Kunzwisisa Kuti Vachengeti Vakasarudzwa Sei: Nhungamiro Inoshanda Kuvagari Vapasi

Mugadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose, imba yapamusoro yeimba yomutemo yedare rinogarwa. (kazhinji kazhinji inonzi senate) inoita basa rinokosha mukugadzira mitemo, kutungamirira, uye kumirira. Muitiro wokusarudza vatenzi unosiyana zvikuru munyika nenyika, asi muzviitiko zvizhinji, wakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa fariro dzenharaunda, kuva nechokwadi chokuva noutungamiriri hwakasvinurira, uye kugovera chenjero paimba yakaderera. Iyi nhungamiro yakudzwa inotsanangura mitemo, mipimo yemipimo, uye mitoo yokugadza iyo inosarudza kuti ndiani anogara musenate. Mungava mudzidzi wehurumende, muvhoti, kana kuti anongova zvake anofarira masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inosarudzwa sei uye simba rinoparadzirwa sei.

Basa Redare MumaDemocracca Enguva Yazvino Uno

Pamberi pokupinda mumafambiro okusarudza, kunobetsera kunzwisisa izvo imba yakaderera inoita. Kusafanana neimba yakaderera, iyo inowanzomirira maruwa akavakirwa pavagari vemo, senate inowanzorongedzerwa kumirira nyika, maruwa, kana kuti nzvimbo zvakaenzana kana kuti nefungidziro kunharaunda duku. Basa iri rakasiyana kazhinji kazhinji rinoshanda kumashoko marefu kupfuura mitezo yeimba yakaderera, iyo inopa kudzikamiswa kwegadziriro uye inobvumira kurangarirwa kwamaune kwomutemo. Ivo vanosimbisa kugadzwa kwechiremera, raindective, uye kazhinji kazhinji vane simba rokuvhara kana kuti kubvisa zvikwereti. Iri basa rakatanhamara rinoita kuti zvikwaniso nezvikwaniriso zvive zvapasi zvapasi zvive zvinokosha zvikuru.

Mashandiro Endege

Nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa yokusarudza nayo vatenzi isarudzo yakananga yavagari vemo, asi udzame hunosiana. dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro yokumirira mitsetse yakaenzana, nepo dzimwe dzichitsamira pagadziriro huru kana kuti dzakavhengana. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha kunzvera kuti mumiriri wacho zvirokwazvo ndeyenzirai.

Mav. Kusarudza Kusingatenderwi

Musarudzo yakananga, vavhoti vakakanda mavhota zvakananga nokuda kwavadaviri. Ikoku itsika muUnited States, Australia, Brazil, uye mamwe marudzi mazhinji. Sarudzo isingatenderwi, kune rumwe rutivi, inobatanidza masangano emitemo enharaunda kana kuti makoleji chaiwo okusarudza majeni. Somuenzaniso, muIndia, mitezo mizhinjisa yeRajiya Sabba (imba yapamusoro) inosarudzwa namagungano emitemo, kwete navose. MuGermany, Bundesrat inoumbwa nenhume dzakagadzwa nehurumende. Muitiro mumwe nomumwe une mirangariro nokuda kwokuzvidavirira nokugamuchira.

Kumirira Kuitwa

Kumirira kwePportioneal (PR) kunoshandiswa zvikuru musarudzo kuva nechokwadi chokuti mapoka maduku anowana zvigaro zviri pamwero wakashata kugoverano yavo. Dare reAustralia rinoshandisa vhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV), chimiro chePR chinobvumira vavhoti kuva vatsvaki. Brazil neArgentina kushandisawo mhando dzePR nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo zvehurumende. PR inokombamira kugadzira makamuri akasiana-petwa akawanda uye kukurudzira chivako chakafanana.

Masangano Ezvidhori Nezvekunzwisisa

United States Dare rinoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga-pfuvura yomutemo umo mutsigiri ane vhoti zhinjisa anowana chigaro, kunyange kana asingawani ruzhinji. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumugariro umo boka rinowana zvigaro zvizhinji nezvisingasviki chiverengero chamavhoti. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda gadziriro yamativi maviri (kufamba) kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukundi anowana anopfuura 50% vevhoti, sezvinoonwa muFrance nokuda kweSarudzo yarorororo yeDare reFrance (kunyange Dare reFrance rinosarudzwa nereji rehurumende romunzvimbomo, kwete zvakananga nevoruzhinji). Mitezo yezvikwata zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende inoda kuva nevoka yavanhu vakuru zvikuru uye inogona kuguma nemigumisiro mishoma.

Mashandiro Akasanganiswa Kana Kuti Akasanganiswa

Munyika dzakadai seJapan neMexico, imba yepamusoro inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wamaruwa ane mitezo imwe uye kumirira kwakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, Dare reMexico rine zvigaro 96 zvinosarudzwa mumibatanidzwa mitatu yezvokudya (uko boka rine vhoti zhinjisa rinowana zvigaro zviviri, uye mumhanyi anowana chimwe) uye zvigaro 32 zvinogoverwa nomufananidzo wenyika.

Mashoko uye Kusava Mungozi: Ndiani Angava Murevereri?

Mitemo iyi inoratidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira mune zvenhau pamusoro pezvikwaniriso zvakanaka zvavagadziri vemitemo vachashandisa mashoko marefu zvikuru uye vachagovera pesvedzero inotsigisa.

Mhedziso Dzenzvimbo

Mashoko edare nguva dzose anenge akarebesa kupfuura ayo emitezo yakaderera yeimba.Utanhamari hunowanzobatanidza:

  • United States:[ makore 6 (namakore matatu okusarudzwa ari ose)
  • Australia:[ makore 6 (hafu yakasarudzwa makore matatu ari ose)
  • Canada:[[FL:1] yakagadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu kusvikira pazera ramakore 75 (kubvira muna 1965, kumira pamudyandigere kwebasa)
  • Brazil:[ makore 8 (nasarudzo dzinosundirwa)
  • France:[ makore 6 (hafu inovandudzwa makore matatu ari ose)

Mashoko okusashandisa mashoko anobatsira kuramba uchipfuurira uye kudzivisa kuchinja kwemitemo nokukurumidza.

Zvinodikanwa Zvezera

Mazera mashoma zvikuru evatsigiri akakwirira zvikuru kupfuura emitezo yeimba yakaderera.Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • United States:[ makore 30 okukura
  • [[FFLT:0] Australia:[ makore 18 okukura (zvakaenzana neImba)
  • Canada: makore 30 okukura (uye inofanira kuva neinenge $4 000 yenzvimbo chaiyo muruwa)
  • Italy:[ makore 40 okukura nokuda kweDare (rakaderera kusvikira ku 25 mu 2021 kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo)
  • chiGerman:[ Hapana mutemo wezera chairo, asi mitezo inowanzova inenge 18

Kuva Mugari Wemo Nokuva Mugari Wemo

Nyika dzose dzinoda kuti vatevedzeri vave vagari vemo vorudzi rwavanomirira. Vazhinji vanodawo kuti vagare munyika kana kuti ruwa rwavanomirira.Bhishopu yeU.S., somuenzaniso, inoraira kuti mutevedzeri ave mugari wehurumende panguva yesarudzo. muAustralia, vatenzi vanofanira kuva vagari veAustralia uye vagari vemo venguva dzose muhurumende yavanomirira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti nhambo refu ive nenzvimbo yokugara kuti dzive nechokwadi chokudzika midzikata munzanga.

Kumwe Kusawirirana Nekusawirirana

Mitemo yakawanda yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakawanwa ine mhaka, vanhu vasina mari, kana kuti avo vane mahofisi akati avose (vakaita savatongi kana kuti vashandi vehurumende) pakubatira savane chokuita.

Sarudzo. Sarudzo: Kuchinja Mugadziriro Yokusarudza

Nepo kusarudza kwakananga kuri mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa, chiverengero chikuru chenyika chinoshandisa kuronga (8) chose chose kana kuti chikamu chedare rezvemari. zvikonzero zvinovambira pakudzivirira maruramiro maduku kusvikira kukuva nechokwadi chounyanzvi kana kuti chokugarisa zvivako zvehurumende.

Dare Rakagadzwa Zvizere

Dare reCanada muenzaniso wakatanhamara weimba yakagadzwa chose chose. Vatongi vanogadzwa naGavhuna mukuru pazano roMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi. Iyi tsika yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva anotsiva uye kushayikwa kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Zvisinei, inobvumirawo kugadzwa kwavanhu vane zivo chaiyo vangasatsvaka sarudza. muUnited Kingdom, House of Lords inogadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma (vaenzani voupenyu vanogadzwa namambo pazano rePMS) uye nhaka. Bhutan anewo Dare reNational Council.

Kugadzwa Murutivi, Kunorangarirwa Zvikuru

Dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza kugadzwa nokusarudzwa kuti dzidzikamise kumirira kwefariro dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muIreland, Seanad Éirean (Senate) ine mitezo 60: 43 yakasarudzwa kubva panzvimbo shanu dzebasa (dzinomirira nzvimbo dzakadai semibato, basa, indasitiri, zvichingodaro), 6 vakasarudzwa navadzidzi veyunivhesiti, uye 11 vakagadzwa neTaoissheach (mushumiri wemarimi). muSouth Africa, National Council of Provinces inters mitezo 10 paruwa (4 kubva kumapati makuru, uye 6 kubva kumamwe masangano) uye nhume 6 kubva kuNational Assembly. Iyi mienzaniso yezvipembenene inoromedzerwa kutora mifungo yakasiana-kasiana - siyana kupfuura mamiriro enzvimbo.

Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Nemitemo Yomunharaunda Kana Kuti Electoral Colleges

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoverengeka dzinoshandisa sarudzo dzisina kunanga kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende dzehurumende dzine basa rakananga muruvazhe. Indian Ravya Sabha ane mitezo 233 yakasarudzwa nemitezo yamasangano ehurumende emitemo anoshandisa gadziriro imwe yokuvhota. Mitezo 12 yasara inosarudzwa naPrezidhente nokuda kwebasa rakatanhamara. Nenzira yakafanana, muNepal, National Assembly inoumbwa nemitezo 56 yakasarudzwa namagungano oruwa nedare reKathmath Valley, uye 3 yakasarurwa naPurezidhendi. Dare reFrance rinosarudzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vomunzvimbomo vanenge 150 000 vomunzvimbomo (makuru, makurukota, zvichingodaro), richiita nenzira isina kusarudzwa.

Mienzaniso Yakasiyana: Kusarudza Kwaunoita Nyika Huru Vamiririri Vadzo

Kuongorora nyika dzakananga kunoratidza nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutaura nadzo uye kutsanangura kwadzakaita.

United States

, vatenzi veUnited States vakasarudzwa nedzimba dzehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika dzinochengetwa dzichidzora hurumende. Seventeenth Amendment (113) yakachinja ikoku kutungamirira sarudzo yakakurumbira. Nhasi, hurumende imwe neimwe inosarudza vatengi vaviri nokuda kwemirau yamakore matanhatu, nerimwe rechitatu nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose. Mitemo yedare yapamutemo ihurumende, uye muvhoti ane mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa iwina (ukuru). Primi inosarudza kuti patonge paine vatendi, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichishandisa mabhii maviri kana kuti mabhii makuru. [FLT:]. Dare reSarudzo dzinodzorwa mubatanidzwa nemitemo yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo.

Australia

Dare reAustralia rine mitezo 76: 12 kubva paimwe neimwe yedzimwe nyika nhanhatu (dzinosarudzwa nokuda kwemashoko amakore matanhatu, hafu makore matatu ari ose) uye 2 imwe neimwe inobva kunzvimbo dzenyika inotemwa namakore matatu). Nhamba dzinoshandisa gadziriro yokumirira (vhoti inopfuudzwa imwe) mukati mehurumende imwe neimwe. Voters angavhota “pamusoro pomutsetse” nokuda kwebato (kugamuchira ratirororo yayo) kana kuti“ kukwidza mutsa mutsetse” kupfurikidza navakuru vose vanotevedzerwa. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti mapoka maduku anogona kuwana mumiriro. Australian Dare reSarudzo

Canada

Dare reCanada rine mitezo 105 yakagadzwa naGeneral pazano roMutungamiriri weHurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti vatevedzeri vamiririre maruwa mana (Ontario, Quebec, maruwa eMaritime, maruwa okuMadokero) ane zvigaro 24 chimwe nechimwe, kubatanidza mapoka nokuda kweNewfoundland neLabrador, ndima, uye British Columbia. Masangano anowanzoshorwa semutsivi. Muna 2016, hurumende yakagadza dare rakasununguka nokuda kwokugadzwa kwakafanirwa, asi chisarudzo chokupedzisira chinoramba chiripo naMutungamiriri wePuri mukuru.

United Kingdom

Imba yaMadoksi haisati iri mutevedzeri asi inoshanda seimba yapamusoro. Mitezo mizhinjisa ivezera rimwe roupenyu rinogadzwa namambo pazano rePM, navaenzani 92 vanogarwa nhaka neChechi yeEngland 26. House of Lords Reform Act yaMandation 2014 inobvumira mitezo kurega kana kuti kurega basa. Hapana sarudzo dzakananga, asi House of Lords Plations Commis Commis Confensenses nomines.

Germany

Bundesrat haisi dare rehurumende mupfungwa yegamuchidzanwa; idare rehurumende rinoumbwa nemitezo yehurumende. Nhume imwe neimwe yehurumende inovhota seboka, nechiverengero chamavhoti anosimbiswa navanhu (3 kusvikira ku6 vhoti pahurumende). Mitezo inogadzwa nehurumende uye inobatira nomufaro wayo. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane inzwi rakananga mumutemo wehurumende.

Brazil

Federal Dare reBrazil rine mitezo 81, mitatu pahurumende neFederal District, yakasarudzwa nokuda kwemipimo yamakore 8 nesarudzo dzinokatyamadzwa. Gadziriro inoshandisa gadziriro yamativi maviri akawanda munyika imwe neimwe nokuda kwechigaro chimwe nechimwe. Kuvhota kwakananga uye makwikwi.

Betsero Nedzinobetsera Dzemitoo Yokusarudza Yakasiana

Hapana gadziriro yokusarudza yakakwana. Imwe neimwe ine zvibvumirano pamusoro pomufananidzo, kuzvidavirira, unyanzvi, uye kuterama kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusarudza Kwakananga

Mabhaisikopo: Une chiremera chamadhimocratic, kuzvidavirira kwakananga kuvavhoti, kuvimbisana kwakakwirira kwevagari vemo.
Magiramu:[[[FLT:]] Vapfumi vangada vapfumi, vangadzorwa nemichina yebato, vangasanyatsomirira fariro dzezvikamu zviduku kana kuti nharaunda.

Kusarudza Kwakananga

Mabhaisiko: Masangano ePropulist dzvinyiriro, anogona kubvumira sarudza kwamaune zvikuru, anogona kuvimbisa hurumende/hurumende dzeruwa dzine inzwi.
magiravhiri: madhisikirwo edemocracy, anokombamira kuuori nemabasa okudzosera zvinhu, vagari vemo vanonzwa vasingadiwi mukusarudza.

Sarudza

Mirangariro: inogona kuunza nyanzvi navatungamiriri vaisazobatira nokuda kwebasa, inogovera dzikamo nokupfuuridzira, inodzivisa ndyiko dzesarudzo.
Kushaikwa kwekuzvidavirira:[[FLT:]]

Masangano eMajeritarian System

Miitiro yeProto (seAustralia) inotungamirira kumimireza yakasiana-- siyana asi inogona kuparira bherodhi kana mativi akawanda achidikanwa kuumba vazhinji. Miitiro yematuro[ (se U.S.]) inoita kuti vakundi vajeke asi inogona kusiya zvikamu zvikuru zvevagari vemo pasina mufananidzo museta.

Nhimbe, Kunyorwa Kwezvitunha, uye Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Munyika dzine vanasandenate, muitiro unotanga kare zuva rekuvhota. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita basa guru mukunyoresa vadanho, kusimudzira mari, uye kuvhota. Mumiitiro yavanyoresi (vanowanzova muPR), vatungamiriri vebato vanosarudza nhevedzano yavada kupinda, kuvapa simba guru. Mugadziriro dzoruwa dzinovhurika kana kuti dzenhengo imwe chete, vadaviri vanosakurira vvutidzo yomunhu oga. Masangano, kokorodzano, uye kutsigira mubato zvinoumba munda wevatengi. Vagari vanoshuva kuva vadi vemitenete vanowanzoda kuvaka mubato, kusimudza mari inokosha, uye kufambisa nhizha dzinobudirira. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano anokosha sei chaizvoizvo, sezvipoteshi vebato vanogona kuva vanokosha zvikuru kupfuura vasarutsi.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwenguva Ichangobva Kupfuura uye Kupopotedzana Kunopfuurira

Nyika dzakawanda dzakaitirana nharo kana kuti dzakaita chinjo kumiitiro yadzo yokusarudza. Canada yakarangarira kuvhota vasande asi yakakundikana kupfuudza nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo. United Kingdom yakakurukura Imba yakasarudzwa yaMadzimu asi haina kuita chiito. MuUnited States, kuraira kwokuparadza kana kuti kuvandudza Dare kwakabuda nemhaka yesimba guru rehurumende duku. Dzimwe dzinokarakadza maruwa akawanda kana kuti chivhoti chamasangano kuti vaite sarudzo yedare kuti pave namakwikwi akawanda zvikuru. Kunzwisisa idzi kurukurirano kunobetsera vagari vemo kurangarira zvikarakadzo zvingatapura zvikarakadzo zvenyika yavo vamene.

Chikonzero Nei Vagari Vachifanira Kungwarira Kuti Vachengeti Vakasarudzwa Sei

Mutoo uyo vasandendi vanosarudzwa nawo unotapura zvakananga kunaka kwemitemo, dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu, uye mano avagari vemo okuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo. Apo miitiro yokusarudza inova yakajeka kana kuti inodzorwa nemari, kuvimba navanhu kunoshatisa. Apo vanenge vakabatanidzwa uye vanooneka, vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi zvikuru ndokunzwa kuti vamiririrwa. Kana nyika yako ichishandisa sarudzo yakananga, kusarudza, kana kuti kugadza, kuramba ichiziviswa pamusoro pemitemo nemigumisiro yavo rutivi runokosha rwounzi hwedemocracy. Nokunzwisisa nzira iyo vasanderi vanosarudzwa nayo, unogona kuita nayo zvisarudzo zviri nani pabhokisi rebata uye kutsigira budiriro inova inovandudzika.

Nyaya iyi yakanyorwa sechinopa dzidzo. Nokuda kwamashoko ehurumende pamusoro pemitemo yesarudzo yenyika yako, bvunza kosi yako yevhoriyamu kana kuti ushumiri hweruramisiro. Mabatanidzo edzimwe nyika anogovera mashoko akapoteredza okuwedzera; akanga akarurama panguva yechinyorwa.