Kutanga Kupa Mitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoumba musimboti wokuita mitemo muUnited States, kugadzira mitemo inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo(kubva pakutsigira mari negadziriro dzezvifambiso zvedzidzo kumirairo youtano hwevoruzhinji nezvivako zvemitero. Kusafanana neCongress yeU.S., imwe neimwe yehurumende 50 inochengeta mubatanidzwa wayo imene wemitemo, ichishanda mumitemo yakasiana, zvirongwa, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti vaiti vemitemo vemitemo vanosarudzwa sei uye zvavanoita chaizvoizvo zvinokosha kuti munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kubatanidzwa kana kuti kupesvedzera hurumende yehurumende ishande nenzira inobudirira.

Iyi nhungamiro inofukidza muitiro wokusarudza nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo vehurumende, misiano yezvivako munyika dzose, ukuru hwemabasa avo emitemo, uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinoshanda zvokubatira mucapitor.

Nzira Iyo Vatongi Vehurumende Vakasarudzwa Nayo: Muitiro Wokusarudza

Muitiro wokusarudza unowanzotevera mutoo wakafanana munyika yose, asi misiano inokosha iripo mumiganhu yoruwa, nguva yokusarudza, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuda kusarudzwa.

Kusarudza Kwakananga uye Kumirira Kworuwa

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanomirira ruwa rwehurumende (rune imba yapamusoro) kana kuti ruwa rwehurumende (runowirirana nekamuri rapasi). Maruwa anodzokororwazve makore gumi ari ose anotevera U.S. Centurity kuti ave nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chemipimo yakaenzana yavagari vemo yemo (jena syntat:0] nheyo inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]] mumwe munhu, vhota [. Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, musene imwe neimwe inomirira muganhu mukuru kupfuura mumiriri woganhuro mumwe nomumwe, inoratidzira vavariro yenhau yeimba yapamusoro somutumbi unobvisa utachiona zvikuru.

Vasarudzi vanonyora mapepa enhau zvikurukuru nechiremera chevhoti, vanobhadhara mari yedisc (kana kuti kuunganidza nhamba inodikanwa yezvisaini), uye ipapo kukwikwidzana muvhoti huru kana vari vebato guru. Mudzimwe nyika, maprimendi avana vakasununguka kuvavhoti vose vakanyoreswa, nepo vamwe vanoshandisa majeri akavharwa kumirirwa mitezo yebato. Maruwa mashomanene, akadai seCalifornia neWashington, anoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga umo vavhoti vose vanobuda pabhoti guru rimwe, uye vavhoti vaviri vapamusoro vanoenda kurutsiroti yavose pasinei zvapo nechikwata.

Sarudzo ruzhinji inoitwa paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November kunyange makore akaverengwa. Voter revhota remitemo rehurumende rinogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa(kubva pa 70% mumakore esarudzo yapurezidhendi kusvika pasi pe 20% mumamwe madzinza omunharaunda. Rowtout inogona kuwedzera pesvedzero yamapoka efariro akarongwa navatsigiri vebato.

Kushingaira Nokushandisa Mari

Kumhanyisa nokuda kwechibvumirano chehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunoda zvinhu zvinokosha. Nepo mijaho yamakwikwi mumaruwa maduku ingada mari iri pasi pe $50 000, madzinza ari mumaruwa makuru kana kuti nzvimbo dzehondo dzinokwikwikwidzana anogona kupfuura mamirioni anoverengeka emadhora. Madandindi anosimudza mari kupfurikidza navapi vamwe navamwe, matare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (PAC), uye pane dzimwe nguva mupfuma yavo vamene. Chiverengero chinokura chehurumende chakaparira purogiramu dzinobetsera vanhu vose kana kuti nzanga duku yokuderedza pesvedzero yemipiro mikuru.

Mibato yenhimbe inobatanidza kutengesa pasuo nesuo, kushambadzira, makombiyuta, tsamba dzakananga, horo dzetaundi, uye nharo. Kukwira kwemasangano anoshandira pamwe vanhu kwakaita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti vavhoti vasvike zvakananga, asi zvakawedzerawo kudenha kwakaipa. Vada kufunda vakawanda vanotsamira panyanzvi dzezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti matare ebato nokuda kwenhungamiro yakarongwa.

Nguva Yakareba Neganhuriro Dzemashoko

Hurumende inobatira mashoko amakore mana, nepo vamiririri vehurumende vachibatira mashoko egore maviri. Zvisinei, kune dzimwe nyika dzinopesana: (g., Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana) dzine vamiriri vanobatira makore mana, asi vamwe (g., Arizona, Connecticut, Florida) vane miganhu yegore ramakore maviri nokuda kwemiraudzo yose. Maruwa 15 anoisa miganhu [[FL: 0] miganhu [[FL: 1] pamitengo yehurumende, vachiganhurira chiverengero chamakore anotevedzana avanogona kubatira. Somuenzaniso, Michigan miganhu yoga yoga yoga yogadzirwo yamashoko matatu (makore matanhatu ose) uye vamiriridzi vanosvika makore mana (makore masere). Mitengo dzave yave yave inodzivisa kutsigira basa rokutonga nokudzivisa kuvandudza, apo vanodzivisa kunzvera vagari vemo.

Kusarudzwa Kunokosha Nenzvimbo Yokuchengetera

Kana muiti wemitemo akarega basa, akafa, kana kuti kubviswa pahofisi, sarudzo chaiyo inowanzoitwa kuti izadze nzvimbo. Gavhuna wenyika anowanzogadza musi wesarudzo chaiyo, iyo inofanira kuitika mukati mechikamu chakati chenguva chinorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende. Mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna anogona kugadza mutsivi kusvikira sarudzo yaitwa. Sarudzo chaidzo inowanzoona kuderera uye inogona kuva inochinja zvikuru kupfuura kusarudza kwenguva dzose.

Mutemo: Badameral v. Unicameral

Nyika iri yose kunze kweNebraska inoshandisa [[FL:0] mubatanidzwa wedare retende zvinoreva makamuri maviri akaparadzana: imba yapamusoro (Sango reDare) uye imba yakaderera (Imba yavamiriri, Assembly, kana kuti Imba yeVamiririri). Isita reNebraska rinonzi uncameral (kamuri mumwe muchamera), rakavakwa nomutemo Nebraska Legislature, rakagadzwa muna 1934 mutungamiriri weSanitor George Norris. Mite 49 yayo inonzi “vatagentry" uye inobatira mashoko asiri epartian.

Chiratidzo chamabharameri chakagarwa nhaka zvikurukuru mugadziriro yeparamende yeBritain uye chakasimbiswa negadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Nzwisiso ndeyokuti makamuri maviri anogovera kurangarira kwakakwana zvikuru, imba yapamusoro ichibatira secherekedzo pazvisarudzo zvinobvira zvikuru zveimba yakaderera kana kuti zvekukurumidza.

Mamwe maruwa ane mazita enzvimbo dzapasi.

Mabasa Nemabasa eMitemo yeHurumende

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanopfeka zvishoo zvakawanda: mugadziri wemitemo, muongorori wemari, mutsigiri wedare, mumiriri wedare, uye pane dzimwe nguva kunyange munhu anomiririra vanobudisa nhau. Basa ravo guru rebumbiro remitemo nderokuisa mitemo inotarisira zvinodikanwa zvehurumende yavo (ichimbova chirevo chikuru chinobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu vose rusingabviswi nomutemo wehurumende.

Kuchengeta Mutemo: Kuva Kunoita Bhiri Mutemo Wehurumende

Muitiro wokushandura pfungwa kuva mutemo wakarondedzerwa unotevera nzira, kunyange zvazvo misiyano iripo kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende. Muiti wemitemo anopa mari yepepa, iyo inopinzwa mukamuri rayo uye inogoverwa kudare rine chiremera pamusoro penhau. Matare ndeapo basa guru remitemo rinoitika. Anova nemhesano dzemitemo, anonatsiridza kurukurirano, uye anovhota kana mutemo uchienda kunzvimbo yakakwana. Kana mutemo ukabuda mudare, unoenda kuuriri hwekamuri iroro rekurukurirano, indendmenta, uye vhoti yokupedzisira. Paunotenderwa, unoenda kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro unodzokororwa. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri apfuudzira shanduro dzakafanana, mutemo unotumirwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwechisitototo. Kana gavhuna wacho achienda kuumbi mukuru mukuru wedare (munwo)

Mukuwedzera kuzvikwereti zvenguva dzose, vaiti vemitemo vanorangarirawo zvisarudzo zvinowirirana [ (zvinoratidzira murangariro weimba yomutemo asi zvisina simba romutemo), zvisarudzo[ (zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwokugadziridza pamutemo), uye zvisarudzo zvakapfava[ (zvinoshandiswa kuchinja mitemo yomukati).

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubatsira

Rimwe ramabasa ane simba zvikurusa avatemi vemitemo yehurumende nderokuronga mari yehurumende. Nyika zhinji dzinoda bhajeti yakadzikama (kufanana nehurumende yehurumende), kureva kuti kupambadza hakugoni kupfuura mari yakarongedzerwa. Mabhishopi akakodzera mari yedzidzo, zvokufambisa, zvokutarisira nzanga, dziviriro yavose, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye mazana ezvimwe zvirongwa. Matare anoronga mari anonzwa uchapupu kubva kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende vose, anonzvera kufeyamisa mutengo wemari, uye anoita kuti kushambadza kunowanzovakwa. Mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda, gavhuna anopa bhajeti inokarakadzwa, asi chirevo chokupedzisira.

[ Mari dzekutsiva [ kazhinji kazhinji ndidzo zvikamu zvakapetwa zvikurusa zvemitemo rusando rumwe norumwe. Vatengi vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvemitengo, zvomene yemari, uye dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika (idenho inoda nzwisiso huru yemiitiro yetsika yetsika.)

Kutarisira Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Zvigaro zvedare zvinogona kukumbira vatungamiriri vemasangano ehurumende kuti vapupurire masangano ehurumende uye kuti vapindure kana kuti vabhadhare. Dzimwe nyika dzine kondirakiti yemitemo inoita zvokuongorora mari nemabasa. Basa iri rokutarisira rinovimbisa kuti mitemo ishandiswe sezvinodiwa uye kuti mari yomutero ishandiswe zvakanaka.

Mumitemo ne imwe nguva (jere, Texas, Montana, Nevada), kutarisira kunogona kuva kwakarongwa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kunoitika namatare anoitwa pakati pemarusando enguva dzose. Mumitezo yemitemo yenguva dzose (g., California, New York, Pennsylvania), mubato unopfuurira.

Basa Rinogutsa

Chikamu chinokosha chenguva yomuiti wemitemo chinopedzerwa kubetsera vanhu vamwe navamwe uye mapoka anoona mamiriro ehurumende. Vamiririri vanoonana nezvinetso zvine chokuita namarezenisi okutyaira, betsero dzourovha, kunyoresa kwezvoutano, nhau dzemitero yezvinhu, kana kuti nharo namasangano ehurumende. Varegisi kana kuti vashandi vavo vanopindira panzvimbo dzevoruzhinji, kunyora tsamba, kuridza runhare, kana kuti kuronga misangano nevakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano.

Basa reDare

Matare isangano remitemo yehurumende. Matare anomira (masangano makuru) anofukidza nzvimbo dzemiitiro yakafara dzakadai seDzidzo, Utano neMabasa avanhu, Judicary, Traffation, uye Ways neFracts. Mutengi mumwe nomumwe anobatira paanenge matare maviri kana kuti matare, uye migove yedare inoitwa nenhungamiro yekamuri (Mutungamiriri weimba, General Prente, kana kuti Mutungamiriri weMakuru). Kukura, unyanzvi, uye ruvimbiko rwebato zvinobatira paanenge dare rimwe kana kuti maviri.

Zvigaro zvedare zvine simba rinokosha: zvinoronga zvirongwa, zvinosarudza kuti zvii zvinogamuchira zvikwereti, zvinogona kutungamirira kurukurirano youriri, uye zvinogona kuuraya mutemo kupfurikidza nokungosaronga vhoti. Zvigaro zvechikwata zvinowanzobata nhau dzakatetepa, zvichibvumira nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru. matare esangano / mativi enguva duku anoumbwa kuyananisa misiyano pakati peimba neshanduro dzemari yepepa (neapo apo kubvumiranisa zvinhu zvisina kufanira kunobviswa.)

Vatungamiriri Veboka Nevatungamiriri Vemapoka

Mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anosarudza: Majority Mutungamiriri, Mutungamiriri weMinety, Wips, uye Caucus Chairs. Ava vatungamiriri vanogadza karenda yose yemitemo, vanodzora mirau yenharo, uye kukurukura nagavhuna uye imwe imba. Muhurumende dzakawanda, Mutauri weImba ndimumwe wevane simba zvikuru muhurumende, kazhinji kazhinji nepesvedzero huru pamigove yedare nemitengo. Par. Par. Par.cucress vanosangana nguva dzose kuti vakurukure uye vatsive chirango chokuvhota, zvikurukuru panhau dzakakwirira.

Kupesana Mhiri kweStates: Nzvimbo-Nguva dzinopesana. Mitemo Yakazara Yakakomba Nguva

Humwe hutsanana hunokosha zvikuru ndihwo kana imba yomutemo yapanzvimbo yakagadzwa ichirangarirwa kuva nguva isina kuzara, nguva yakazara, kana kuti yakavhengana. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inogadza masangano emitemo akavakirwa pauwandu hwenguva inopedzwa nemitezo pamabasa emitemo uye mwero wetsigiro yavashandi.

  • Yakazara nguva (profesitorial) : Inowanwa mumitemo yakadai seCalifornia, New York, Pennsylvania, uye Michigan. Makwara anobhadharwa mari yakawandisa (kazhinji $800,000 $120 000) kuita basa rokutanga. Zvirongwa ndezvenguva refu (kazhinji kazhinji gore rose kana kuti rinodokusvika gore kumativi ose), uye vashandi vakakura.
  • Mienzaniso yeImba dzemitemo dzeHybrid: Inobatanidza Arizona, Colorado, uye Florida. Magracy anowana muripo nebetsero zvine mwero. Zvisarudzo zvinowanzova mwedzi 4/6 yakareba. Staffing zvine mwero.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Partipar-part (yagara) nguva: Yavose mumitemo yakadai seMontana, North Dakota, Texas, Nevada, uye Wyoming. Magnislator anogamuchira muripo muduku (kazhinji kazhinji usingasviki $20 000) gore negore) uye marusando anopfupikiswa (mazuva 60 ne60-90 mamwe mazuva ari ose mamwe (Texas inosangana kwamazuva 140 mamwe makore ari ose). Rondero dzamastaff dzinoganhurirwa, uye vazhinjisavana mamwe mabasa kunze kwehurumende.

Masangano ehurumende enguva imwe chete anowanzorumbidzwa nokuda kwokuchengeta hurumende ichiwanika kuvagariwo zvavo uye kuderedza pesvedzero yevezvamatongerwe enyika vane unyanzvi, asi vatsoropodzi vanocherechedza kuti marusando mapfupi anogona kutungamirira kukuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza uye kutsamira kukuru pavatsvakiri mashoko.

Kuchinja Kwebasa Rehurumende Romutemo

Hurumende dzakawedzera kuva necherokupesana uye kurwisana mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, kuratidzira miitiro muCongress. Kumuka kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaiswa munyika kunoreva kuti madzinza ehurumende anodzorwa nenzira inowedzera nezvamatongerwe enyika zvehurumende, uye vaiti vemitemo vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuwirirana nenzvimbo dzebato renyika kunyange panhau dzinodavirwa nomunzvimbomo. Ndyiko dzechirongwa yakawedzera zvikuru, uye basa rendyiko dzinozvishandira dzakabva kumapoka okunze rakawedzera kutevera zvisarudzo zvedare zvakadai se Citazens United.FEC.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare ehurumende akarangarira ukoshi hukuru zvikuru sezvo hurumende yehurumende yakaisa muganhu panzvimbo dzakawanda dzemiitiro. Nhau dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kunyoresa mari mbangi pamutemo, kudzora pfuti, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, chinjo yedzidzo, uye maruramiro okuvhota zvino zvinorwiwa zvikurukuru pamwero wehurumende. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuwedzera mumapoka ezviwanwa zvinodenha misha yenyika, pamwe chete newedzero munhamba yezvikwereti zvinotangwa.

Ruzivo rwemichina rwakachinjawo zvirongwa zvemitemo. Kuteerera kwedare reView neuriri hunodzorwa kunobvumira vanhu kuona hurumende iri kushanda. Zvinobudisa nhau zvinopa vatongi musiyano wakananga nevokushandira pamwe, asi zvinovaisawo pagakava revhairasi. Masangano mazhinji emitemo zvino anoshandisa michina yokuvhota nemirairo yemichina, zvichiita kuti muitiro wacho ujeke zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Nei Zvichikosha

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanopfuura zvikuru vagadziri vemitemo yomunzvimbomo chete.Nguva dzokuvaka mirau inoumba utano, dzidzo, upfumi, uye mhoteredzo nokuda kwamamirioni avanhu. Kusarudza kwavo kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzakananga, kwakabatanidzwa nemhatsa yezvivako munyika dzose, kunovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichiita chimwe chinhu kuzvisarudzo zvenharaunda. Kunyange uri muvhoti, mutsigiri, mutori wenhau, kana kuti mutsigiri weramangwana, anonzwisisa kuti vaiti vemitemo vanosarudzwa sei uye kuti zvavanoita zvinokosha kutora rutivi rune redioruzhinji yeAmerica.

Kunzvera chirongwa chehurumende yako umene muudzame hukuru, shanyira hofisi yenyu yeSangano reNyika yeGaunt yezviwanikwa zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo, mitezo, uye miitiro. Nokuda kwemitemo yazvino uno yesarudzo nedare ramasangano, bvunza hofisi yenyu yesarudzo yehurumende . Uye kumitezo yemiitiro yemitemo, nyika dzakawanda dzinogovera kusvika kwapachena paIndaneti kupfurikidza namagedhi avo emitemo ehurumende.