Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwemapepa Enyika Dzinoshandira Kunzwisisa

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakaita chimiro chehurumende chazvino uno chakavakwa panheyo yamasimba akaparadzana. Chinongodaro mashoko oga haatsananguri zvizere kuti aya masimba akaitirwa kuti ashande sei. Nokuda kwokunzwisisa ikoko, vagari vemo vakatendeukira kurondedzero dzine makumi masere-shanu dzinozivikanwa se donzo ravo rakanga riri kutenderedza vagari vemo veNew York kuzivisa Hurumende inokarakadzwa. Chiviko chavo chinogara kwenguva refu, James Madison, naJohn Jay pasi pechipony "Publius," idzi rondedzero dzakabudiswa pakuvamba muNew York pakati paOctober 177 neAugust 17888. Chisariro chavo chakanga chiri chokunyengetemesa muganhu weYapa. Chino chekare, zvisinei, chinoitwa pachirongwa chenyika chezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru negadziriro rezvamatongerwe enyika.[F]

Kunzwisisa Federalist Papers hachisi chishandiso chedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yemari, chishandiso chinoshanda kumunhu anodzidza. Apo vagari vanonzwisisa chikonzero chokuparadzana kwemasimba (cheres purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, chikonzero nei Dare reSangano richigona kusimbisa vatongi, uye chikonzero nei Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru richigona kuzivisa mitemo isiri yetsikano neapo neapo, vanogona kuongorora zviri nani nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzenguva ino. Federalist Papers dzinoshandura mutauro webumbiro remitemo kuva nharo dzakajeka pamusoro pohunhu, simba, uye rusununguko. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti Dare rePrepublic reFrest Revetika rinovhenekera macheki ezve nedziro dzezvero nedzi dzvo, zvichiita kuti dziwanike kuvaravi vezvinorava vazvino uno.

Nheyo Dzine Simba

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinonongedzera kudziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuganhura masimba amapazu. Iyi gadziriro yakasiana nokuparadzanawo zvakwo kwamasimba, uko kunopa mabasa akasiana kubazu rimwe nerimwe. Nzvero nedzinoganhuriro zvinowedzera uriri hunowirirana: bazi remitemo rinoita mitemo, asi mukuru mukuru anogona kuiisa; mukuru mukuru mukuru anodzika mitemo, asi judicariary anogona kuizivisa kuva isingaishandisi mitemo inodudzira mitemo, asi muteveri wemitemo anogona kuronga kuisa mutezongamira kana kuti vatongi varo. Aya anopfuudzanisa anogona kuita kuti pave nemitemo inoita simba ripi neri ripi rebazu rive rakaoma kudzora.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweMontesquieu, uyo akarangarira kuti rusununguko runodikanwa kuparadzanisa mitemo, vakuru vakuru, namasimba okutonga. Zvisinei, vakanga variwo nyanzvi pamusoro pedavidzo romunhu. Sezvakanyorwa James Madison mu[FL:0]] Fiteralst No.[, "Kufunga kunofanira kuitwa kuti kudzivise chinzvimbo. Kunzvera nedzikamo kunovakirwa pamurangariro wokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe richatsvaka nenzira yomuzvarirwo kukudza pesvedzero yaro, naizvozvo bazu rimwe nerimwe reMitemo nemitoo yokudzivisa nayo kupindira namamwe. Uku kurwisana kwesangano, kure kure kure kuva kukanganisa, ndiko kudzivirira rusununguko. Nokuda kwokunzvera uku kukuru kweiyi nzira inoshanda nayo nhasi, [FOctal Actal ]

Basa Remapeji Anoongorora Kushanda Mukutsanangura Urongwa Huno

Federalist Papers haingorondedzeri bedzi nzvero nedzikamo; vanozviruramisa. Vanyori vazhinji vaiziva kuti vaAmerica vaitya hurumende yapakati yaizotevedzera udzvinyiriri hwaMambo George III. Kukurira iyi panikiro, Publius akarangarira kuti mubatanidzwa unosanodzidziswa unogona chaizvoizvo kudzivirira rusununguko zviri nani kupfuura kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzisina simba. Mazita ebazu rimwe nerimwe nenzira ikarongwa kutsanangura kuti masimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe anonzverwa sei navamwe, achiumba gadziriro yokuzvidzora.

Somuenzaniso, mu Mutsananguro Nhaka. 51, Madison anoisa pfungwa huru: "Kushandiswa kwakaparadzana uye kwakasiana kwamasimba akasiyana ehurumende... kunobvumwa kuva kunokosha kukuchengetwa kwerusununguko. Ipapo anotsanangura kuti kuchengeta uku kuparadzana, sangano rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva ne "chido charo" uye kuti mitezo yaro inofanira kupiwa mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kuvhozhokerwa namamwe mapazu. Iro inheyo youchenjeri yechekero nechiyero. Pasina mapepa endangariro, akawanda eiyi mirangariro yaizosiiwa kuva varavi kubva kumutauro unochengeta. Purogiramupiti inoita kuti ive chinyorwa chapamutemo chive chibvumikiso chetsika pamusoro pesimba ravanhu.

Mifungo Yechikamu Chikuru Nezvidzidzo Zvayo Panzvero Nedzikamo

Tsamba dzinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa pamusoro pechekero nedzikamo ndidzo Federal mustrist Nos. 47, 48, 51, 70, uye 78.

Mupepeti Nha. 51: Kudzivirirwa Kwemakeki Nedzikamo

Madison anowanzonzi anokosha zvikurusa eFederalist Papers, Nha. 51 anokurukura zvakananga kudikanwa kwecheki nedzikamo.Madison anotaura kuti nemhaka yokuti vanhu havasi ngirozi, hurumende inofanira kukwanisa kudzora vanodzorwa. Asi zvinokosha zvakaenzana, hurumende inofanira kumanikidzwa kuzvidzora imene. Anonyora kuti, "Kutsamira pavanhu ndiko, pasina panikiro, kudzora kukuru pahurumende; asi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakadzidzisa rudzi kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzebetsero." Nhevero dzebetsero idzodzo idzo idzo nzvero nedzinodzikamo.

Madison anotsanangura kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nepesvedzero duku sezvinobvira pakugadzwa kwemitezo yemamwe mapazu, asi kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe nzira dzokuzvidzivirira nadzo. Somuenzaniso, simba rapurezidhendi rinobvumira mukuru mukuru kunzvera chibvumirano, asi varwi vanogona kuva nembiri mbiri, kupa chibvumirano checherekedzo chamarusaiguru. Nenzira yakafanana, simba rejudicariary rokuhwirudzura mitemo yebumbiro-mitemo (pashure pa [[FLT:]]] Marbury v.[FLT:]]][5]]) rinoshanda senzvero pazvose zviri zviviri Hurumende. Chinyorwa chinoita kuti tsika ino isagadzirirwa kuti ive igadzirirwe zvakanaka asi ichengeterwe. [FFFFF]

Murongi Nha. 70: Kudikanwa Kwomukuru Mumwe Chete Kuvimbisa Kuzvidavirira

MuFederalist No. 70, Alexander Hamilton anodzivirira mukuru mukuru wesangano panzvimbo pedare kana kuti dare. Nharo dzake dzakabatanidzwa zvakananga nokunzvera nokudzikama: mukuru mukuru mumwe anozvidavirira zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vanhu vanogona kupa nenzira iri nyore mutoro nokuda kwezviito. Mukuru mukuru wehurumende wevazhinji, Hamilton anotaura, angakudzivisa kuparira kuoma nokuda kwedare remitemo kana kuti vanhu kunzvera simba rechiremera. Anonyora kuti, "Nhau yamararamire omufambiro womunhu haisati ichibvumira murangariro unokudzwa worunako rwavanhu rungaita kuti ruve rwakachenjera murudzi rune ndangariro dzakanaka zvikuru nedzarwo... kuraswa bedzi kwomugariro."

Iyi rondedzero inodzidzisa kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinotsamira pamitsetse yakajeka yechiremera. Chirevo chapurezidhendi icherekedzo ine simba paCongress, asi bedzi kana purezidhendi ari ane mutoro mumwe nomumwe wokuishandisa. Kana simba rehurumende rakagoveranwa pakati pavanhu vanoverengeka, hapana munhu anogona kuzvidavirira, uye bazu remitemo ringagona zvikuru kudzora mukuru mukuru mukuru. Kukakavara kwaHamilton kunoramba kuri madikanwa nhasi apo nharo dzinomuka pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru vakuru, masimba ehondo, uye ukurumbidzo yehurumende. Kunzwisisa kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vaPrefekishinendi No. 70 kunobetsera vagari vagari kunzvera kana kuti Priciodcier aresa zvikuru kana kuti kuzvidavirira kunyanyova.

Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Nha. 78: Munamato Sebazu Risina Simba Zvikurusa

Alexander Hamilton’s Federal List No. 78 ndiwo rugwaro rwakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga nesimba rokuhwirudzura. Hamilton anotaura kuti dare richava bazi rine ngozi duku nemhaka yokuti harina pesvedzero pangava munondo kana kuti chikwama.. Inodzora kwete mauto kana kuti mupiro wemari. Zvisinei, kushanda secherekedzo yakafanira pamapazu ewiso nevakuru, vatongi vanofanira kuva vakasununguka, vane nzvimbo mutsika dzakanaka (muupenyu hwose).

Hamilton anotaura zvakajeka kuti matare ane simba rokuzivisa mabasa emitemo pasina chinhu kana akapesana neBumbiro reMitemo. Ndiro pfundo rekuhwirudzura kwedare secherekedzo pamamwe mapazu. Anonyora kuti, "Kududzira mitemo iruwa rwakafanira nerwechienzi rwematare. Bumbiro remitemo idi, kutaura idi, uye rinofanira kurangarirwa navatongi, somutemo mukuru. Naizvozvo, vatongi vanofanira kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo pamutemo upi noupi unorwisana. Iyi rondedzero inopa vagari vemo vemo yezvisarupo nei matare achigona kuputsa mitemo, pfungwa yaipokanidzana panguva ino uye inoramba ichikurukurwa nhasi. Nhenharo inotonga. Nhamba inopfuudzo inopfuudzirawo kuti upenyu husare mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, inobvumira kuti vabati vemi vemitendi vemitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Kurangarira kuti matare ashatirwei. [Frective protest profile profile .]

Nzwisiso Dzomuraudzo Dzakabva Mubatanidzwa Wehurumende Nos. 47 na 48

Federal Federal N. 47, yakanyorwa naJames Madison, inobata nokuramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba nemhaka yokuti mapazi haana kuparadzaniswa chose chose. Madison anopindura kupfurikidza nokutaura Montesquieu, akareva kuti rimwe bazi harifaniri kushandisa simba rose rerimwe bazi. Chikamu chinobatanidza dare sebasa reDare rebvumirano kana kuti redare rapurezidhendi riri madikanwa chaizvoizvo kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rizvidzivirire. Mubatanidzwa wehurumende No. 48 unokudzwa pana ikoku kupfurikidza nenyevero ye "mudzimu unodzivirira" webazu reChibvumirano, iro, nemhaka yokuti riri pedyo zvikuru navanhu, rinova rinotora simba. Masmeto anotaura kuti musero wakanyorwa nechekero mukuru unokosha kuti udzivise kudzivirira kudzikamisa kudzora.

Kushandisa Kungaita Vagari Vayo Vanoshandisa Mapepa Okuongorora Hurumende Yemazuva Ano

Federalist Papers hadzisi zvigadzirwawo hazvo zvenhau; dzinogovera gadziriro yokuyera rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapanguva imwe cheteyo. Apo purezidhendi anopa murairo wavakuru vakuru unoratidzika kuva unopfuura Congress, mugari akarovedzana nomutungamiriri N. 70 anonzwisisa kusawirirana pakati pesimba mumukuru mukuru uye kudikanwa kwezvokunzvera kwemitemo. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinorova mutemo wehurumende, Federalist No. 78 inotsanangura ruramisiro youzivi. Apo Congress anonzvera bazu rechiremera, Federalist No. 51 inotiyeuchidza kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine maturu okudzivirira nawo mabanza aro.

Uyezve, Federal List Pepers dzinobetsera vagari vemo kuziva apo nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda zvakanaka zvichipesana nezvinoneteswa. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ichitumira simba remitemo rakawanda zvikuru kumasangano anotungamirira, ganhuriro. Kana purezidhendi akaramba kuisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress, nzvero yewi yewiwiro dzinoderera. Kana dare rikanyanyova rinocheutsa zvikuru kumukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende munhau dzechengeteko, kunzvera kwedare kunodzikira. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapakuvamba kunogonesa vagari vemo kuona kukanganisa uye kuraira kuzvidavirira.

Matanho Anoshanda Okubatanidzwa Nemapepa Anoongorora

  • Kurava mubatanidzwa weFederal N. 10 naAiwa 51 pakutanga. Iyi rondedzero mbiri inogovera sumo yakanakisisa kukunzwisisa kwemapoka nedziviriro dzecheki nedzinodzikamiswa. Nhamba 10 inotsanangura kuti republic huru inogona sei kudzora miuyo yechapupu, nepo Nhamba 51 inotsanangura nzvero dzomukati pasimba rehurumende.
  • rondedzero imwe neimwe ine chinoitika chazvino. Pashure pokurava munzveri weFederal No. 70, tarira pagakava remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru. Pashure pa 78, nzvera mhaka yeDare Rapamusorosoro iyo yakazivisa mutemo usina kurongwa.
  • shandisa mashoko paIndaneti.[[FT:1] Zviwanikwa zvakafanana neAvalon Project paYale Law School uye National Constitution Center yebumbiro reMitemo rinokurukura zvinogovera tsananguro dzomutsetse nemutsetse unoita kuti mutauro we18 wapakati uwanike zvikuru.
  • Mitambo navamwe. Mapepa eFederalist akanyorwa pakuvamba kupwisa vanhu vanopanikira. Kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano pamusoro perevo dzawo dzinofanana idzo dzinorerutsa uye dzinokudza nzwisiso.

Kusanzwisisana Kunozivikanwa Nezvecheki Nedzikamo Kwakaruramiswa Nemapeji Akarongwa Nevanhu

Vagari vemo vazhinji vanodavira kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoreva kuti mapazi matatu akaenzana mumativi ose. Federalist Papers inojekesa kuti mapazi haana kuenzana musimba kana kuti basa; panzvimbo pezvo, ane rudzi rwakasiana rwesimba rakarongedzerwa kunzvera vamwe. Chirongwa chemitemo ibazu rine simba zvikurusa negadziriro, nokuti anomirira vanhu zvakananga. Mukuru mukuru anopiwa simba nechinzwano kuti aite nenzira yakasimba. Chijudicari chine simba risina simba zvikurusa asi chine simba rinokosha rokududzira. Kunzwisisa aya maasmmet anodzivisa vagari vemo kuti vatarisire kuenzana kwakakwana uye vanovabatsira kuona chikonzero nei, somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusaro harigoni kutanga mitemo kana kuti kuita kuti zvisarudze.

Chimwe chisanzwisisana ndechokuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoita hurumende kusashanda zvakanaka. Federalist Papers inobvuma uku kushambadza. MuFederalist No. 70, Hamilton anotsinhira kuti "kudzorwa muvakuru vakuru itsika inotungamirira murondedzero yehurumende yakanaka," uye muna 51., Madison anobvuma kuti tsika ingaparira "zvimwe zvinovhiringidza" asi inoramba kuti ngozi yokudzvinyirira yanyanya zvikuru. Vagari vemo vanopinza basa iri kunze sezvingabvira havangatongokanganiswi zvikuru nezvinodzivirira zvebumbiro remitemo zvinodzosera mberi.

Kukosha Kwokudzidzisa Mapepa Akarongwa Nevanhu Mudzidzo Yechibvumirano

Munhambo yekusabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuderera kwokuvimba mumasangano, Federalist Papers dzinopa fandesheni isina papapatiti yokunzwisisa kuti hurumende yeAmerica inofanira kushanda sei. Haisi yebato ripi neripi rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vose vari vaviri vanoomerera pamagamuchidzanwa navanorerekera kumunhu vanogona kukumbira Publius kukwikwidzanisa nokuda kwedudziro dzakasiana dzamasimba emitemo. Kudzidzisa idzi rondedzero muzvikoro uye zvinyorwa zvavose kunobetsera vagari vemo kufambira mberi kupfuura kutaura uye kubatanidzwa nerangariro dzakaumba rudzi.

For example, debates about the president's use of executive orders often cite the same Federalist Paper to support opposing views. Some point to No. 70 to argue that a strong executive is necessary; others point to No. 51 to argue that the legislature must push back. Understanding the full context of these essays equips citizens to weigh these arguments critically rather than simply accepting partisan talking points. The Library of Congress has a helpful guide to the Federalist Papers that educators and self-learners can use as a starting point.

Kubatanidza Mapepa Anoumbwa Nevanhu Vasina Kutsarukana Nemapepa Azvino Uno

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari vaite nzvero yevagari vemo inobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba nenzvero nedzinoyera. Federalist Papers manyuko makuru anogona kukudza mhinduro dzavadzidzi kupfuura rondedzerowo zvadzo. Panzvimbo pokungodzokorora kuti purezidhendi anogona kunyora mari, vadzidzi vanogona kutsanangura chikonzero nei vheto iripo, kuongorora kurukurirano yaMadison muNo. 51 kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nemitoo yokuzvidzivirira nayo. Rudzi urwu rwenzwisiso rukuru runokosha zvikuru nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwedemocratic kudarika kupfuudzira. Vagari vakuruwo vanogona kubetserwa nokudzokorora idzi rondedzero dzavo dzemitemo kuti vapedze kubata kwavo kwemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Mapepa Anoongorora Kushanda Kwevagari Vomunyika Senhungamiro Yesimba

Gadziriro dzecheki nedzinodzikamisa ndichimwe chemativi anosianisa zvikurusa eBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., asi revo yaro yakazara haisati iri yokuzviratidzira. Federalist Papers inoshanda sorugwaro runokosha zvikuru, kuzivisa kurangarira kwevagadziri, kutaura kupesana, uye kuenzanisira kuti mapazi anobatira pamwe sei kuti achengetedze rusununguko. Nokuda kwavagari vanotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende yavo, kurava Federalist Papers hausi mutambaraki woumbozha hwokuzvidira.

Kupfurikidza nokufunda rondedzero dzakadai seFederalist No. 51, N. 70, naN. 78, vagari vemo vanowana maturusi okuyera kana hurumende yazvino uno iri kushanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Vanodzidza kuona kunzvera nedzikamo kwete semhinganidzo dzokufambira mberi asi sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Munguva apo tsika dzamademokrase dzinoedzwa, uchenjeri hwaPublius hunoramba huchishanda senguva dzose. Federalist Paper haisati ichigadza mitemo chaiyo, asi vanogovera gadziriro yechigarire yokufunga pamusoro pesimba, kuzvidavirira, uye rusununguko. Mugari wemo ari wose anotora nguva yokunzwisisa anozviziva anova mubato unoziva zvikuru mukuedza kunopfuurira kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa yeAmerica.