro remitemo inzira iyo nheyo dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandiswa kumitemo nezviito nevakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi nzira yakaoma inoumba kudzikamiswa kwesimba pakati pamapazu akasiyana ehurumende, inorondedzera kukura kwekodzero dzomunhu oga, uye inovimbisa kuti zviito zvomutemo nechiremera zvirambe zvichiwirirana nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzwa makore anopfuura mazana maviri akapfuura.

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo richibatira soMutemo Mukurusa weNyika, gadziriro dzaro dzinofanira kuturikirwa sei anopfuura makore mazana maviri pashure pokunge ranyorwa?

Fandesheni Yedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo muHurumende yeAmerica

Chinzvimbo chechienzi cheDare Rapamusorosoro, zvikurukuru, chichibva pamusengwa wakadzama wavanhu veAmerica kusvikira kuMutemo uye kuhurumende yebumbiro remitemo. United States yakaratidzira kutsunga kusingaenzaniswi kuchengetedza nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo rayo rakanyorwa, nokudaro ichigovera “‘ kubatana muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ’ yeAmerica neBumbiro reMitemo remitemo rekaresakaresa rakanyorwa richiri kushanda. Ichi chinyorwa chinogara chinoshanda sechiremera chikurusa chechiito chehurumende yose, chichida kududzira kupfuurira kupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno izvo vaFramers vaisagona kutongokarira.

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States igwaro rakadzikama. Rakarongedzerwa kugovera hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvakakwana uye inochinjika kuti isvitse zvinodikanwa zveRepublic, bva rakaganhurirwa zvakakwana uye kungodzivirira maruramiro akapikirwa avagari vemo; rinobvumira dzikamo pakati pezvinodikanwa zvenzanga nokuda kwenhevedzano nekodzero yomunhu kurusununguko. Uku kudzikama kunoda kunzwisiswa zvikuru kunoda kutsanangura kuti ichengete kubudirira kwayo mukugura nzanga, upfumi, uye nyika dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kutangwa Kwokuhwirudzura

Nepo basa rehwirudzuro yokutonga risina kugoverwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, rakanga rakarirwa pamberi pokugamuchirwa kwegwaro iroro. Pamberi pa 1789, matare ehurumende akanga atochinja zviito zvemitemo izvo zvairwisana namabumbiro emitemo ehurumende. uyu muitiro wakavamba muenzaniso uyo waizova mukuru kumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi mamiriro ezvinhu ekare simba reDare rehwirudzuro redare harina kusimbiswa kutozosvikira muna 1803, apo rakakumbirwa naMutongi Mukuru John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison. Ichi chisarudzo chechiratidzo chakatanhamara chakagadza chiremera cheDare Gurusa kuti chisarudze kana mitemo yaipfuudzwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvinoitwa nebazu guru zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Nhevedzo yedare chifo chifo chakava ibwe rekona rehurumende yeAmerica, ichigovera gadziriro yokunzvera mutemo nechiremera.

Basa rakaoma reDare Gurusa mutsika ino rinowana muchiremera charo kukuparadza mutemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru izvo, murutongeso rweDare rinorangarirwa, zvinorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba re "kuhwirudzura dare" rakapa Dare mutoro unokosha mukodzero dzinovimbisa, pamwe chete nokuchengeta "Bumbiro remitemo ripenyu" rine gadziriro dzakafara dzinoshandiswa nguva dzose kumiganhu mitsva.

Basa Repazi Rokutonga Muduramazwi

Muitiro uyu unokosha sezvo uchipesvedzera zvikuru masimba ehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu, neDare Rapamusorosoro richiita sechiremera chokupedzisira muidzi tsananguro.

Kuguma Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa

Apo Dare Gurusa rinotonga panhau yebumbiro remitemo, kuti chisarudzo chinodokuva chokupedzisira; zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogona kuchinjwa bedzi nomutoo usingawanzoshandisiwi wokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chitsva cheDare. Zvisinei, apo Dare rinorondedzera mutemo, chiito chitsva chemitemo chinogona kuitwa. Ichi chinosimbisa mwero yakasiana yokugara pakati perondedzero yebumbiro remitemo nedudziro yemitemo, nemitemo ine uremuremu zvikuru nokusimba.

Somupi wemhedziso womutemo, Dare rinopomerwa kuva nechokwadi chavanhu veAmerica chechipikirwa cheruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye, nokudaro, rinoshandawo somuchengeti nomuturikiri weBumbiro reMitemo.uyu mutoro unoisa mutongi munzvimbo yechienzi mukati megadziriro yehurumende, unoda kuti vatongi vadzikamise nheyo dzapamutemo, mashoko akapoteredza enhau, uye zvinodikanwa zvomunguva ino.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nedudziro Yebumbiro Romutemo

Nyanzvi dzakataura kuti nemhaka yokuti vatongi vehurumende vane kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose uye vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, vanogona kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo risina udyire norusaruro rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uyezve, nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanorovedzwa mumutemo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanovakira tsananguro dzavo panheyo dzapamutemo kana kuti dzetsika kupfuura Dare kana kuti purezidhendi uyo sezvingabvira zvikuru anopesvedzerwa neitiro hanya dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinopfupikisa. Uku kuzvimirira kwegadziriro yehurumende kunobvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa panheyo dzemitemo panzvimbo pokuva nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Madison akanga anyora kuti dudziro yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kusiiwa kuchisarudzo chakarongwa chavatongi vakazvimirira, panzvimbo penyongano nerwisano zvegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana mubvunzo uri wose webumbiro remitemo waizosarudzwa kupfurikidza nokutaurirana kwehurumende, Madison akarangarira, Bumbiro reMitemo raizoderedzwa kuva nharaunda yerwisano, mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika nechimiro chetsika. Iyi nheyo yehwaro inopfuurira kutungamirira kusvika kududziro yemitemo yeAmerica.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Senhau duku, matare ehurumende anodudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa anosungwa nemienzaniso yedare yomubatanidzwa uye nhau yokuhwirudzura neDare Gurusa. iri sangano revafundisi rinovimbisa kuva kwakafanana mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo murudzi rwose, kuchidzivisa kurondedzerwa kunorwisana kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kuti dzisaparira kusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo.

Zvisinei, ukama pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende hunojekeswa zvikuru kupfuura dare ravafundisi rakapfava. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. rinoparapatika kuwana manyuko akakodzera kana kuti muenzaniso unoshanda pakupindura mibvunzo yomutemo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva rinotendeukira kukutaura matare makuru nokuda kwenhungamiro. Muzvinoitika izvozvo, vatongi vanotsvaka ndokugamuchira kududzirwa kwemitemo yedare sezvisakiso zvikuru zvehurumende kuti vawane revo muBumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Uyu muitiro wokutonga unoratidzira kutaura kunokosha pakati pemitezo yakasiana - siana yedare reAmerica.

Nzira Dzinokosha Dzokududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States pane dzimwe nguva rinotsamira pamitoo yakati yokududzira nayo — ndiko kuti, nzira dzokududzira nayo gadziriro yakati yebumbiro remitemo. iyi mitoo inodudzira inomirira mitoo yakasiana - siana yokunzwisisa nayo rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, imwe neimwe ine hwaro hwayo imene hwokutaura, kushandisira kunoshanda, uye vatsigiri pakati pavatongi nenyanzvi dzemitemo.

Kududzira Zvapakuvamba: Kududzira Zvakavakirwa Parevo Yapakuvamba

Chitendero chekare chinonangidzira ngwariro pakunzwisisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yadzo panguva yadzakagamuchirwa. Iyi nzira inotsvaka kuziva icho rugwaro rwakareva kuavo vakanyoresa ndokurutendera, kana Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba muna 1787 kana kuti pashure. Vanzveri vemavambo vanotaura kuti uyu mutoo unogovera dzikamo uye unodzivisa vatongi kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvetsika mukuwirirana nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvisinei, kuvamba hakusi dzidziso yakasiyana. Sezvinoita dare muChipiri Amendment, Bumbiro reMitemo harisi iro rinoumba "mutemo wakavharirwa muarripty" Panzvimbo pezvo, matare anoshandisa revo yapakuvamba yeChipiri Amendment kusvikira kumigariro yanhasi, iyo inogona kuguma nemiuyo yakasiana neiyo iri pawakawanwa. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti kunyange dudziro yemavambo inofanira kuchinjira kumigariro yazvino apo inoramba iri munzwisiso yenhau.

Vatongi vekare vanoongorora magwaro enhau, kusanganisira Federalist Papers, zvinyorwa zvekokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo, uye maduramazwi enguva ino, kuti vanzwisise revo yapakuvamba yavanhu yose yomutauro webumbiro remitemo. Iyi nzira yakava nepesvedzero inokosha mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru pakati pevatongi vanoomerera pane zvavari kudavira kuti kutongwa ndiko kunorambidza kutongwa uye mutoo wokuchengetedza nawo magadzirirwo eBumbiro remitemo.

Kunyora: Kunangidzira Ngwariro Parevo Nyore

Textism inosimbisa revowo zvayo yomutauro webumbiro remitemo, ichinangidzira ngwariro paizvo mashoko amene anopa panzvimbo pokutsvaka donzo renhau dzavaFramers. Vanyori vanobvunza kuti mukurukuri ane mufungo wechiNgezi angapaidzirei namashoko akapokanidzwa. Iyi nzira inobata Bumbiro remitemo segwaro rapamutemo rine revo inofanira kutorwa zvikurukuru murugwaro rwaro.

Vatsigiri vemashoko vanotaura kuti vatongi havafaniri kutarira kupfuura rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kunhau yemitemo, mirau, kana kuti mamwe manyuko okunze kutoti rugwaro rumene ruchijekeswa. Uyu mutoo unotsvaka kusimudzira kufanoziviswa nokuganhura kupfurikidza nokumisa kududzira mumutauro chaiwoiwo wechinyorwa. Ruzivo rwokunyora mashoko rwazova rune pesvedzero inowedzera mukududzirwa kwemitemo uye rwave ruchishandiswa kumibvunzo yebumbiro remitemowo.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu: Kuchinja Mamiriro Ezvinhu Atiri Kusangana Nawo

Gadziriro mhenyu yeBumbiro reMitemo inorangarira gwaro serakapfava uye rinokwanisa kugadzirisa zvinetso zvenguva ino uye mipimo. Vatsigiri veiyi nzira vanotaura kuti vapfumi vanoshandisa mutauro wakafara noune kubvumira zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi kuchinjira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kumigariro inochinja. Bumbiro reMitemo, rakafungwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, rinoratidzirwa nomutauro wakafara uye pane dzimwe nguva usina kujeka, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende nekodzero yomunhu oga.

Uhu uzivi hunodudzira hunokarakadza kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inogona uye inofanira kushanduka sezvo nzwisiso yenzanga yekodzero dzinokosha namasimba ehurumende inokura. Vatsigiri vanonongedzera kumutauro wavose weBumbiro reMitemo uye kuziva kwavaFramers kuti havagoni kukarira migariro yose yomunguva yemberi soufakazi hwokuti chinyorwa chacho chakagadzirirwa kuva chinochinjika.

Mutongi mukuru Marshall akataura denho iyo Dare Gurusa rinotarisana nayo mukuchengeta hurumende yakasununguka kupfurikidza nokucherekedza: "Tisatongofanira kukanganwa kuti ibumbiro remitemo ratiri kutsanangura . . .. rakaitirwa kutsungirira kwamazera anouya, uye somuuyo, kuti richinjirwe kuzvinetso zvakasiana - siana zvenhau dzavanhu. ” Uyu murangariro unotsigira mutoo weBumbiro remitemo mhenyu kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kudikanwa kwedudziro yemitemo kuti irambe ine revo muzvizvarwa zvose.

Kutenga: Kutsvaka Mutemo

Vatengi vanobvunza kuti chii icho muiti wemitemo ane mufungo angadai aiedza kuwana kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo unokakavadzana. Nepo uyu mutoo uchiwanzoshandiswa zvikuru kududzira kwemitemo, unopesvedzerawo kunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo. Vatengi vanonzvera zvinangwa zvikuru nemipimo izvo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakagadzirirwa kufambira mberi, vachitarira kupfuura rugwaro chairwoirwo kuti vanzwisise zvinetso zvaitsvakwa navaFrames vatsvaki.

Uyu mutoo unorangarira mashoko akapoteredza enhau, chimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo, uye madonzo ari mugadziriro dzakananga. Vatengi vanotaura kuti kunangidzira ngwariro bedzi parugwaro kana kuti revo yapakuvamba kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inosekesa vavariro huru dzeBumbiro remitemo, uye kuti vatongi vanofanira kududzira gadziriro munzira dzinopfuuridzira zvinangwa zvavo zvikuru.

Kududzira Kwakaita: Kuongorora Kugadzirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Chitapuriro chegadziriro dzakasiana-- siyana dzebumbiro remitemo chinonzvera kuti gadziriro dzakasiana-- siyana dzinowirirana sei nedzinoziva kuti kuvakwa kwechinyorwa chose kunoziva sei revo yezvikamu zvakati. Uyu mutoo unorangarira gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo yemasimba akaparadzana, hurumende, uye zvikwaniso nedzikamo kuti zvinzwisise kuti gadziriro imwe neimwe inofanira kutsanangurwa sei mukati megadziriro huru yebumbiro remitemo.

Vaturikiri vegadziriro vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira gadziriro inotsinhirana yehurumende, uye kuti kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunokosha mukududzira gadziriro dzakananga zvakarurama.

Kunyengera Kwokutanga Nekwenyeredzi

Nepo isati iri nzira yokududzira nenzira yakananga, dzidziso yokutarira decis() inoremekedza zvisarudzo zvokutonga pamberi pezvichineiswe inoita basa rinokosha mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Matare anowanzotevera mipimo yakatangwa kusimudzira dzikamo, kufanofanoziva, uye kuremekedza kariro dzakagadziriswa. Zvisinei, kutarira hausi murayiro usingachinjiki, uye "kuderera kwazvo apo [Dare] rinodudzira [matendimende] emitemo.

Zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zvedare zvakatonga zvisati zvaitwa. Ona, somuenzaniso, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 491 (kukurira chisarudzo chine mbiri yakaipa muPlesty v. Ferguson, 163 U. 537, uye vana varo). Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti nepo muenzaniso unova noukoshi hukuru, hausati uchibatanidza chose chose matare apo kuturikira gadziriro dzemitemo, zvikurukuru apo zvisarudzo zvakatangira zvinorangarirwa sezvisina kururama zvikuru.

Kuumba Kunoita Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo zvakananga kunopesvedzera muitiro womutemo kupfurikidza nokugadza miganhu umo vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kushanda. Mitemo yemitemo nokuziva kuti matare sezvingabvira achadudzira sei ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende, uye zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogona kuderedza mitemo, kuraira chinjo dzemitemo, kana kuti kuzarura nharaunda itsva dzemitemo.

Kutarisira Kutongwa Kwomutemo

Vatongi navatungamiriri vavo vapamutemo vanorangarira nguva dzose mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pakunyora mutemo. Vanonzvera miganhu yeDare Rapamusorosoro riripo kuti vawane kuti marudzii emitemo angangopukunyuka nzvero yedare uye mutemo wegadziriro kuti awirirane nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo sezvinotsanangurwa nematare. Iyi gadziriro yokutarisira inoreva kuti kushandura kwebumbiro remitemo kunopesvedzera kuita mitemo kunyange mitemo isati yadenhwa mudare.

Vatongi vakaona kuti Bumbiro Remitemo pacharo rairambidza kutonga nokuronga matare, kwete matare, sokuita mabasa okuronga kunochinja magadzirirwo anoita vatongi nevaiti vemitemo mabasa avo akasiyana, nematare anowanzotaura nezvezvisarudzo zvemitemo kunze kwokunge achipesana nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo.

Mutambo Wokudzivisa

Kana mutemo uchigona kuvakwa kupfuura chimwe chine mufungo, matare anofanira kusarudza dudziro inodzivisa kumutsa zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo.MuUS, urwu rutsvene rwakasimba zvikuru munhau ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Iyi nheyo inokurudzira matare kuturikira mirau munzira idzo dzinochengeta pamutemo yawo apo kunobvira, kubvumira vavariro yemitemo kushata nepo ichidzivisa rwisano dzapamutemo.

Kudzivisa zvinyorwa kunopesvedzera kugadzirwa kwemitemo kupfurikidza nokukurudzira vaiti vemitemo kunyora mitemo nokuchinjika kwakakwana zvokuti matare anogona kuidudzira mubumbiro remitemo. Kunoratidzirawo ruremekedzo rwedare nokuda kwebasa romutemo uye kuzengurira kuputsa mitemo kutoti kupfurikidza nokuputsa mutemo kwakajeka uye kusingadzivisiki.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nefutunuko Yebumbiro remitemo

Dare rakataura kuti Congress yakanga yataura masimba okugadza bhangi renyika pasi pechikamu cheChibvumirano cheU.S. chakasarudzawo kuti mitemo yeUnited States inosimbisa mitemo yehurumende uye somuuyo, hurumende haigoni kubhadhara bhangi renyika. Urefu: Chisarudzo cheMcCulloch chakagadza nheyo mbiri dzinokosha dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo idzo dzinopfuurira nhasi: masimba anoreva uye ukuru hwehurumende.

Ichi chidudziro chakatanhamara chechiremera chakarongwa chakarongwa zvakajeka kupfuura masimba chakadudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo, chinoratidzira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kukudza zvikuru kana kuti kupfupikisa ukuru hwesimba rehurumende. Dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa yakagonesa Congress kukurukura nhau idzo vaFramers vaisagona kuva vakakarira, kubva pakutungamirira kufamba nendege kusvikira kukutanga gadziriro dzegarikano yenzanga.

Kududzira Claus Muzvinafundo Zvezvokutengeserana

Dare rakataura kuti ibasa rehurumende yehurumende kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika uye kuti hurumende dzehurumende hadzigoni kutanga mitemo yadzo dzimene inodzorwa nemitemo. Uyezve, Dare rakagadzira rondedzero huru ye "commerce," richifunga kuti shoko racho raibatanidza zvinopfuura kungotengesa nokutenga. Iyi rondedzero yakafara yeCHEMCFAL Clausce yakagovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo remitemo remitemo yezvoupfumi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzomutemo.

Kushanduka - shanduka kwemadudziro eChommerce Claus kunoratidza kuti kunzwisisa kwemitemo kunogona kuwedzera kana kuti kubvumirana nokufamba kwenguva, kuchinyatsochinja marudzi emitemo yeDare uye kuti hurumende dzinodzora dzinoitei.

Kupindirana Pakati Pedzidziso Dzokutonga

Uzivi huviri hukuru hunoumba nzira iyo ruramisiro inosvika nayo kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo: kuganhurirwa kwedare uye zviito zvokutonga. Uku kukwikwidzana kunoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica uye kunopesvedzera zvikuru kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunotapura sei kuitwa kwomutemo.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokutonga

Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, vatongi vazhinjisa veDare vanodavira kuti vanofanira kuzvidzora vamene kudzivisa kupinda kazhinji kazhinji murwisano namapazu akasarudzwa. Mutongi Felix Frankfurter akatsigira uzivi uhwu hwokuzvidzora kwokutonga mumagwaro akawanda pakati pa 1939 na 1962. Kudzora kwedare kunosimbisa kuva anozviisa pasi pezvisarudzo zvomutemo nezvoukuru, uye matare anopindira bedzi apo kuputsa mutemo kwakajeka uye kwakajeka.

Akaonesa kuti matare haana simba rezvemari kana kuti rehondo uye anotsamira patsigiro yakafara inobva kuvanhu kuti anyengetedze mamwe mapazu kuita kuti zvisarudzo zvedare zviitwe.

Vatongi vanotevera uzivi hwokuzvidzora vanoedza kudzivisa kana kuti kunonoka kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo. Vanomutsa mhinganidzo dzetsika kudzivisa kukwidzwa kwemhosva kuunzwa kana kuti kusarudzwa kwenhau pazvikonzero zvisiri zvehurumende. Uku kuderedza kudzongonyedza kwokutonga namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunochengeta kuchinjika kwemitemo kuti kupedze mibvunzo yemitemo.

Kutonga

Kune uzivi hwakasiana pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru kuganhurirwa kwedare, uko kunotsigira kudzongonyedzwa kuduku muzvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye kuita dare, uko kunotsigira basa rakasimba zvikuru reDare mumutemo wokuumba. Kutonga kunobatanidza matare anoita basa rakasimba zvikuru mukududzira Bumbiro remitemo kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga uye kunzvera simba rehurumende, kunyange apo kuita kudaro kunoda kuti zviito zvomutemo kana kuti zvokutungamirira zvisashandurwe.

Vaiti vemitemo vanotaura kuti matare ane mutoro wokusimbisa zvakasimba nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru pakudzivirira kodzero dzechiduku kana kuti rusununguko rukuru rungatyisidzirwa namatongerwe enyika makuru.

Chinetso Chezvokurwisana

Bazu rehurumende iro rinosarudza icho mamwe mapazi angaita kana kuti angasaita, uye iro rinosvika pakuputsa zvisarudzo zvetsika zvinoitwa namapazu anosarudzwa uye anozvidavirira, haritongoratidziki kuva "vasina simba zvikurusa." Hungu, vatongi vakazvimirira, uye Vavambi vakafunga kuti uku kuzvimirira kwaizodzivirira mano avo okutsigira mutemo, kunyange kana kuita kudaro kusingafarirwi. Kumwe, kuzvitonga uku kunogona kuratidzika sokusingadaviriki uye kunogona kuita kuti icho nyanzvi huru yemitemo Alexander Bickel yakadana kuti chinetso che "Countrymajoritage."

Iyi rwisano pakati pokuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inoramba iri denho huru mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica.Matare anofanira kudzikamisa mutoro wawo wokuita kuti ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dziitwe mukurwisana nekodzero yehurumende yapamutemo yamapazu akasarudzwa, dzikamo iyo mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira nayo nehurukuro yeuzivi hwokutonga munzira dzakasiana - siana.

Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo Mumuitiro: Mienzaniso Inokosha

Kunzwisisa kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunotapura sei kuita mitemo kunoda kunzvera mienzaniso chaiyo umo zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvakaumba chiremera chemitemo nesimba rehurumende.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Dare rimwe chete rakapidigura Plessy neA. Ferguson ndokutaura kuti mitemo yehurumende inoda kana kuti kubvumira zvikoro zvinosarura dzinza inoputsa Kudzivirira Kunowirirana kwe 144 Mefection. Dare rakataura zvakakurumbira kuti "Zvivako zvedzidzo zvakasiyana hazvienzaniswi mumuzvarirwo." Uku kududzirwazve kweSucletive Protection Claus yakaderedza mitemo yokusarura munyika yose uye yaida chiito chikuru chokutonga kuti ishandise kusarura.

Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kuita kuti kuchinja kukuru munzanga nemutemo kuve kwakanyanya, kuchida kuti mutemo mutsva ushande seuchangobva kunzwisiswa.

Kupara mhosva Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Dare rakawana kuti Kugadziriswa kweMitemo yeChishanu neyechitanhatu kunoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanhu vari muusungwa kuti vane kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye yokubatsirwa negweta.Mukuwirirana neDare, kana mapurisa akakundikana kuita kudaro, mutongi wedare weutsotsi angatonga kuti mashoko api naapi anotaurwa neanopomerwa arege kubvumirwa souchapupu mukutongwa. Uku kutsanangurwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kwakatanga zvinodikanwa zvitsva zvemitemo munyika yose, kuchiratidza kuti kutsanangurwa kwemitemo kunogona sei kurayira miitiro yehurumende.

Dare racho rakataura kuti Dare rechitanhatu rekodzero yokubatsira zano rinoshanda pakutongwa kwemhosva uye kuti “vatongi mudare revapari vemhosva havasi zvinhu zvoumbozha. ” Pamwe chete nekodzero yokubatsira vapomerwi vehurumende, chisarudzo chaGidhiyoni chakava nomugumisiro wokuwedzera masangano anodzivirira vanhu munyika yose.

Kushanda Muchikwata Nechiremera Chehurumende

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo inoramba ichiumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Dare rinodudzira gadziriro dzakadai seChommerce Clausle, Tenth Amendment, uye Supremacy Claus kuti zvisarudze kuti mweroi wehurumende une chiremera panhau dzakati. Iyi rondedzero inotapura zvakananga izvo mitemo inogona kuita uye kuti inharaundai dzinoramba dziri pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Mhindumupindu yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende inoratidza kuti mitoo yokududzira inogona sei kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva, dzimwe nguva chiremera chehurumende chichiwedzera uye dzimwe nguva chichisimbisa uchangamire hwehurumende. Uku kuchinja mukunzwisisa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoda gadziridzo dzakafanana mumutemo wehurumende nehurumende.

Basa Rebazu Rinotonga Mududziro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Nepo matare achinyanya kuita basa mukududzira mutemo, bazi remitemo rinoitawo mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo uye rinopesvedzera kunzwisisa nokushandisa kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo.

Kududzira Mutemo Webumbiro Romutemo

Pashure pezvose, chinhu chimwe kutaura kuti matare angatsanangura uye anofanira kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo, uye kuputsa mitemo nezviito zvapamutemo zvisingawirirani nayo, asi zvakadiniko kana Congress, kana kuti Purezidhendi, kana kuti vatongi vehurumende, vasingabvumirani nedudziro yematare?

Vatongi vanopika kuti vatsigire Bumbiro Remitemo uye vanofanira kuita zvisarudzo zvavo vamene pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo pakunyora nokuvhota pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuchinja kweBumbiro reMitemo Sezviito Zvinodudzirwa

Apo Congress nehurumende zvinopesana nedudziro dzokutonga dzeBumbiro Romutemo, zvinogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti rishandure kana kuti kujekesa tsananguro idzodzo.

Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Demendement yechi11, iyo yakadzivisa chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro pamusoro pekuzvitonga kwehurumende, uye Supremendment yechi 16 yehurumende, iyo yakabvumira mutero wemari yaibhadharwa pashure pokunge Dare raparadza mutemo wemari wapakuvamba wemitero.Idzi mhindu dzinoratidzira kuti nepo kududzira kwokutonga kune chiremera, hakusati kuri kwokupedzisira chose chose apo bvumirano yakakwana yezvamatongerwe enyika inovapo yokugumisa Bumbiro reMitemo rimene.

Kugamuchira Kurerukirwa Kuzvisarudzo Zvebumbiro reMitemo

Vatongi vanogonawo kupindura tsananguro dzebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo mitsva iyo inobata neitiro hanya dzinomutswa nematare kana kuti iyo inosvika zvinangwa zvokutungamirira kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana yebumbiro remitemo.

Uyu muitiro wokududzira kwedare nechiito chemitemo unoratidzira chimiro chine simba chokudzora kwebumbiro remitemo, nebazu rimwe nerimwe richipesvedzera kunzwisisa kwerimwe nokushandiswa kwenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Rine Chiremera Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Bazu guru rinoitawo basa rinokosha mukududzira mutemo, zvose zviri zviviri kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvokuchengeta uye kupfurikidza nezvinzvimbo zvapamutemo zvapamutemo zvinotorwa namasangano makuru uye Department of Justice.

Kushandisa Uchenjeri Pabasa

Vakuru vakuru vane chiremera vanofanira kutsanangura gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakusarudza nzira yokushandisa nayo mitemo nokushandisa masimba anotungamirira.Mutungamiriri wehurumende nemasangano makuru vanoita zvisarudzo zvebumbiro remitemo pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chakakwirira, ganhuriro dzesimba resangano, uye zvinodikanwa zvegadziriro dzamaruramiro omunhu oga.

Magweta epabazi ane utungamiriri anopa mazano anochinja zvisarudzo zvemitemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye anoisa mutemo pokutanga.

Mirairidzo Yavane Simba Nechiremera Chebumbiro remitemo

Mirayiro yapurezidhendi mukuru inofanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba ravakuru, ichida kuti mapurezidhendi adudzire gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzora chiremera chavakuru vakuru.Matare anohwirudzura mirairo yavakuru vakuru nokuda kwokutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo, asi mapurezidhendi anoita zvisarudzo zvokutanga zvokududzira pamusoro peizvo Bumbiro Remitemo rinobvumira kana kuti zvinodikanwa.

Kupindirana pakati pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo nokuongorora kunoitwa nedare kunoparira rumwe rutivi rwemuitiro wokududzira, uye mapazi akasiyana - siyana anogona kusvika mhedziso dzakasiyana - siyana pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo kusvikira matare apedza nharo.

Magakava Anotevedzana Mududziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoramba kuri nhau yenharo huru, nokusabvumirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pemitoo yakarurama yokududzira nayo uye kushandiswa kwayo kunhau dzazvino uno.

Ruzivo Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano rune mibvunzo mitsva inoda kuturikirwa kwegadziriro dzinoitwa munguva yeunyanzvi hwakasiyana - siyana.Matare anofanira kusarudza kuti Iwechina Amendment inodzivirira sei kuongororwa kusina musoro kumashoko ekombiyuta, kutevedzerwa kweserura, uye kuongororwa kwemakombiyuta.

Zvinetso izvi zvinosimbisa kusawirirana kuri pakati penzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira, vaiongorora zvinhu zvokutanga vachitsvaka kushandisa nheyo dzokutanga kuruzivo rwemazuva ano uye nyanzvi dzemitemo inoita nharo dzokududzira dzinotaura nezvezvinhu zviri kuitika panguva ino.

Kushandira Musangano uye Chiremera Chinodudzira

Murangariro we "kukwanisa kwourongwa" unorangarira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende "rine mano chaiwo kana kuti unyanzvi, uye chinokosha kuhurumende yakanaka hachisi kungowana bedzi chiri muitiro wakanakisisa, asi kunzvera kuti masangano api anofanira kuva achiita zvisarudzoi uye kuti masangano ose anofanira kubatana sei. Iyi nheyo inopesvedzera kurukurirano pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pebazu ripi rakakodzera zvakanakisisa kupedza mibvunzo yakati yebumbiro remitemo.

"[T] imirau yedudziro [vadzidzisi] inopa simba rokuita mitemo pakati pamapazu ehurumende, uye mitemo iyoyo inofanira kuratidzira nokuremekedza icho, kana chiri chinhu, Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kutaura pamusoro pegoverano iyoyo. Iyi nzwisiso inoshanda zvakaenzana kududziro yebumbiro remitemo, ichikarakadza kuti mitoo yokududzira inofanira kuremekedza kugoverwa kwamasimba eBumbiro remitemo pakati pamasangano ehurumende akasiyana - siyana.

Basa Renhau Mukunzvera Kunotevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare Gurusa zvakasimbisa kuongororwa kwenhau mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzakadai sekodzero dzeSecond Amendment uye kukura kwesimba revakuru vakuru.

Vatsoropodzi vanoti kunyanya kutaura nezvenhoroondo dzekare kunogona kubudisa migumisiro isina kubatana nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvemazuva ano, nepo vatsigiri vachipikisa kuti kutsigira kwenhau kunodzivisa vatongi kuisa mitemo yavo pachavo.

Tapuro Yedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo Panzvimbo Chaidzo Dzine Mitemo

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo inotapura inodokuva nharaunda iri yose yomutemo nomuitiro wavose, ichiumba izvo hurumende dzinogona uye dzisingagoni kuita.

Kutarisirwa Kwoutano uye Kuvhiya Mumwe Nomumwe

Tsananguro yebumbiro remitemo yakaumba mutemo wezvoutano, matare achisarudza kana Congress ine chiremera pasi peChommerce Clause kana kuti simba rinobhadhara kuti ide vanhu kuti vatenge inishuwarenzi youtano.Izvi zvisarudzo zvokududzira zvakatapura zvakananga gadziriro nokushandiswa kwomutemo mukuru wezvoutano, zvichiratidza kuti kutsanangura kwemitemo kunopesvedzera sei kurongwa kwemitemo.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Kukura kwemitemo yemhoteredzo yomubatanidzwa kunotsamira padudziro dzebumbiro remitemo dzesimba rehurumende muTommerce Claus nedzimwe gadziriro. Dare rakadudzira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pachiremera chehurumende kudzora nzvimbo dzakachena, kushatisa mhepo, uye marudzi ari mungozi, neiyi tsananguro inosarudza kuti idziviriro yemhoteredzo inogona kupiwa ndokusimbiswai.

Mutemo Wechisarudzo Nokupa Kodzero

Kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoumba mutemo wesarudzo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, mari yenhimbe, kugadzirisa zvirongwa, uye kuronga. Dare rinodudzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kubatanidza Ecult Protection Claus, First Amendment, uye First Amendment yechi 15 kuti zvisarurwe izvo mitemo yesarudzo inobvumirwa, inotapura zvakananga miitiro yehurumende yehurumende.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka uye Kutaura

Kududzira Kutanga kweFirst Amendment kunotema zvinogona kudzorwa nehurumende, zvichitapura mitemo inodzora zvinhu zvose kubva panhimbe dzezvirongwa zvokushandisa paInternet.

Nguva Yemberi Yokududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo ichapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka sezvo vatongi vatsva vanokumbanira Dare Rapamusorosoro, denho itsva dzapamutemo dzinomuka, uye chaunga chinonangana nenhau itsva dzinoda kunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo.

Zvigadzirwa Zvinowedzera uye Mibvunzo Yebumbiro Remitemo

Ungwaru hwokugadzira, ruzivo rwezvinhu zvipenyu, uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa zvichapa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo inoda kuti matare adudzire gadziriro dzokutanga mumashoko akapoteredza dzeFramers dzisati dzaigona kutongofungidzira.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Kutonga kwebumbiro Remitemo

Kubatanidzwa kwenyika yose kuri kuwedzera kunomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro poukama huri pakati pomutemo wamarudzi ose nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo romumba, ukuru hwesimba guru munhau dzokumwe, uye kushandiswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mumigariro yamarudzi ose. Kududzirwa kweBumbiro remitemo kuchaumba nzira iyo United States inotungamirira nayo idzi nhau dzakaoma.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Chiremera Chomutemo

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunopa mibvunzo pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende chokudzora, kodzero dzezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, uye kugoverwa kwemutoro pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.

Bhuku Rinoshanda Revagari Nevanogadzira Mitemo

Kunzwisisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kunokosha kuti vagari vemo vatsvake kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende uye kuti vaiti vemitemo vashande kugadza mutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokudzidza Kunotevedzerwa

Vagari vemo vanobatsirwa nokunzwisisa kuti kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kunoshanda sei, kuchiita kuti vakwanise kuongorora zvisarudzo zvedare, kupindira munharo dzinoitwa nebumbiro remitemo, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire kuremekedza mitemo.

Kuchinja Mutemo Nechibvumirano Chomutemo

Vatongi navashandi vavo vanofanira kunzwisisa kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kumitemo yokunyora ichapukunyuka hwirudzuro yedare.Ikoku kunoda kurovedzana nemienzaniso yeDare Gurusa yakafanira, kuziva mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira, uye mano okufanoziva kuti matare anganzvera sei mutemo unokarakadzwa.

Kutendeseka uye Kurambidza Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo

Vatevedzeri nevanotsigira mitemo inodenha kana kuti kudzivirira mitemo pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo vanofanira kunzwisisa nzira dzokududzira nadzo nharo dzinobudirira.

Zviwanikwa Zvokunzwisisa Tsananguro Yebumbiro remitemo

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanikwa nokuda kweavo vanotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yavo yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo nebasa rayo mukudzora kweAmerica.

Manyuko Makuru

Kurava mirangariro yeDare guru kunopa nzwisiso yakananga yokuti vatongi vadudzira sei Bumbiro remitemo ndokushandisa mitoo yakasiana. Website yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa inopa mvumo kuchisarudzo chazvino uno, nepo mapepa epamutemo anogovera unganidzwa yakakwana yenhau dzenhau. Federalist Papers uye mamwe magwaro okuvamba anopa mashoko akapoteredza nokuda kwokunzwisisa revo yapakuvamba yebumbiro remitemo.

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo

Masangano akafanana ne Constitution Center yeNational [ anogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro-mitemo, kubatanidza mibato inobatanidza, zvinhu zvedzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvinoratidzira mifungo yakasiana---------tsaukana pamibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Ribhiriji reChession [ inogovera zvisakiso zvikuru pamusoro penhau nedudziro.

Kudzidza

Kuongorora mutemo uye magazini ezvedzidzo zvinobudisa nyaya dzenyanzvi dzinoongorora kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, kuongorora nzira dzakananga dzokududzira nadzo, uye kukurukura nzira dzakakodzera dzokupindura nadzo mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvitendero zvepamutemo Nematauriro

Consitution Annoted, rakabudiswa neRaibhurari yeCongress, inogovera kunzverwa kukuru kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nezvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosoro rakafanira. Iri bhuku rinopa nzvero ine udzame pamusoro penzira iyo matare akadudzira nayo zvitsama zvakananga zvebumbiro remitemo nokufamba kwenguva.

mhedziso

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo inobatira sebhiriji rinokosha pakati pegwaro rekuvambwa rakanyoreswa anopfuura mazana maviri amakore apfuura nedenho dzakaoma dzehurumende yepanguva imwe cheteyo. Hurumende inotsamira pamitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira nayo — kubatanidza mavambo, magwaro, magariro emitemo, mararami ebumbiro remitemo, uye purpositivism (hwunzwisisa ndokushandisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokurondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende, kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu, uye kuisa chiremera pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana nemwero ehurumende.

Bazu rinotonga, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, rinoita basa guru mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, asi mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira anobatanidzwawo nemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo mumativi aro akasiyana. Kubatana pakati pamapazu iwaya kunoumba gadziriro ine simba umo revo yebumbiro remitemo inochinja kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare, kuita mirau, uye zviito zvavakuru, zvose zvinodzorwa norugwaro nechimiro zveBumbiro reMitemo.

Kunzwisisa pamutemo kunokosha kuti pave nokutora rutivi kunobudirira muhurumende yeAmerica. Vagari, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vose vanobetserwa nokunzwisisa kuti mitoo yokududzira inoshanda sei, kuti inotapura sei kugadzirwa kwemitemo, uye kuumba kwavanoita kudzikamiswa kwesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda (kubva kufambiro mberi yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuenda kuchinjo yetsika dzenzanga dzinochinja.) . .

Gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pemitoo yokududzira yakarurama rinoratidzira mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro poubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, chiremera chedare, uye dare rinotonga. Nepo iyi kurukurirano ingasatongopedzwa zvizere, dzinoratidzira simba rebumbiro remitemo reAmerica uye kushanda kunopfuurira kwechinyorwa chakavamba kuudzori hwapanguva ino. Kupfurikidza nokurangarira nerondedzero yebumbiro remitemo, vagari vemo navakuru vakuru vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riripo, seizvo Chirevo Chirembiso Marshall chakazvirondedzera, gadziriro yemitemo "inoda kutsungirira kwamazera anouya" nepo ichiva "kubvuma njodzi dzakasiana - pamutemo dzenhau dzavanhu."

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshandisa sei kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kuita mitemo, nzwisiso huru ndeyokuti kududzira hakusati kuchingovawo zvako muitiro wezvemitemo wapamutemo asi rutivi rukuru rwokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inotonga ukama pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende yavo, kunorondedzera ukuru hwekodzero dzevanhu, uye kugadza ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende mumativi ose omutemo nomuitiro.