Hwaro Hwokuita Mitemo yeHurumende: Kunzwisisa Mitemo yeHurumende

Mabumbiro emitemo anobatira sezvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvikuru mukati mehurumende dzawo dzakatsaukana, kugadza gadziriro huru nokuda kwemaitirwe emitemo, uyo ane chiremera chokuaita, uye dziviriro dzetsika dzinosimbisa kuva nechokwadi chokudzora kwakadzikama. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo reU. rinogadza miganhu yokunze nokuda kwesimba rehurumende, bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinopa gadziriro ine udzame nokuda kwegadziriro yaro yemitemo, chiremera chavakuru vakuru, uye kuhwirudzura. Aya magwaro anorondedzera chimiro chohurumende chokutonga, kuisa mitoro pakati pamapazu, uye kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza gadziriro dzechienzi chakasiana - site segadziriro dzoruzhinji dzehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumba sei mitemo inoumba kuti ndiani uye kuti inoita sei ive inokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu anoshandisa mitemo, mutsika yemitemo yepamutemo, kana kuti anoshandawo.

Mhatsa pakati pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende inoshamisa. Dzimwe, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakareba uye dzine udzame, dzinofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva mumuitiro womutero kuenda kumirairo yemhoteredzo, nepo dzimwe, dzakadai seNew Hampshire, dziri pfupi zvikuru uye dzakafanana nomuenzaniso wehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nourefu, bumbiro remitemo riri rose rinona mubvunzo mukuru: isangano ripi kana kuti muitiro une simba rokugadza mutemo, uye matanhoi anofanira kuteverwa?

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Munenge munyika iri yose, mutumbi mukuru wokuita mitemo idare rehurumende, rinowanzonzi gungano rehurumende, gungano remitemo, kana kuti chingori chirongwa. Masangano aya anoumbwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa vanoshanda senzwi ravanhu, vachikwidziridza, vachiitisana nharo, vachitsiva, uye pakupedzisira vachivhota pazvikwereti zvinova mutemo. Kuumbwa kwakananga, purogiramu, uye masimba zveava vadziviri vemitemo kunorondedzerwa mubumbiro rehurumende rimwe nerimwe.

Magen’a eUnicameral System

Hurumende zhinjisa (_yavane-nainine) kubva muna makumi mashanu, inoshanda pasi peimba yemabhiya, kureva kuti vane makamuri maviri akaparadzana: imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yaVamiririri, Assembly, kana kuti Imba yeVamiririri) uye imba yapamusoro (Dare). Ichi chionioni chegadziriro yehurumende chakagadzirwa kuti chipedze kurangarira, kunoda kuti mutezo upfuure mumakamuri ose maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati watumirwa kuna gavhuna. Nebraska anomira oga neUnicameral, mutumbi mumwe wechamber unozivikanwa seUnicameral, uyo wakaumbwa nehurumende inotenderwa mu 1934. Vateshi vanoramba kuti tende imwe inoderedza mutezo wedare.

Mufananidzo uye Ruwa

Mabumbiro emitemo anogadzawo mitemo nokuda kwokumirira. Anotaura nhamba yavaiti vemitemo, maruwa anokweviwa, uye kuti kugoverwa kwemitemo kunoitika kazhinji sei pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu kumwe nokumwe. Somuenzaniso, Texas ine 150 yemitezo neDare re 31, nepo imba yakaderera yeNew Hampshire ine mitezo 400 mikurusa yehurumende munyika. Gadziriro dzeMitemo inovimbisa kuti maruwa ehurumende ose emitemo anoenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo, chinodikanwa chakasimbiswa neDare gurusa redare rakadai se Reyns v.

Simba Nezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Masangano ehurumende ane simba rakafara(*) anogona kupfuudza mutemo upi noupi usingarambidzwi nehurumende kana kuti bumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anowanzoisa ganhuriro dzakajeka. Somuenzaniso, mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza mutemo mumwe unozviisa pasi, unorambidza zvikwereti zvokufukidza zvinopfuura musoro mumwe, nokudaro achidzivisa kuvhara nokugadziridza. Mamwe anoda vhoti hurusa yemarudzi akati emitemo, zvakadai sokuwedzera kwemitero. National Conference of State Legislatures inogovera zviwiro zvikuru pamusoro peiyi misiyaniso.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kutsika

Nepo mamiriro ezvinhu ose achitevera miitiro yawo amene ine udzame, muitiro mukuru wokuita mitemo unowirirana nenzira inoshamisa.

Sumo Nokurava Kwokutanga

Mutengo unotangwa nomuiti wemitemo (kana kuti, mune dzimwe nyika, nokutanga kupiwa nevagari vemo) unogoverwa nhamba uye unogamuchira kuraviwa kwokutanga pauriri hweimba, uchizivisa musoro wawo nechinangwa.

Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Pashure pesumo, bhoti rinonongedzerwa kudare (ndakadai seDare reJudiciary, Utano, kana kuti Nzira neNjoto. Matare anochengeta kunzwa uko nyanzvi, mapoka okuzvidzora, uye vagari vemo vanogona kupupurira. Dare ringabvumira bhiri racho nerisina kana kuti pasina kugadziriswa, mugero wenjiva (iiite nokusaita), kana kuti kuinongedzera kunzvimbo duku yefundo huru. Iyi nhambo inova yakakomba zvikurusa nokuda kwemitemo, uye mitemo yehurumende inowanzoraira misangano yakazaruka uye kuchengetwa kwezvinyorwa kuvimbisa muitiro wacho haisi yakavanzika.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Kana dare rangoshuma mutero, unopfuurira kunzvimbo yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano. Mitemo yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende inosarudza urefu hwekurukurirano, nhevedzano yedzoreso, uye mubatanidzwa wokuvhota unodikanwa. Nokuda kwezvikwereti zvizhinjisa, zvizhinjisa zvakapfava zvinokwana, asi zvimwe(zvakadai seizvo zvinokwidza mari kana kuti zvinopfumisa vhoti mbiri. Mubhishopi yemitemo, pashure pokupinda mune imwe imba, mutemo wacho unoenda kune imwe nokuda kwegadziriro yakafanana.

Matare Omusangano Nokupfuura Kwokupedzisira

Kana makamuri maviri akapfuudza zvimiro zvakasiana zvepepa rimwe, dare redare remusangano(* rakabatanidza mitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri(-) inonyungudutsa misiyano. Kubvumirana pane zvapamuuyo kunofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri sezvakanyorwa chaizvoizvo. Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzoganhurira ukuru hwemishumo yedare redare remisangano kudzivisa chinjo dzokupedzisira.

Chiito chaGavhuna

Pashure pokunge makamuri ose ari maviri apfuvura shanduro imwe cheteyo, bhiridha rinotumirwa kuna gavhuna. Gavhuna anogona kuriisaidza mumutemo, kuibvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha pashure penhambo yakatarwa, kana kuti kuidzosa. Kana akadzokororwa, mutezo wacho unodzokera kudivi redare, iro ringaedza kukurira vheto / zvinoda kuti triamss divitis mbiri muimba imwe neimwe. Izvi zvinochinja-kamuri rimwe nerimwe; somuenzaniso, Machigan inoda voruzhinji bedzi kukunda mamwe mavhota, nepose kazhinji kazhinji vanoda vhoti mbiri.

Mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokuita Mutemo: Kudzivirira Kwetsika

Hurumende inoronga mitemo inodzora “maitirwe azvo” okuita mitemo. Iyi mitemo inotsigira nhevedzano, inodzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira, uye inodzivirira maruramiro mashomanene.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuita

A demoram(-) nhamba yakaganhurirwa yemitezo inofanira kuvapo kuti ipedzise bhizimisi(icho yakagadzwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe. Kazhinji kazhinji, traquorm ishomanene yemitezo yakasarudzwa. Dzimwe Hurumende, kufanana neArkansas, dzinoda voruzhinji vemitezo yakasarudzwa, kwete bedzi iripo, kuita bhizimisi. Kana mutezo usiripo ukaputsa shamm, mutezo wedare ungamanikidzirwa kutsiva.

Mijaho Yokufambisa Magetsi

Kupfuura voruzhinjiwo, mitemo inoraira zvigadziko zvakakwirira nokuda kwezviito zvakati. Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinji dzinoda vhoti mbiri muzvitatu mukamuri rimwe nerimwe kuti dzipe mutemo wekurumidziro unobatira nokukurumidza pasigini yegavhuna. Wedzero dzeMitero dzinowanzoda kukwidziridza mitero mikuru: muColorado, Bill of Rights (TABOR) yemutengi inoda mvumo nokuda kwewedzero ipi neipi yemitero, nepo muCalifornia, vhoti mbiri-3 dzinoda kukwidza kukwidza mitero yehurumende.

Mitemo Chaiyo Yemabhiri Emari

Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda ane “mutemo wehurumende” mutemo: zvikwereti zvemari zvinofanira kutangira muimba yakaderera, tsika yaakakwereta kuBumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Ikoku kunoitirwa kuisa simba rechikwama mumuviri pedyosa navanhu. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew York, dzinobvumira gavhuna kuisa zvikwereti zvemari zvinotora nzvimbo yokutanga pane mumwe mutemo.

Veto Asingashandisi Zvirongwa

Muitiro wokuisa gibernonatorial veto une udzame hwakajeka mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Pashure pokunge gavhuna adzosera mutemo wakadzorwa nezvirambidzo, mugadziri wemitemo angaurangarirazve. Kana bumbiro remitemo richida vhoti yezvitatu zviviri uye kuti chikumbaridzo chiitwe, mutemo unova mutemo pasinei zvapo neveto. Mitezo mishomanene inobvumira mutemo kukunda mativi bedzi eveto (chikamu chemagiramutititi), asi kusarura kwakadaro hakuwanzowaniki.

Zvimwe Zvirongwa Zvehurumende: Kuongorora uye Dzikamo

Mabumbiro emitemo anoumba zvimwe zvinhu zvinoumba magadzirirwo omutemo uye mashandisirwe anoitwa mitemo.

Simba raGavhuna neMutsetse Wevaivhi

Vanenge vatongi vose vane simba rokuita mutemo zvakananga. Mukuwedzera, magavhuna mazhinjisa ane muganhu wewindi wewindi inobvumira kubvisa zvinhu zvakati zvinotengwa pasina kunyora mutengo wose. Iyi chishandiswa inopa pesvedzero huru pamari inorongwa. Mitemo yemitemo, semuWisconsin, inototambanudza mutsetse kuti ibvumire gavhuna kurovanya mashoko kana kuti madhigirii, simba rave riri pasi pemari inodzorwa kuisa pajeri.

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo Nemapurogiramu

Mabumbiro emitemo anogadza uwandu hwemazuva, urefu, uye ukuru hwezvirongwa zvemitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzine zvirongwa zvegore negore (muremo, California, Texas, dzinosangana murusando rwenguva dzose bedzi mumakore asina kuenzana), nepo mamwe achisangana mukuwirirana namanguva asingagumi. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoganhurira chiverengero chamazuva ayo chigamuchirwe, zvakadai samazuva 60 kana kuti 90 emitemo parusando rumwe. Iyi ganhuriro yokudzivisa kuita mutemo nokukurudzira budiriro. Mukuwedzera, vatongi vanogona kudana marusando chaiwo nokuda kwenhau dzokukurumidzira, asi marusarusarudzo acho kazhinji kazhinji anoiswa kumisoro yakagadzwa nagavhuna.

Mitemo Yekurumidziro

Apo nhau dzokukurumidzira dzinomuka − zvakadai sengwavaira dzomusikirwo, zvirwere, kana kuti njodzi dzepasi dzinogovera mitoo yokuita mitemo nokukurumidza. Zvikwereti zvekurumidziro zvinogona kufuratira nhano dzokuvhotera, asi zvinoda chaizvoizvo chiteshi chikuru chokuvhota (g., mavhoti maviri echitatu) uye angazviisa pasi petapuro yapakarepo. Gavhuna aya anosanova akadzikama kubvumira mhinduro yokukurumidza pasina kukanganisa kwehurumende.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora Chaizvo: Zviito, uye Kuyeuka

Zvichida rutivi runosianisa zvikurusa rwemiitiro yehurumende yakawanda ndeyekubatanidzwa kwemiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga. Inenge hafu yenyika inobvumira vagari vemo kuronga nokupfuudza mitemo kupfurikidza nokutanga kwakakurumbira, kudarika chibvumirano chose chose. Mabumbiro ehurumende anorondedzera zvinodikanwa zvokusaina, miganhu, uye mitoo yokuhwirudzura nokuda kwezviito. MaReferendendinding ibvumidza kana kuti kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende isati yashanda. Aya matururo anopa vagari simba rokuumba mutemo zvakananga asi avawo vadzorwi venhau dzekurukurirano pamusoro petapurofiti yavo paderiyomu. .[FLT:]

Kugadziridzwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nokudzokororwa: Kuchinja Mitemo

Seizvo mabumbiro emitemo anorondedzera kuti mitemo inoitwa seiwo, vanogadza mitemo yokuchinja bumbiro remitemo pacharo. Mitemo yegadziridzo inonetsa noune kupfuura mutemowo zvawo. Mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende inoda vhoti yezvitatu zviviri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe remitemo kukarakadza kugadziriswa, kuchiteverwa netendero nevoruzhinji vavavhoti patendi. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kugadziriswa kupfurikidza nekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo, boka chairo rinosarudzwa bedzi nokuda kwedonzo iroro. Gadziriro dzedzo dzinoda kudzoresa dzinoda kuoma nemhaka yokuti dzinosarudza kuti gadziriro yokuita mutemo inogona kushanduka nyore nyore sei.

Mitemo Yakachinjwa yeBumbiro reMitemo

Muzvinhu zvakadai seCalifornia, Florida, uye Arizona, vagari vemo vanogona kudarika mitemo yomutemo ndokukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwakananga kupfurikidza nokuunganidza siginicha. Kana siginicha dzinoshanda dzakakwana dzakaunganidzwa, kugadziriswa kunokarakadzwa kunoiswa pavhota. Uyu muitiro wakashandiswa kuisa ganhuriro dzeshoko, ganhuriro dzemitero, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kugadziridza kwakadaro kunogona kushatisa bumbiro remitemo nezvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kusiiwa kuti zviteve mutemo.

Pesvedzero Yemitemo yeHurumende Pamugumisiro Wemitemo

Mitemo yetsika inoiswa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende ine miuyo mikuru inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, zvinodikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwokuwedzera kwomutero zvinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kusimudzira mari, uko kunogona kutungamirira kugura mumibato yavose kana kuti kutsamira pamitero yakawedzerwa. Mitemo ine musoro mumwe inodzivisa kurongeka asi inogonawo kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuita kuti zvisave zvakaoma kutengesa pamitengo. Zvirongwa zvekurumidziro zvave zvinokosha zvikuru mukati mekupararira kweCHOVAID-19, sezvo vatongi vaishandisa chiremera chavo chemitemo kubudisa zviratidzo zvehurumende, uye masangano emitemo anokakavadzana ukurunako rwebasa ravo vamene.

Uyezve, gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba nehurumende dzinoumba masangano ehurumende. Muhurumende dzine chiremera chebazu chemitemo chakasimba chehurumende (sokufanana neNew York), umo mugadzi wemitemo anogona kukurira kuvhota kwagavhuna namatatu maviri (nziyo) ganhuriro yesimba inorerekera kudare rehurumende. Mudzimwe, dzakadai seIndiana, gavhuna ane udzori hwemari hwakasimba zvikuru. Iyi inopesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro wemitero kusvikira kumurairo wemhoteredzo kumitemo yenzanga.

Kunzwisisa kurongwa kwebumbiro remitemo hakusi kungoshandiswa kwedzidzo chete. Zvinotapura zvakananga kuti mitemo inokarakadzwa sei, inokakavadzana, inoitwa, uye inopikiswa.