Vamiriri vanoumba musimboti wokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende, vachibatira sebatano yakananga pakati pavagari vemowo zvavo nomuitiro wemitemo. Vangave mudare rehurumende, gungano rehurumende, kana kuti dare romunzvimbomo, ava vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanoronzeswa mutoro unodenha wokushandura vanhu mugadziriro inotanhamariswa. Kunzwisisa kuti vamiririri vanosarudzwa sei uye chavanoita kamwe chete muhofisi vanopa vagari vemo simba rokutora rutivi nenzira ine redonzo, vanoita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire, uye vatsigire nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwenzanga dzavo.

Nzira Iyo Vamiriri Vanoratidzirwa Nayo

Muitiro wokusarudza mumiriri irwendo rwamastati akawanda runovamba kare zvikuru pamberi pokuvhota misoro kunzvero. Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiana nenyika, nyika, kana kuti nharaunda, gadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinogoverana gadziriro imwe cheteyo yegadziriro yegadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa inosarudza kuti ndiani anogona kushanda, kuti nhimbe dzinoitwa sei, uye mavhoti anoverengwa sei.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokubvuma

Munhu asati agona kumira somudariki, vanofanira kusvitsa mipimo mikuru. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, mukwaniri weImba yaVamiririri anofanira kuva naanenge makore 25 okukura, ave ari mugari weU.S. kwaanenge makore manomwe, uye kuva mugari wehurumende yaanotsvaka kumirira. Zera rakaenzana nezvinodikanwa zvokugara zviripo mudzimba zhinjisa munyika yose. Izvi zvitsauko zvakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuti vadavirirwi vane mwero mukuru woukuru, zivo yenzanga, uye batano kunzanga yavanovavarira kubatira.

Mari uye Kunyora Mashoko

Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzezvamatongerwe enyika, nzira yokusarudza kwavose inovamba nomuitiro mukuru kana kuti wezviito. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anosarudza chaizvoizvo mudavi wavo kupfurikidza nesarudzo yomukati, chisarudzo, kana kuti kokorodzano. MuUnited States, primeters dzinogona kuvhurwa (kubvumira vavhoti vakasununguka kana kuti vaparapatika kutora rutivi) kana kuti kuvhara (mumiririri wemitezo yebato yakanyoreswa). Mukundi mukuru mukuru anova mubato anova muvhotera womutemo uye anosangana navamwe vapindi vanobva mumamwe mapoka muchisarudzo chavose.

Muitiro wokuisa mashoko murudungwe umene inhimbe duku.Vachapa vanofanira kuunganidza siginicha, kusimudza mari, kuvaka chikwata chavazvipiri, uye kuronga chikuva chinofadza kuvatsigiri vebato.

Mushandirapamwe Wekusarudza

Kana yangosarudzwa bedzi, nhimbe yavose yesarudzo rutivi runooneka zvikurusa. Vanopedza mwedzi iripo cheteyo — pane dzimwe nguva — kuedza kunyengetedza vavhoti kupfurikidza nokupingudza pasuo napasuo, misangano yehoro yetaundi, kushambadza, kubuda kwemasangano avanhu, uye nharo. Nhimbe yacho inonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo dzemiitiro yomutengi, mukurumbira, uye mano okupedza zvinetso zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti zvorudzi.

Zvinhu zvinokosha pakushingaira kwemazuva ano zvinosanganisira:

  • Kudzosa: Mari inoda zvikuru nokuda kwokushambadzira, miripo yavashandi, kufamba, uye kuvhota. Mitemo yemari yemipiro inodzora mipiro nendyiko kuti idzivise ushati nokuva nechokwadi chokuoneka.
  • Tsvaka rekubhanga foni: Bhengi refoni, kutumira mashoko, uye tsamba dzakananga zvinoramba zvichibudirira, kunyange zvazvo zvishandiso zvemichina zvakakura nokushambadzira mashoko kwesocial network uye ndaza dzeemail.
  • GOM-OUTV (GOTV): Muvhiki dzokupedzisira, nhimbe dzinonangidzira ngwariro pakuvimbisa vatsigiri zvomenemene kukanda mabhora, kazhinji kazhinji vachigovera zvokufambisa kana kuti betsero yokubhadharisa.

Vatungamiriri vanofanira kushandisa simba iri asi vachiramba vachitaura mashoko avo echokwadi kana kuti vachiona kuti vasingadi kuvhota zvine mwero.

Mitoo Yokufambisa Nayo Magadziriro

Mutoo unoshandiswa apo vhoti dzinovhota ndokuverengwa unosiyana zvikuru. Muitiro unozivikanwa zvikurusa muUnited States uye dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga neEngland dzakawanda ndi wokutanga-pashure-pasipoti [FTP], umo muvhoti mukuru anowana, kunyange kana vasingasviki voruzhinji zvikurusa.

Dzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira:

  • Kuvhota kwapakarepo (RCV): Vamiririri vemari inosarudzwa munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina anogamuchira voti zhinjisa dzechoto chokutanga, muvhoti weakaderera zvikurusa anobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kutozosvikira mukundi abuda. Iyi tsika inokurudzira wirirano dzakakura zvikuru uye inoderedza nhimbe yakashata.
  • Rusarudzo rusingaendi: kana pasina munyu unosvika pachikumbaridzo chinodikanwa (kazhinji 50%), sarudzo yechipiri inoitwa pakati pevapedzi vaviri vapamusoro. Ikoku kunovimbisa muwiridziri mukuru asi kunotambanudza karenda.
  • Kumirira kwePROTIONAL (PR): inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, PR inopa zvigaro zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chevhoti dzinogamuchira munyika yose kana kuti mumaruwa makuru ane mitezo mizhinji. Nepo PR nenzira yakarurama zvikuru inoratidzira zvisarudzo zvomuvhoti, inogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzakabatanidzwa nekurukurirano dzakaoma.

Kuzvimirira kwegadziriro, kuvhota kumene kunogona kuitwa somunhu paZuva reSarudzo, kupfurikidza nokuvhota kwapakuvamba, kana kuti kupfurikidza netsamba. kuchengeteka kweBalot, kuwanikwa, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu — kubatanidza michina yokuvhota nezvinovharidzira mapepa (jekiseni) zvisati zviri zvisaririra zvekurukurirano yavose inopfuurira.

Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro

Mumasangano oruwa ane mitezo imwe, kudhirowa kwemiganhu yevhota kunotapura zvikuru pamimimipimo. Muitiro unonzi kutorazve pamutemo unowanzoitika makore gumi ari ose pashure pokuverengwa kwemaruwa kuti agadzirise miganhu nokuda kwokuchinja kwevanhu. Kuchinja kwemiganhu. Kushanda kwesimba kunogona kushandisa miganhu kuti izvitendere pachayo kana kuti mumitengo ine purofiti. Kushanda kunozivikanwa se germaning[. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti zvigaro zvinonzi "zvigaro zvakakotsekana" apo mugumisiro unofanotemwa nokuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu ose. Nonbian procending divingssss mudzimwe zvinangwa zvedate , asi kunoramba kunetsa.

Nokuda kwetapuro yokunyora pamufananidzo, ona [[FLT]Brennan Center nokuda kwechiono choRuramisiro chekudzokororwa kwechikamu .

Basa Romumiriri Muhurumende

Vangosarudzwa bedzi, basa romumiriri rakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kungovhota bedzi pazvikwereti. Vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvokukwikwidzana zvebato ravo, vamiriri vavo, mapoka ezviwanwa zvefariro, uye hana yavo vamene.

Kudzika Mitemo uye Kudzika Mitemo

Basa guru rebumbiro remitemo romuiti wemitemo nderokunyora, kukurukura, uye kuvhota pamitemo inokarakadzwa. MuImba yaVamiririri yeU.S., ikoku kunovamba apo mutezo unosuma mutezo. Mutezo wacho ipapo unonongedzerwa kudare nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame. Dare rinobvumira nyanzvi, vatsigiri, kana kuti vashori kupupurira. Dare ringadzorera pamutemo risati ravhota kuti riutumire kuimba yakazara.

Kana mutongo wacho ukatenderwa, mutemo wacho unoenda kuDare nokuda kwokurapwa kwakafanana kana kuti, mugadziriro dzebhiza, unofanira kubatanidzwa mushanduro imwe chete.

Basa reDare

Matare ndiwo umo basa chairoiro rokuronga rinoitwa. Vamiriri vanogoverwa kumisa matare anonzvera munharaunda dzakadai seatroprits, kurima, dziviriro, dzidzo, kana kuti nhau dzokumwe.

Kugarwa nedare rine simba − rakadai seHouse Ways neFrant Committee — kunopa pesvedzero huru inomirira pamuitiro womutero, kutengeserana, uye gadziriro dzenzanga.

Masangano Ane Mutsigo Nebasa Remhosva

Imwe yenzira dzinooneka zvikurusa vamiririri vanobetsera vanhu ndimabasa anoshandiswa, anowanzonzi cossec . Apo mugari wemo anorwisana nesangano rehurumende . yakadai sebetsero dzeSocial Security inononoka, pasipoti isina kubudiswa, kana kuti kutaura kwomumiriri kungapindira kupedza muitiro wacho. Vasaendi pavashandi vanofambisa bureaucratic red tepio ndokukurukura zvakananga namasangano panzvimbo dzinomirira maHofisi.

Basa renhau rinotora nguva asi rinovaka mutsa mukuru. Vamiriri vanokurumidza kupindura zvinodikanwa zvinogoverwa sezvingabvira zvikuru vachasarudzwazve, sezvo vavhoti vanonzwa batano yavo yomunhu oga kuhofisi yomumiriri.

Mufananidzo uye Uzivi

Vamiririri vanotaura zvinonetsa zvoruwa rwavo mukati menharo dzemitemo uye mavhoti. Vanofanira kurangarira kuti chikwereti chichatapura sei mabasa omunzvimbomo, zvikoro, zvikoro, uye mhoteredzo. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kusangana nameya, vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, masangano asingapinduri mhindu, uye mapoka ehurumende kuti anzwisise zvokutanga zvomunzvimbomo.

Kubiridzira kunorevawo kuwana macharks kana kuti inotungamirirwa nenzira yemari inoshandiswa (inozivikanwa nakare segadziriro dzenyama yenyama yenyama yenyama) nokuda kwemarongerwo eruwa segadziridzoro remugwagwa mukuru, kunzvera kunopa mari. Nepo kukwidziridza kwamauto, mari yakadaro inogona kuvandudza nenzira yakananga upfumi hweruwa.

Kutarisira Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Mitemo haisati iri bedzi mitumbi inogadzira mitemo; iyo inonzverawo simba ravakuru vakuru. Vamiriri vanobatira pamatare anotonga kuti anzvere masangano ehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye magwaro esubpoena. Kufukura tsvina, kunyengera, uye kukundikana kwemitemo . Simba rechikwama /kudzora pamari inorongwa pachishandiswa mutengo wemari ($further) rinosimbisa kutarisira, sezvo vamiririri vanogona kuramba kubhadharwa kwemibato yavanoshora.

.gov website inogovera zviwiro pamitemo yazvino nekutonga kwedare nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kuronda mibato yomumiriri.

Kupfuura Mutemo: Musha Nechibvumirano

Upenyu hwomumiriri hauna kuganhurirwa mumakamuri edare nauriri. Vanofanira kuvapo muruwa rwavo, vanooneka uye vanowanika kuvanhu vavanoshumira. Uyu “mutoo wokumusha” [ unobatanidza misangano yenguva dzose yehoro yetaundi, zvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo, shanyo dzechikoro, uye misangano yezvikoro. Kuvimbisana kwakadaro kunobetsera vamiriri kuratidzira murangariro wavose uye kukurukura nenzvimbo dzavo zvakananga.

Kutsigira Zvirongwa Zvomunzvimbomo

Vamiririri vanowanzoshanda seshasha dzekubudirira kwezvemari munharaunda. Vanoshanda kuti vakwezve mari yezvirongwa zvokurovedza basa, vatsigire mabhiriji nemabasa akafara, uye vatsigiri nokuda kweyamuro yenjodzi pashure penjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanoshandirana nevakuru vakuru vehurumende nevomunzvimbomo vari mumativi ose kuti vawane mari. Somuenzaniso, mumiririri pamwe nemumiririri wedare angada kukumbira mari yezvokufambisa zvinobatsira maruwa avo ose ari maviri.

Kurukurirano Yakadzikama

Vamiriri vazvino uno vanochengeta mikoto mikuru yekurukurirano: mapepa, maakaundi esocial social, mawebsite epamutemo, uye mahofisi oruwa. Vane horo dzerunhare dzetaundi kana kuti marusando eQ&A kuti vasvike vamiriri vasingagoni kupinda. Kupindura tsamba namaemail //Ukuru hunowanzopiwa kuvashandi (irwo mwero mukuru wokuwana. Kukurukurirana kwakanaka kunovimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanzwe, kunyange apo vasingabvumirani nevhoti yomumiriri.

Kubatanidzwa Nemapoka Anofarira

Vamiriri vanosangana nguva dzose namasangano ezvokutengeserana, mapoka ezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi, masangano evashandi, uye mapurofiti. Mapoka aya anotsvaka kupesvedzera vhoti dzomuiti wemitemo ndokugoverana unyanzvi panhau dzakaoma dzakadai semari inobhadharwa yezvoutano, muitiro wemamiriro okunze, kana kuti miraudzo yemari. Ukama hwakasimba namapoka ezviwanwa zvinogona kupa nzwisiso yemitemo, asi vamiririri vanofanira kudzivisa pesvedzero isakafanira kuvakwidzani vakasanorongwa.

[[Nto:0] Conregational Management Foundation inopa fundo dzakadzika midzi pamiitiro yakanakisisa yokudzikamisa iyi mitoro mizhinji.

Kusiyana Kwakaita Vamiririri Nemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Shoko rokuti “rinomirira” rinogona kureva zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvichitsamira pachimiro chehurumende. MuImba yeU.S., mitezo inobatira mashoko amakore maviri uye inokarirwa kuva inogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvapakarepo zvoruwa rwavo. MuUnited Kingdom’s House of Commons, Mitezo yeParamende inoshanda kusvikira kumakore mashanu uye kazhinji kazhinji ine chirango chakasimba zvikuru, kureva kuti vanosungirwa zvikuru kuvhota mabato. Mumiitiro yeparamende, vamiriri vanowanzobatira savashumiri kana kuti vamiriri vemifu, vachipfupikisa mutsetse pakati pemitengo yemitemo nenzvimbo yepamusoro.

MuBundestag yeGermany, hafu yemitezo inosarudzwa zvakananga mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, uye hafu kupfurikidza nemirariro yakarongwa kubva munhepfenyuro dzebato, kuvamba gadziriro yemhiko dzinowirirana nebatano dzomunzvimbomo neboka rerudzi. Nenzira yakafanana, muLok Sabhaha yeIndia, mitezo mizhinjisa inosarudzwa mumaruwa, asi madzinza akachengetwa aripo nokuda kwemapoka akarongwa nendudzi kuti asimbise mukurumbira weboka duku.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunobetsera kuisa mativi ose kuti mumiriri mumwe ane pesvedzero huru sei zvirokwazvo. Muhurumende ine zvikamu zvakawanda, vamiriri vangada kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira zvikuru; mugadziriro ine simba, kutsauka kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe hakuwanzoitiki. Nokuda kwemurangariro wenyika yose pamiitiro yevhota, bvunza [[FLT: 0] International iDEA Electoral System Design DIMA .

Chikonzero Nei Tichinzwisisa Izvi

Kusarudza uye basa revamiririri zvinotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva — kubva pamugariro wemigwagwa nedzidzo yavose kusvikira kuchengeteko yenyika neinishuwarenzi youtano. apo vagari vemo vanoziva kuti vamiriri vanosarudzwa sei uye zvavanoita, vanogona kuyera zviri nani vanoda kusarudzwa, kuvaita kuti vazvidavirire pakati pesarudzo, uye kutora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo kupfurikidza nokunyorerana hofisi yavo kana kuti kupupurira pakutonga.

Uyezve, muvhoti ane ruzivo ndiro dziviriro yakanakisisa mukurwisana nehurumende yakashata. Kunzwisisa mhinganidzo dzokuva mukurudzisa, mari yenhimbe, uye mabasa makuru kunozivisa chikonzero nei mamwe manzwi achiwedzerwa apo mamwe anenge anyerere. Vagari vemo vanowirirana vanogona ipapo kutsigira chinjo dzinoita kuti vamiriri varatidzire vamasangano anoyera, kuvhota kwapaburi renyika, kana kuti mari yenhimbe.

Mumiriri ari wose akambova mugari wemo akasarudza kumhanya. Rwendo rwavo kubva kuanoda kugadza mitemo runoratidzira mipimo yedemocracy yokuzvitonga. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa ukuru hwose hwebasa rokuvhota nokushanda kwemitemo, vavhoti vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvedzidzo ndokuva vatsigiri vanoshingaira mukuumba nguva yavo yemberi. Tinonzwisisa zvikuru tsika, inoshanda zviri nani nokuda kwomunhu ari wose.