Rwendo rwechibvumirano chemitemo kubva kupfungwa iri nyore kuenda kumutemo unomanikidzirwa ndeimwe yemiitiro inokosha zvikurusa mukudzora kwedemokrasi. Iyi nzira inoumbwa nevanogadzira mitemo, inogadzirwa navagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, inovimbisa kuti mitemo inorangarirwa nokungwarira, inokurukurwa, uye yakanatswa isati yagona kutapura upenyu hwavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa kuti zvikwereti zvinova sei mitemo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, kutora rutivi chine revo muupenyu hwehurumende, kana kuti mutsigiriri wechinjo. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera rutivi rwuri rwose rwegadziriro yemitemo yemitemo, kubva pamavambo enguva pfupi kugona kugamuchirwa kwechibvumirano chinogamuchirwa netendero yehurumende uye inova mutemo wenyika.

Hwaro: Bhikiri Chii?

Chibvumirano chirongwa chemitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwemitemo iripo inoparirwa nedare remitemo. Mabhiri anogona kubva mumanyuko akasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza vaiti vomutemo mumwe nomumwe, matare emitemo, masangano ebazu makuru, kana kuti kunyange mapoka evagari vemo anoshandira pamwe navanogadzira mitemo vanonzwira tsitsi kunyora mutemo. Shoko rokuti "bill" rinosiyanisa zvikarakadzo izvi nezvisarudzo, izvo zvinoratidzira mirangariro kana kuti zvibatiso zvenhau dzinotendwa asi zvisingasimudzi mutemo unodzika.

Mabhiri anoiswa mumapoka anoverengeka akavakirwa pazvinangwa zvawo nohukuru. Zvikwereti zvavose zvinotapura vanhu vose uye zvinoumba ruzhinji rwemitemo inorangarirwa neCongress. Zvikwereti zvapachivande, mukupesana, taura nhau dzomunhu oga dzakadai senhau dzokubuda kana kuti kutaura muhurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakabatana zvine simba romutemo uye zvinoda tendero yapurezidhendi, nepo zvisarudzo zvenguva ino zvine chokuita nenhau dzinotapura makamuri ose asi hazvidi tendero yavakuru vakuru. Zvisarudzo zviri nyore zvinotapura bedzi imba imwe uye zvinobata nhau dzomukati.

Mutauro nechimiro zvemabhiri zvinotevera kokorodzano dzakananga. Mutengo mumwe nomumwe unogamuchira zita rinoratidza nzvimbo yawo yamavambo($.H.R.) nokuda kweHouse of S." nokuda kwemabhiri edare (mabhiri) akarongwa nenhamba yakagoverwa mumashoko okusuma. Rugwaro rwacho runobatanidza musoro unorondedzera chinangwa charwo, chitsama chinopa chiremera chapamutemo, uye zvikamu zvinorondedzera gadziriro dzakananga, kugadziridzwa, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvitsva zvapamutemo zvichikarakadzwa.

Genesi: Kuberekwa Kunoitwa Mabhiri

Kutangwa kwomutemo kunotanga kare musengwa usati watangwa nenzira yapamutemo pauriri hweCongress. Indaneti nokuda kwezvikwereti dzinobuda mumanyuko akawanda, dzichiratidzira zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana nezvinoshuviwa nenzanga yeAmerica. Vareveri vamene vanowanzozivisa nhau dzinoda zvigadzikiso zvemitemo kupfurikidza nebatano dzavo navamiriri, basa ravo pamatare, kana kuti zvinhu zvavo zvemiitiro. Itiro hanya dzemunhu oga dzinoratidzirwa netsamba, maemail, horo dzetaundi, uye misangano kazhinji kazhinji dzinokurudzira vagadziri vemitemo kunyora mitemo kunyora mitemo kukurukura zvinetso zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti zvorudzi.

Masangano ebazu anotungamirira naPrezidhendi anoitawo mabasa makuru mukugadza mutemo. Hurukuro yegore negore yaPurezidhendi weUnion inoronga nenzira inowanzoronga purogiramu yemitemo yehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vanotarisira vanoshanda nemitezo inonzwira tsitsi yeCongress kunyora zvikwereti zvinofambisira mberi izvi. Masangano eFederal ane unyanzvi chaihwo anowanzozivisa miganhu mumutemo uripo kana kuti kuronga mirayiridzo inoda kuchinja pamutemo.

Mapoka echimbadzo, masangano ezvounyengeri, uye masangano anosimudzira anomirira mamwe manyuko makuru ezvikarakadzo zvemitemo. Mapoka aya anoitisa nzvero, mutemo wokuedzesera, uye anoshanda kupwisa vaiti vemitemo kutsigira zvikwereti zvinofambisira mberi zvinangwa zvavo. Fungai uye masangano ezvokunzvera emitemo anopa zvikarakadzo zvine udzame zvakatsigirwa nemiraudzo nemashoko nenzvero. Kunyange vagari vemowo zvavo vanogona kunyandura mutemo kupfurikidza nokuunza nhau dzinogombedzera kana kuti nhau kungwadza ngwariro yavamiriri vavo.

Kana muiti wemitemo angosarudza kutevera pfungwa yemitemo, muitiro chaiwoiwo wokunyora unovamba. Hofisi yeLegislative Counsers iri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe inoshandira magweta anoongorora mifungo yemitemo mumutauro wakarurama wepamutemo. Idzi nyanzvi dzinovimbisa kuti zvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa zvinonzwika mumutemo, zvakarongwa zvakanaka, uye zvakajeka kuti zvisvike migumisiro yazvo isina kurongwa. Kunyora kunogona kutora mavhiki kana mwedzi nokuda kwemitemo yakaoma, kubatanidza kugadziridzwa kwakawanda nokubvunzana nenyanzvi dzemitemo, vabhengi vemitengi, uye vamwe vatongi.

Danho Rokutanga: Kutanga uye Kushandiswa

Muitiro womutemo unovamba apo mutezo weCongress unosuma mungava muImba yaVamiririri kana kuti Dare. Mitezo bedzi yeDare inogona kutanga mutemo, kunyange zvazvo sezvinokurukurwa, mifungo ingabva kune imwe nzvimbo. Mutezo unosuma mutezo unova mutsigiri mukuru woutsigiriri mukuru. Bills anogona kuva navamiriri vazhinji vamazita avo kuratidzira tsigiro nebetsero nokuda kwomutemo.

MuImba yaVamiriri, mumwe mutezo unosuma mutezo kupfurikidza nokuuisa mu "Enterbates," bhokisi remiti riri parutivi perokukwirira pauriri hweImba. Mutengo wacho unogoverwa chiverengero chakati ipapo naClerk weImba ndokupinda pamutemo muCongregation Record. MuDare, muitiro wacho wakasiana zvishomanene nechete-jeka unofanira kuzivikanwa nomukuru mukuru mukuru wedare ndokuzivisa kusumwa kwechibvumirano mukati meawa yamangwanani kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pamwe chete padzimwe nguva.

Nguva yekutanga kwegweta inogona kuva inokosha zvikuru. Vareveri vanowanzosuma zvikwereti pakuvamba murusando rwedare kuti vabvumire nguva yakakomba nokuda kwerangariro, kana kuti vangaisa nguva yokutanga kuwirirana nezvinoitika zvakafanira, ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, kana kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika panhau. Zvimwe zvikwereti zvinotangwa nekariro shomanene yechikamu chenyika asi zvinobatira kuita kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kugutsa zvikumbiro, kana kuti kuisa nheyo nokuda kwenhamburiko dzemitemo yomunguva yemberi.

Pasumo, bhiri racho rinotanga kuverengwa, iro rinowanzova nhamba yepepa, mutsigiri, uye zita repamusoro zvinopinzwa muchinyorwa chepamutemo. Mutengi wacho unodhindwa wobva waitwa kuti uwanike kumitezo yose yeCongress nevoruzhinji. Munguva yazvino uno, mabhiri anoiswa paIndaneti, achibvumira vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye mapoka ezve urongwa hwemitemo inokarakadzwa uye anovamba kuongorora migumisiro yazvingakonzera.

Danho Repiri: Mugove Wedare Nekudzorerazve

Pashure pesumo, dare racho rinonongedzerwa kudare rimwe kana kuti akawanda ane chiremera pamusoro penhau. Iri renongedzero rinoitwa noMutauri weImba kana kuti mukuru mukuru anotungamirira weDare, zvikurukuru achitevera zano redare rinosarudza kuti matare api ane chiremera pamusoro pezviri mukati. Mugove wedare idare rinotonga nemhaka yokuti matare anobatira savachengeti vesuo, uye zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinokundikana kuwana tendero yedare hazvitongopfuuriri mberi mumuitiro wemitemo.

Matare eCongress ndiwo matare ane unyanzvi anonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro yakadai sekurima, mabasa ezvombo, dzidzo, simba, mari, nhau dzokunze, matare ezvirongwa zvedare, kana kuti zvokufambisa. Uku kuzivikanwa kunobvumira mitezo kuvamba unyanzvi munhau dzakati uye kunzverwa kwakakwana kwemitemo inokarakadzwa. Dare rimwe nerimwe rine chigaro, zvikurukuru kubva kuboka ruzhinji, rinoshandisa simba rakati pamusoro pezvikwereti izvo zvinogamuchira kurangarirwa uye mashandiro anoitwa mari dzedare.

Zvikwereti zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvinobatanidza nharaunda dzakawanda zvingaendeswa kumatare anoverengeka panguva imwe chete kana kuti panguva imwe cheteyo. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, dare rimwe rinowanzosarudzwa sedare guru rine mutoro mukuru, nepo mamwe matare ane nguva yakaganhurirwa yokurangarira gadziriro dziri mukati medzo. Uyu muitiro wemiitiro mizhinji unogona kuomesa nzira yepepa uye unoda kuwiriraniswa pakati pezvigaro zvedare zvinoverengeka.

Kana yangogoverwa kudare, bhiriti racho ringanongedzerwa kudare duku nokuda kwehwirudzuro younyanzvi zvikuru. Masangano akaderera anonangidzira ngwariro panharaunda dzemiitiro yakatetepa mukati mebumbiro redare rakafara zvikuru ndokuita zvakawanda zvebasa rine udzame remitemo yokuhwirudzura. Chigaro chedare duku chinosarudza kana kubatira dare, kunzvera, kana kuti kuita mamwe mabasa papepa. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa muudzori huduku, kusatongogamuchira ngwariro inodikanwa kufambira mberi.

Danho Rechitatu: Dare Rine Hanya Nevanhu Vanonzwa

Kurangarira kwedare kunomirira rumwe rwenhambo dzapaduku zvikurusa dzegadziriro yomutemo. Matare ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka apo anogamuchira chibvumirano: anogona kuchitora, kuchirifuratira, kana kuti kuuraya kupfurikidza nokuramba kurangarira.

Dare rinopa dare chipupuriro chenyanzvi dzinobva kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, vazivi, vamiririri veindasitiri, mapoka okushandisa zvikwata zvehurumende, uye vagari vemo vakatapurwa. Zvapupu izvi zvinopa mashoko ounyanzvi, kuongorora kwemitemo, uye maonero pamusoro penzira iyo mutemo wakarongwa ungava nayo. Vanzwi vanobvumirawo mitezo yedare kubvunza mibvunzo, kunzvera zvinetso zvinogona kuitika nomutemo, uye kuvamba kuvaka tsigiro yavose kana kuti chishoro.

Mimwe mitongo inoita kuti vanhu vanzwe zvinhu zvakanaka uye vabvume kuti zvinhu zvakarongwa uye kuti vabvunzurudzwe, kana kuti kubvunzurudzwa, dzimwe nyaya dzinoita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvenyaya dzinotevedzerwa uye dzinofarirwa nevanhu vakawanda, zvikurukuru padzinotaura nyaya dzine nharo kana kuti padzinopa zvapupu zvakakurumbira.

Pashure pokunge dare ragumisa, rinopinda mudanho "rokunyora", uko mitezo inosangana kukurukura gadziriro dzechibvumirano chemari, kukarakadza kugadziriswa, uye vhoti pachinjo. Marusando okuzvikwikwidza anogona kuva anokakavara, nemitezo yamapoka akasiana - siana inopa mhedziso dzinoratidzira nzvimbo dzayo dzemiitiro yavo yerongedzero nouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chigaro chedare chine zvikurukuru udzori hukuru pamuitiro wokupa, kusarudza kuti ndeipi kugadziriswa kunogamuchirwa nokudzorwa kwekurukurirano.

Pakunatsiwa, matare anogona kuita chinjo huru kupepa remitemo, pane dzimwe nguva kurinyorazve. Mitezo ingawedzera gadziriro itsva, magadziro anenge ane chinetso, kana kuti gadziridzo yomutauro kuti ipedze zvinetso zvinomutswa mukati mekunzwa. Kugadziridzwa kunogona kuva kugadziridza kwounyanzvi, chinjo dzemiitiro yetsika, kana kuti kubvumiranisa mamiriro ezvinhu enyika zvakagadzirirwa kuvaka tsigiro huru. Dare ringabatanidzawo zvikwereti zvizhinji zvine chokuita nechinhu chimwe chemitemo kana kuti kukamuranisa bhirindi rakaoma kuva zvikamu zvakaparadzana.

Danho Rechina: Kupa Mushumo Nedare

Kana muitiro wokupa chikwerete wapera, dare rinovhota kana richifanira kushuma mutongo wacho zvakanaka mukamuri rakazara. Uku kuvhota imuedzo wakakomba wekushanda kwegweta. Vhoti yakanaka inotumira mutengo wacho nerumbidzo yedare yokupfuura, nepo vhoti isina kunaka kana kuti tayi inouraya mari yacho. Matare anogonawo kushuma mutemo pasina rumbidzo, kuupfuudza pasina kuubvumira, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuri kushoma zvikuru.

Kana vhoti dzedare dzichizoshuma mushumo wacho zvakanaka, vashandi vedare vanogadzirira mushumo wakanyorwa unotsanangura chinangwa chemari yacho, vachipfupikisa gadziriro dzayo, vachirondedzera mufungo wedare nokuda kwokurumbidza nhano, uye vachirangarira ndyiko dzawo nemigumisiro. Mishumo yeDare magwaro anokosha ayo anogovera mashoko akapoteredza ekurukurirano dzouriri ndokupa nzwisiso muvavariro yedare iro ringatungamirira kuita kwenguva yemberi nokududzirwa kwedare.

Mushumo wedare unobatanidza zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Donzo nechikamu chepfupiso zvinotsanangura zvinoita bhiri racho mumutauro unosvikika. Chikamu chemitemo chinorondedzera chinetso chekero dzemari uye kuti nei chiito chiri madikanwa. Chikamu nechikamu chinotsananguro chinopa tsananguro dzakazara dzegadziriro imwe neimwe. Mushumo wacho unobatanidzawo kufungidzira kwemari yakagadzirwa neCongregational Bal Badge Office, iyo inonzvera mutengo wemari pabhajeti rehurumende.

Nhengo dzedare dzinoshora mari yacho dzinganyora mirangariro mishomanene kana kuti mifungo inopesana inobatanidzwa mumushumo wedare. Iyi mirangariro inopesana inoramba mutemo uye ingakarakadza dzimwe nzira. Kubatanidzwa kwemirangariro miduku kunovimbisa kuti mirangariro yakasiana inochengetwa muchinyorwa chemitemo uye inogovera mabhomba nokuda kwavashori mukati mekurukurirano dzouriri.

Danho Reshanu: Kufunga Nezvezvinhu Zviduku

Muitiro wepurogiramu unosiyana zvikuru pakati pamakamuri maviri, kuratidzira ukuru hwawo hwakasiyana, mitemo, uye magamuchidzanwa. Mumakamuri ose ari maviri, zvisinei, utungamiriri hwebato zhinjisa hunodzora zvikuru kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinogamuchira nguva youriri uye apo zvinorangarirwa.

MuImba yeVamiririri, Dare reMitemo rinoita basa rinokosha mukuronga mutemo. Iri dare rine simba, rinodzorwa nebato reruzhinji, rinosarudza miganhu nemigariro pasi pezvikwereti zvinokurukurwa pasi. Mitemo inopa Dare "ruramo" nokuda kwomutemo mukuru mumwe nomumwe unotema kuti inguva yekurukurirano yakadini inobvumirwa, kana kugadziriswa kuchigona kuitwa, uye kuti mafambiro api etsika anobvumirwa. Mitemo inogona kuva "open," inobvumira kuti zvigadzikiso zvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi zvinoshandiswa; "vhotera," inodzivisa mamendizo; kana kuti "tenderwa," inobvumira bedzi kubviswa kutenderwa.

Imba inochengetawo makarenda anoverengeka uko mabhiri akamirira chiito chapauriri. Indaneti inoronga mabhiri okuunganidza mari kana kuti mari yakafanira. Karenda yeIndaneti inobatanidza zvikwereti zvisiri zvemari. Vhesi reFibreta inobata mabhiri ezvechibharo, uye Rescrecters reconsors relders translations kana kuti majoir Monist anosarudza kuti zvikweretii zvokuridzira kana kuti kuisa mutemo wemabhuroko.

Dare rinoshanda nemiitiro inochinjika zvikuru nemirau mishomanene yakarongwa. Chengeta ipi neipi inogona chaizvoizvo kugovera gadziridzo kuzvikwereti pauriri, uye gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti ramiswa kupfurikidza nebvumirano yebvumirano yewirirano kana kuti vhoti. Dare Majority Mutungamiriri, mukubvunza Mutungamiriri weMineo, rinoronga zvikwereti zverangariro youriri kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvokubvumirana zvinogadza mashoko ekurukurirano. Kana zvinhu zvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi zveSanitor, muromo zvinganonotswa kana kuti kudika mazano akaoma zvikuru okuuyisa kuuriri.

Danho Rechitanhatu: Kupokanidzana Nekuchinja Zvinhu

Gakava rezvomutemo rinomirira rutivi rwavose zvikurusa rwemuitiro wemitemo, umo mitezo yakazara yeImba kana kuti Dare inorangarira mutezo wacho nezvakanaka zvawo.Ipapo mutemo unowana nzvero yawo hurusa yavose, nenharo dzinowanzofukidzwa nezvinobudisa nhau uye dzinoonwa navagari vemo vanofarira, mapoka ekodzero dzokuita zvouori, uye vachengeti vepadanda.

MuImba yavamiriri, kurukurirano youriri yakarongwa zvakaenzana uye inoganhurirwa. Murau unobudiswa neDare reMitemo unozivisa kuti inguvai inogoverwa nokuda kwekurukurirano, inowanzokamuraniswa zvakaenzana pakati pavatsigiri navashori navashori. Mutsigiri wepepa nomuvengi wapamusoro mumwe nomumwe anodzora nguva yavo yakagoverwa uye kupa mativi kumimwe mitezo inoda kutaura. Gakava riri muImba rinowanzova retsika, mitezo ichikurukura tsinhiro dzayo kumukuru mukuru mukuru anotungamirira panzvimbo perinomumwe nomumwe.

Gakava repauriri hweimba dzinobatira madonzo akawanda kupfuura kungokurukura zvakafanirwa nechikwereti. Mitezo inoshandisa nguva yekurukurirano kutsanangura nzvimbo dzayo kuvarwi, kuvaka zvibvumirano, kuita chinyorwa chemitemo kupokanidzano, uye kuita chinyorwa chenhau chokuti magwaro arangarire kuronga. Kutaura kungaitirwa kutsausa shamwari dzisina kuvimbika, asi dzinobatirawo kukurukura navanhu, mapoka ezvidzidzo, uye vaturikiri vomunguva yemberi vomutemo.

Kugadziridzwa kwemiitiro muNzvimbo kunotsamira pamutemo unodzora mutemo. Mumutemo wapachena, mutezo upi noupi unogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwemibatanidzwa, kuchitungamirira kukurangarirwa kukuru kweuriri nevhoti dzakawanda. Mumurayiro wakavharwa, hapana kugadziriswa kunobvumirwa, uye mitezo inofanira kuvhota papepa sezvinoshumwa nedare. Mitemo inorongwa inowira pakati, ichibvumira kugadziriswa chaikoiko uko kwave kwakatenderwa neDare reMitemo. Uku kudzora pamusoro pekugadziridzwa kunopa simba guru reboka rokuumba mutemo nepesvedzero yeboka duku.

Kukurukurirana kwedare kunoshanda nenzira yakasiana zvikuru, kunoratidzira magamuchidzanwa enzvimbo iyoyo okurangarira kwakarebeswa neSanita maruramiro. Kutoti kuganhurirwa nebvumirano yewirirano kana kuti kupfuudzwa, kurukurirano yeDare haina kuganhurirwa, inobvumira vaSanitor kutaura kwenguva refu sezvavanoda pamusoro upi noupi. Iyi gamuchidzanwa rinogonesa chipfuro chevechiberekero, apo vaSenator vanogona kunonozetsa kana kuti kuvhara mutemo kupfurikidza nokukudza kurukurirano kusingagumi. Kukunda chiwirirano chinotsigirwa ne60 Senators, mutambo wakakwirira unopa boka dukusa.

Kugadziridza kweDare kwakajekawo zvikuru kupfuura kweImba. Varenator vanogona kugovera kazhinji kazhinji gadziridzo ipi neipi panguva ipi neipi, kunyange kana isingawirirani nemuromo uri pasi. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumigariro apo kugadziridza kwenharo kunobatanidzwa kumitengo yakakurumbira, kumanikidza vhoti dzakaoma kana kuti kuoma. Mutungamiriri weMajonia kazhinji kazhinji anokurukura zvibvumirano zvebvumirano zvebvumirano zvebvumirano zvinoganhurira kugadziridzwa nekurukurirano yegadziriro, asi Mugadziri upi noupi anogona kudzora uye kumanikidza miitiro inodzorwa nguva yakawanda.

Danho Rechinomwe: Kukurukura Muimba Yokutanga

Kana kurukurirano uye kugadziridzwa zvapera, mutengo unosvika pakuvhota mukamuri rawakaunzwa. Muitiro wokuvhota unosiyana zvichitsamira parudzi rwevhota nemitemo yekamuri, asi nzira dzinoverengeka dzinowanzoshandiswa kunyora nzvimbo dzemitezo.

Mavhoti enzwi ndiwo mutoo wakapfava zvikurusa, umo mitezo inodanidzira kuti "ye" kana kuti "no" uye mukuru mukuru anotungamirira anosarudza kuti rutivii rwakavakirwa pavhoriyamu. Vhoti dzenzwi dzinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwezviito zvisiri zvenzwi apo muuyo wacho wakajeka. Kana muuyo wacho usina kujeka kana kuti mutezo upi noupi unoukumbira, vhoti yeboka ingachengetwa, uko mitezo inomira kuti iverengerwe asi nzvimbo imwe neimwe hainyorwi.

Nokuda kwomutemo mukuru zvikuru, mavhoti akarekodwa echinyorwa chenhengo imwe neimwe. MuImba, vhoti dzakarekodwa dzinoitwa pakombiyuta, nhengo dzichiisa makadhi okuvhota muzviteshi zveimba yose uye mabhatani okumanikidza kuti aratidze mavhoti adzo. Gadziriro yemagetsi inoratidza kumhanya kwemifungo uye inobvumira maminiti 15 kuti mitezo ivhote, kunyange zvazvo nguva inotambanudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kuti igadzire mitezo inofamba kubva mumahofisi kana kuti misangano.

Dare rinoita vhoti dzakarevererwa kupfurikidza nokushevedzwa kwamazita, umo mabharani anodana mumwe nomumwe zita reSenator mumutauro wemabhii naSenator mukutaura kutaura mavhoti avo. Kuvhota kwokurota kunowanzotora maminiti 15 kusvikira ku 20, kunyange zvazvo kuchigona kuwedzerwa. Vasarudzi vanopotsa kudanidzira kwokutanga vanogona kuvhota muuyo usati waziviswa, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anotungamirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anovhura vhota kuti vabvumire vasanisi vasisiripo kusvika ndokubudisa vhoti dzavo.

Voruzhinji vemitezo yokuvhota vanodikanirwa kupfuudza zvikwereti zvizhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhano dzichida kuva noruzivo rukuru. MuImba, permoram yemitezo 218 inofanira kuvapo kuti bhizimisi riitiswe, kunyange zvazvo kuvapo kwechoorm kuchiwanzorangarirwa kutoti mutezo unowedzera pfundo renhevedzano. Dare rinoda 51 Senators nokuda kwechigadziko chemotum, uye Senator upi noupi anogona kukarakadza kusavapo kwechigadziko, kumutsa foni inoparira kumira kumira kunomira kusvikira Santars kwakakwana kuoneka.

Danho Rechisere: Kufunga Nezvepaimba Yechipiri

Kana muromo ukapinda mukamuri umo wakatangwa, unotumirwa kune imwe kamuri kuti utange muitiro wacho mutsva. Kamuri rechipiri harisundwi nezviito zvekamuri rokutanga uye rinogona kurangarira muromo wacho nenzira yakasununguka. Ichi chinodikanwa chokuti makamuri ose ari maviri apfuure mitemo yakafanana chinoshanda sonzvero inokosha mumuitiro wemitemo, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inowana cherechedzo yakakwana kubva mumifungo yakasiana.

Apo kamuri rechipiri rinowana bhiri kubva kune rokutanga, rinotevera miitiro yakafanana: kudzorwa kwedare, kunzwa, kukweverwa, kurukurirano youriri, uye kuvhota. Zvisinei, kamuri rechipiri ringakurumidza zvikuru kana mutengo wacho wakatorangarirwa zvikuru kune imwe nzvimbo, zvikurukuru kana mutemo wakafanana wakanga uchitangwa panguva imwe cheteyo mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Dare rechipiri rine zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka pakurangarira mutemo unopfuudzwa nekamuri rokutanga. Inogona kupfuura mutemo pasina chinjo, umo mutemo wakafanana unoenda zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi nokuda kwokusaina. Inogona kuramba mutemo wacho chose chose, nenzira inobudirira kuuraya mutemo nokuda kworusando irworwo rwomusangano. Zvinowanzova, kamuri rechipiri rinopfuudza shanduro yakagadziridzwa inosiana nomutemo weimba yokutanga, kupfuudzazve chiito chokupedza kusawirirana.

Kurangarira kwakarongwa kazhinji kazhinji kunotapura kuti kamuri rechipiri rinosvika sei mutemo.

Danho Ripfumbamwe: Dare Romusangano uye Kuyanana

Apo Imba neDare zvinopfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana dzemutemo mumwe chetewo, misiano inofanira kuyananiswa mutemo usati wagona kutumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Kune mitoo inoverengeka yokupedza nayo iyi misiyano, nechisarudzo kuchitsamira pakuoma kwekusabvumirana nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika zvakapoteredza mutemo.

Nokuda kwemisiyano miduku, imwe kamuri ingangogamuchira bedzi kugadziridzwa kweimwe kamuri, kuchibvumira mutemo kupfuurira pasina imwe kurukurirano. Kamuri raipfuvura mutongo pakutanga rinogona kubvumirana nechinjo dzinoitwa nekamuri rechipiri, kana kuti kamuri rechipiri rinogona kurangarirazve ndokugamuchira shanduro yapakuvamba. Iyi chisarudzo chisina kurongwa chinoshanda zvakanaka apo misiyano inenge iri younyanzvi kana kuti apo dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokupfuura mutemo yakasimba.

Nokuda kwemisiyano mikuru zvikuru, makamuri angachinjanisa kugadziriswa nokudzoka, nokuvhota kumwe nokumwe paimwe chinjo dzinokarakadzwa. Iyi muitiro, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "pancence ping-pong," inopfuurira kusvikira makamuri asvika chibvumirano kana kuti kusarudza kuti kuyanana hakubviri. Kuchinjana kumwe nokumwe kunoda nguva youriri namavhota mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri, kuchiita kuti uku kusvika nguva nedenho yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzira yakarongwa zvikurusa yokupedza nayo misiyano idare remusangano, dare rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri yakagadzwa kuti ikurukure kubvumirana. matare eMusangano anowanzobatanidza mitezo yavakuru yematare ayo airangarira pakuvamba mutemo wacho, nemirariro inobva kumativi ose ari maviri kunyange zvazvo boka revoruzhinji kazhinji kazhinji rine varongedzeri vakawanda. Dare remusangano rinosangana kukurukura misiyano yacho, kukurukura, uye kunyora mushumo wemusangano une shanduro yokupedzisira yepepa racho.

Matare esangano akabatira nenzira yegamuchidzanwa nokuchinjika kukuru, pane dzimwe nguva achiita chinjo dzinopfuura misiyanowo zvayo pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare. Masangano anogona kugamuchira gadziriro dzinobva munzvimbo ipi neipi, mutauro mutsva wokugadzira zvinhu, kana kuti kunyange kuwedzera gadziriro dzakanga dzisati dziri mushanduro ipi neipi kana dzisati dziri dzinoshatisa nhau yenhau yepepa. Uku kuchinja kwapanhambo nenhambo kwakatungamirira kukutsoropodza kuti zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvinoitwa seri kwemasuo akavharwa neboka duku ravaiti vemitemo panzvimbo pekurukurirano yapauriri.

Kana dare remusangano rangosvika chibvumirano, rinopa mushumo wemusangano unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri. Mishumo yeConference haigoni kugadziriswa .Nhengo dzinofanira kuvhota kuti dzigamuchire kana kuti kuramba kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira muzvose zvadzo. Uku kutora kana kuti kubvisa muromo kunopa mishumo yemisangano simba guru, sezvo kuramba mushumo wemusangano kazhinji kazhinji kunoreva kuuraya mutemo pashure penguva huru nenhamburiko zvakapinzwa mukusvika kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Danho Gumi: Kupfuura Kwokupedzisira Mumakamuri Ose Ari Maviri

Pashure pokunge dare remusangano raita mutongo wokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kana kuti pashure pokunge dzimba dzapedza kusawirirana kwadzo, zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare zvinofanira kupfuura shanduro yokupedzisira yakafanana. Ichi chikamu chokupedzisira chinomirira mukana wokupedzisira wokuti vaiti vemitemo vavhote mutemo wacho usati waenda kuPrezidhendi.

Nharo pamishumo yemusangano yakaganhurirwa zvikuru, nekamuri rimwe nerimwe richibvumira mitezo maawa mashomanene kukurukura kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokutsanangura vhoti dzavo. Vatsigiri vanosimbisa betsero dzemitemo nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira izvo zvakaita kuti nhano dzibvire, apo vashori vanosimbisa gadziriro dzavanowana kuti mutezo wacho unofanira kurambwa. Kusakwanisa kupedza mushumo kunoreva kuti mitezo inofanira kusarudza kana betsero dzepepa dzichifanira kupfuura zvikanganiso zvayo.

Vhoti dzokupedzisira dzinogona kuva nguva dzinoshamisa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwomutemo mukuru wave uri nhau yokupesvedzera kukuru, ngwariro yavose, uye kuronga kwezvamatongerwe enyika. vatungamiriri veboka vanoshanda kuvimbisa mitezo yavo kuvhota mukuwirirana nenzvimbo yebato, nepo mitezo mimwe nemimwe inoyera zvitendero zvavo zvomunhu oga, zvinosarudzwa, uye zviverengero zvamatongerwe enyika. Vavhoti vakakomba vangaona vatungamiriri vachivhura apo ivo vanonyengetedza mitezo inochinja kana kuti vanoronga kuti mitezo isiripo idzokere kunzvimbo yedare.

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura bhiri rakafanana, mutemo unonyorwa papepa reganda muchimiro charo chokupedzisira. Mabharani anonyoresa ari mukamuri umo rugwaro rwacho rwakavamba kugadzirira kopi yapamutemo, iyo inosainwa noMutauri weImba naPurezidhendi weDare (Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi kana kuti Purezidhendi propora) kubvumikisa kuti rwaipfuura makamuri ose ari maviri. Mutendi unonyoresa unotumirwa kuWhite House nokuda kwokurangarira kwapurezidhendi.

Danho Gumi Nevaviri: Kuita Sachigaro

Apo bhiri rinonyoreswa rinosvika padhesiki raPurezidhendi, Purezidhendi ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine revo dzakasiana nokuda kwokuti mutengo wacho unenge wava mutemo here. Chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi chinomirira nhano yokupedzisira mumuitiro wemitemo womubatanidzwa uye chinoratidzira basa rebazu ravakuru mugadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo.

Purezidhendi anogona kusaina bhiri racho, achiita kuti rive mutemo pakarepo kana kuti pamusi wakatarwa womunguva yemberi. Mitambo yapurezidhendi yokusaina kazhinji kazhinji izviitiko zvakasanorongwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwomutemo wechiratidzo, naPurezidhendi akapoteredzwa navatsigiri vemitemo avo vakatsigira mutongo wacho, vachengeti vemitengo yedanda avo vachabetserwa nawo, uye vanobudisa nhau vachifukidza nguva yenhau. Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa mapeni akawanda kusaina zvikwereti zvinokosha, kuzvigovera sezviyeuchidzo kuvatsigiri vakuru.

Nenzira inopesana, Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mutongo wacho, achiudzorera kuCongress neshoko rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Hurendari chishandiso chine simba chinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru nechimiro chomutemo, kuitira hanya pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika kugadziriro dzayo. Veto inova rutivi rwechinyorwa chemitemo uye kazhinji kazhinji inonyandura kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pezvitatiso zvemitemo nebasa rakafanira rehurumende.

Congress inogona kukurira vhoti yemapresidenti nevhiyi yezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, mukana wakakwirira unoda tsigiro huru yebiparta. Veto kukunda hakuwanzoitiki, kunoitika bedzi apo mutemo une tsigiro huru kana kuti apo Congress yakatsunga kusimbisa chiremera chayo mukurwisana neshoro yapurezidhendi. Muitiro wokuzvidzora unoda vhoti dzakanyorwa mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, uye kukunda kunobudirira kunomirira kukundwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwaPrezidhente.

Purezidhendi ane chisarudzowo chokusaita chiito papepa remitemo. Kana Purezidhendi asina kusarudza kana kuti kudzosa gwaro mukati mamazuva gumi (kuwedzera maSvondo) apo Congress iri murusando, pamutemo unova mutemo pasina siginicha yaPurezidhendi. Uku kubvumira kwokusaita kubvumira kubvumira Purezidhendi kuita kuti mutemo uve mutemo pasina kuuzivisa zvakajeka, chisarudzo chinobetsera apo Purezidhendi ane panikiro pamusoro pechibvumirano asi haadi kuuisa.

Zvisinei, kana vamiriri veCongress vasati vapera mazuva gumi uye Purezidhendi asati asaina mutongo wacho, hausati wava mutemo. Uyu mugumisiro, unozivikanwa sehomwe, haugoni kushaikwa neCongress nemhaka yokuti Congress haisati ichiri murusando. Pocketvetoes inokakavadzana uye yave iri nhau yegakava rapamutemo pamusoro peinoita kuwirirana kwechibvumirano chegadziriro iyi.

Miitiro Chaiyo Nemisiano

Kunyange zvazvo nzira yarondedzerwa pamusoro apa ichimirira nzira inodiwa yokuita mitemo, Dare rakatanga miitiro chaiyo yemarudzi akati emabhiri anogadziridza kana kuti anoita kuti zvinhu zvigadziriswe.Miitiro iyi chaiyo inoratidza zvinodiwa zvinoshanda kuti zvinhu zvibudirire, zvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokuti nhau dzakati dzinofanira kubatwa sei.

Gadziriro yokuronga nzira yokuronga nayo mibato chaiyo inobvumira mutemo wakati une chokuita nebhajeti kupfuudza Dare nevoruzhinji vakapfava panzvimbo pemavhoti 60 aidikanwa chaizvoizvo kukurira nuniger. Zvikwereti zvokuyananisa zvinofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yakadzika miganhu yazvo yegadziriro dzinotapura zvakananga kudyidzana kwemari yehurumende, mari, kana kuti ganhuriro yechikwereti. Byrd Rulage inobvumira vaSenator kudenha gadziriro sedzisiri dzemari, dzine ngozi kuibvisa mupepa. Rutsigiriso rwakashandiswa kupfumisa mutemo mukuru kubatanidza kugadziridza mitero, chinjo dzoutano, uye gadziridzo dzokushandisa.

Miitiro yokukurumidza inoshanda kuzvimwe zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi nedzimwe nhau umo Congress yakabvuma kuganhurira kurukurirano negadziridzo mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuva nerangariro inovimbiswa. Muchiremera chokukurumidza, inozivikanwawo seTrade Promotionion Authority, zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvinotaurirwa naPresidentiant zvinogamuchira kurangarirwa kwapamhene nenguva yakaganhurirwa yekurukurirano uye pasina gadziridzo. Iyi mitoo inobetsera Purezidhendi kukurukura zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose nezvibvumirano zvinovimbisa zvedzimwe nyika izvo Congress achaita chibvumirano chokupedzisira chivhoti chenguva yapasi pasina kugadziriswa.

Zvikwereti zvokupa mari, zvinogovera mari yokushandisa nokuda kwemabasa ehurumende, zvinotevera muitiro chaiwo unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mvumo neapprosor. Zvikwereti zvokubvumira zvichatanga gadziriro ndokugadza muitiro, nepo mabhiri okukarakadza achigovera mari chaiyo. Matare eImba neDare anoronga basa rawo pakati pemasangano maduku anobata nzvimbo dzakasiana- siyana dzemari yehurumende. Zvitsama zvezvikwereti zvinofanira kupfuura gore negore kuchengeta hurumende iripo, kugadzira dzvinyiriro yenguva inowanzotungamirira kumitengo mizhinji yeappropsries kana kuti zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira izvo zvinotambanurira mwero yemari iripo.

Kudzorwa kwemitemo itsika inoshandiswa nokuda kwemitemo isingawirirani nedare iyo inobvumira zvikwereti kurangarirwa nekurukurirano yakaganhurirwa uye kusagadziriswa. Mabhiri anorangarirwa pasi pekusundwa anoda vhoti yezvitatu zviviri nokuda kwokupfuura panzvimbo pevoruzhinjiwo zvavo, asi muitiro unoiswa murwizi unochengetedza nguva nenzvimbo yapasi. Imba inowanzorangarira kuti zvikwereti zvinodzikiswa paMivhuro naChipiri, kugadzira mizhinji yemipimo miduku nenzira ine mwero.

Basa Remitambo Yematongerwe Enyika uye Routungamiriri

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita rutivi rukuru mugadziriro yomutemo, kuronga Congress, kuronga zvokutanga, uye kuunganidza vhoti nokuda kwomutemo mukuru. utungamiriri hweboka mumakamuri ose ari maviri hunoita pesvedzero inokosha pamusoro pezvikwereti zvinogamuchirwa pamusoro pazvo, kuti zvakarongwa sei, uye kana zvichizopfuura pakupedzisira.

MuImba yaVamiririri, Theoperar munhu ane simba zvikurusa, anodzora rudungwe rwenhurikidzwa, anonongedzera mabhii kumatare, uye anotungamirira gadziriro yewirirano yebato guru. MuSwereri anoshanda naMajor Mutungamiriri, anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva kusvikira kuuriri hwezuva, uye Majorty Wip, uyo anonzvera nokunyengetedza mitezo kutsigira nzvimbo yebato. Boka duku rine nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri dzine simba shoma asi dzinokosha kupfurikidza nokukwanisa kwaro kubatanidza chishoro nekurukurirano yavose.

Utungamiriri hwedare hushoma, hunoratidzira magamuchidzanwa enzvimbo iyoyo eSanita maruramiro. Mutungamiriri weMajority ndiye munhu anopesvedzera zvikurusa, anodzora rudungwe rwapauriri uye anotaurirana zvibvumirano zvebvumirano zvebvumirano, asi vatungamiriri vamwe navamwe vanochengeta simba rinokosha rokunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara mutemo. Mutungamiriri muduku anogona kazhinji kazhinji kumanikidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kudzosa batira pamwe inodikanwa nokuda kwamabasa eDare anobudirira. Paratimendiro mumativi ose ari maviri inoshanda kuvaka masangano ndokuvimbisa kuti mitezo ivhote neboka panhau dzinokosha.

Misangano yeboka inosangana nguva dzose kuti vakurukure gadziriro dzemitemo, kuumba bvumirano panzvimbo dzemitemo, uye kukurukurirana. Iyi misangano yapachivande iri apo kukurukurirana chaikoiko nokuita zvisarudzo zvinoitika, nemirangariro yenhungamiro inoratidzira mirangariro yemitezo nemitezo inoratidzira funganyo pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Chinzwano cheboka kazhinji kazhinji chinokosha nokuda kwokupa mutemo, zvikurukuru mumakamu akakamuraniswa akasanoiswa nhau dziri dzose.

Zvisinei, chirango chamabato muUnited States hachina simba kupfuura mudzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, uye mitezo pane dzimwe nguva inovhota yakavakirwa pazvisarudzo zvavo, zvitendero zvomunhu oga, kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Zvibvumirano zveBpartis zviri madikanwa nokuda kwomutemo mukuru, zvikurukuru muDare umo sundo ye 60 yokukurira vanambuya inoda batira pamwe inodzorwa. Kuvaka aya mapoka anoda kukurukurirana, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye pane dzimwe nguva kupedza fariro dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitemo.

Pesvedzero Yeboka Rinofarira Kutamba

Mapoka anofarira, vanosimudzira, uye masangano okudzora anoshandisa simba guru pagadziriro yomutemo, achishanda kuumba mitemo, kuvaka tsigiro nokuda kwezvinoiswa pakutanga, uye kukunda mipimo yaanoshora.

Vazvinafundo vanogovera mashoko nounyanzvi kuvaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo, vachipa kunzvera kune udzame kwenzira iyo mutemo unokarakadzwa waizotapura nayo maindasitiri avo, zvisakiso, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Mashoko aya anogona kuva anokosha kuvagadziri vemitemo vakabatikana avo vasingagoni kunzvera somunhu oga nhau iri yose. VaLobybytics vanoronga mutauro wemitemo, vanokarakadza kugadziridza, uye vanobetsera kuvaka zvibvumirano zvavatsigiri. Ivo vanozivawo zvinetso zvinobvira nemitemo ndokukarakadza mhinduro idzo dzinova nenhau apo dzinobudirira fariro dzavatengi vavo.

Mapoka anoitira hanya anosimudzira tsigiro yemitemo kana kuti kupesana, kuronga nhimbe dzokunyora tsamba, mabhangi efoni, uye nhamburiko dzenzanga dzokuratidzira murangariro wavose kuvaiti vemitemo. Anoita nhimbe dzokushambadza kuti audze vanhu uye kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuti vavhote nzira dzakati. Mapoka anorongawo mapepa okuvhota emitemo uye anoita zvitsigiso zvinogona kupesvedzera sarudzo, achigadzira zvikarakadzo zvemitezo kuti itsigire nzvimbo dzinodiwa namasangano ane simba.

Mipiro yenhimbe inobva kumatare ezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) navanhu vakabatanidzwa namapoka ezviwanwa zvinogovera tsigiro yemari kuvaiti vemitemo ndokuita kuti vaparidzi vapinyi vapinde vapinyi vapindurire vapinde vasabvumirwe pamutemo. Nepo kushambadza kwakananga kwenzvimbo yacho kuri kusiri kwapamutemo, mipiro inobetsera kuvaka ukama uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwidziri vanogona kuwana misangano navaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo. Basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika rinoramba richiitirana nharo, nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti mitemo yemari yezvirongwa zvemari yazvino uno kudzivisa zvakakwana.

Masangano evagari vemo, masangano asingapinduri masangano evashandi, masangano evashandi, uye masangano anogadzira midzi yemichero yemiitiro yavo havasi vose vanofarira masangano ezvirongwa zvemhindu. Mapoka aya angava nepfuma shoma asi anogona kukurudzira vatsigiri vane mbavarira kuti vamiririri vezvido zvavose. Kusiyana kwemapoka anotsigira nhau huru kunoreva kuti vatongi vanzwe mifungo yakawanda, kunyange zvazvo mapoka ane zviwanikwa zvakawanda anowanzova nebetsero mukuwana uye kupesvedzera.

Gadziriro Dzomutemo Wehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino yanyanya kutaura nezvemitemo yehurumende, matare ehurumende anotevera nzira dzakafanana nedzinokosha. Kunzwisisa miitiro yemitemo yehurumende inokosha nokuti nyika dzine chiremera chinokosha panzvimbo dzakawanda dzinobatanidza dzidzo, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, kutarisirwa kweutano, zvokufambisa, uye mitemo yebhizimisi.

Masangano ehurumende anosiana muruvako, na49 nyika dzine zvirongwa zvemirayiro zvebimateral (makamuri maviri, anowanzonzi Imba neDare) neNebraska ane unicameral commission ine imba imwe yomutemo yehurumende inosianawo, nedzimwe nyika dzichisangana gore negore uye dzimwe nguva dzose, uye nourefu hwepurogiramu hunovambira pamavhiki mashomanene kusvikira kunguva yose. Uku kuchinja kunotapura kuti mitemo yakawanda inogona kurangarira sei uye kuti mitero inodzokororwa sei zvakakwana.

Muitiro mukuru wekuti bhiri rinova mutemo sei pamwero wenyika unoratidzira muitiro womubatanidzwa: kutanga, kurangarirwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri uye kuvhota, rangariro mukamuri rechipiri (kana zvichishanda), chisarudzo chemisiano, uye chiito chebubernera. Zvisinei, hurumende dzakakudziridza misiyano yadzo dzimene yemiganhu, mitemo chaiyo, uye magamuchidzanwa izvo zvinoratidzira tsika dzadzo dzechienzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Nyika dzakawanda dzine nhanho uye mazita anobvumira vavhoti kukarakadza nokuisa mitemo zvakananga, kudarika mitemo yehurumende. Iyi miitiro yakananga yedemocracy inoparira imwe nzira yokuita nayo mitemo isipo pamwero wehurumende. Kutanga uye madherendi zvakashandiswa kupfuudza chinjo dzinokosha panhau dzinovambira paganhuriro dzemitero kusvikira kukunyoreswa pamutemo kwembanje kusvikira kumiitiro yokuvhota.

Vatongi vehurumende vane masimba akasiyana- siyana pamusoro pomutemo, kubatanidza chiremera chemutsetse muzhinjisa zvinotaura kuti vanobvumira kuramba gadziriro dzakati dzezvikwereti zvokuranga nokusaina zvasara mumutemo. Iri simba rinopa pesvedzero huru pakushandisa zvisarudzo kupfuura zvaitwa naPrezidhendi pamwero wehurumende. Hurumende dzinogona kukunda gubernarial avetoes, kunyange zvazvo chikumbariso chamavhoti chichidikanwa chinosiana nehurumende.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvegadziriro Yokupa Mutemo

Kunzwisisa kuronga uku kunokosha kune munhu upi noupi ari kutsvaka kunzwisisa kuti tsika yacho inoshanda sei chaizvoizvo zvichienderana nokuti yaifanira kushanda sei.

Kubatana kwemabhii kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuudza mutemo mukuru, zvikurukuru apo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora mapazu akasiyana ehurumende. Chinodikanwa chokuti matare makuru akunde chinoreva kuti batira pamwe inokosha yebhiparitarisni iri madikanwa nokuda kwomutemo mukurusa, bva batira pamwe yakadaro yazova isingawanzowaniki sezvo mativi acho akatama zvikuru mundangariro. Zvinetso zvinokosha zvingava zvisina kubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwazova kwakaoma mune zvematongerwe enyika kana kuti kusingabviri.

Kuoma uye kusaoneka kwegadziriro yemitemo kunogona kuita kuti zviome kuti vagariwo zvavo vanzwisise kuti mitemo inoitwa sei kana kuti kutora rutivi sei zvine revo mugadziriro yacho. Mabhiri anowanzonyorwa mumutauro wapamutemo wemiitiro isingasvikiki kuvasiri nyanzvi. Zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvingaitwa mumisangano yedare kana kuti kurukurirano dzoutungamiriri dzinogamuchira ngwariro yavose. Pesvedzero yavagamuchiriwo zvavo nefariro chaidzo zvinogona kuratidzika kuva dzinopfuura manzwi evoruzhinji.

Kushandiswa kwemapepa eamnibus mabhii ane mitemo inoisa mipimo yakawanda yakasiana - siana yazova yakakurumbira zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezviito zvokupa runhare semabhiri ezvikwereti. Izvi zvikwereti zvikuru zvingava zviuru zvamapeji arefu uye zvinofukidza misoro mizhinji isina kufanana, zvichiita kuti zvisabvire kuti vaiti vemitemo vanzwisise zvizere chinhu chiri chose chavanenge vachivhota. Gadziriro dzinokosha dzingavigwa mubhiri reombuzisi nekurukurirano duku kana kuti kunzvera, uye vagadziri vemitemo vanganzwa kugombedzerwa kuvhotera nokuda kwezvirongwa zvinobatanidza zvavanoshora nemhaka yokuti pasurusaro yose zvayose zviri madikanwa.

Kuderera kwenhevedzano yenguva dzose .Nguva dzetsika dzetsika nenhano dzemitemo nenhano-dzvanya yakatungamirira kumitemo inoitwa noutungamiriri uye yakaunzwa zvakananga kuuriri nokurangarirwa kwakaganhurirwa kwedare. Uku kuiswa kwesimba muutungamiriri hwebato kungasunungura kupfuudzwa kwemitemo yokutanga asi kunoderedza mikana yokusanonzvera, kugadziridza, uye mutsinhiro kubva kumitezo yenzvimbo nehele. Kunogonawo kuderedza kujeka ndokukuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vagari vemo kutevera nzira iyo mutemo unovamba nayo.

Dzvinyiriro dzenguva nokushandiswa kwenguva kunoitwa nguva kazhinji kazhinji zvinoguma nechikwereti chinokosha chinorangarirwa nokukurumidza pasina hwirudzuro yakakwana. Zvisarudzo zvinopfuuridzirwa uye zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira zvisarudzo zvokudzivisa kuparadzwa kwehurumende kana kuti zvisarudzo zvechikwereti zvinoparira njodzi dzokusavapo idzo simba rinovhota pamutemo usina kukwana. Runako rwokuita mitemo rungatambura apo vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kusarudza pakati pezvikwereti zvine zvikanganiso kana kuti kubvumira miuyo inokuvadza kufanana nokuvharwa kwehurumende.

Basa Revashandi Vechechi uye Rokutsigira Nhungamiro

Vashandi veCongress vanoona nezvekutsvakurudza kwemitemo, mutemo wekuronga zvinhu, kukurukura nemamwe mahofisi, kukurukurirana nevanhu, uye kuronga zvinhu zvisingaverengeki zvinobatanidzwa mukugadzira mitemo. Kunzwisisa basa revashandi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti Dare rinoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Vashandi vomunhu oga vanoshandira zvakananga nhengo imwe neimwe yeCongress, kutarisira mabasa ezvirongwa, kutungamirira kurukurirano, kunzvera nhau dzemitemo, uye kupa zano pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo. Vatungamiriri vemitemo navabetseri vewiro pamutemo vanodzidzira mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemiitiro uye kazhinji kazhinji ndivo mativi makuru okuonana kwevagamuchiri vemibato uye mamwe mahofisi anoshanda pamitemo. Vakuru vakuru vavashandi vanotarisira mabasa ose ehofisi uye vanobatira sevamiriri vemitezo vari pedyo zvikuru.

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Congress inotsamirawo pamasangano anoverengeka asingatendi anopa nzvero, kunzverwa, uye betsero yemichina. Congregational Research Service (CRS) inonzvera nokunzvera panhau dzemitemo nokuda kwemitezo nematare, ichibudisa zviuru zvemishumo gore negore panhau dzinovambira pamutemo wemitemo kusvikira kunzvero yesayenzi kumiitiro yokumwe. Congregationalional Drug Office (CBO) inogovera kunzvera nokukarakadza kwemari nokuda kwemitemo, ichibetsera kunzwisisa revo remipimo yezvikarakadzo zvavo. Hurumende yeAccountation Office (GAO) inoitisa mitanharo nenkoro yemiitiro yemitengo yehurumende, kuzivisa tsvina, kunyengera tsvina, kunyengera, kunyengera, uye kupedza mutengo.

Vashandi ava nemasangano anotsigira anokosha kumano eCongress okushanda sedavi rehurumende rakaenzana. Zvinogovera unyanzvi nohukuru hunobvumira Congress kuyera zvikarakadzo zvebazu ravakuru, kutanga dzimwe nzira dzemiitiro yokuzvimirira, uye mufambiro wemibato yehurumende. Kunaka uye kusatora rutivi kweaya mabasa anotsigira zvinhu zvinokosha mukushanda kwegadziriro yemitemo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemaitiro Emitemo Yemazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakachinja zvinhu zvakawanda zvemaitiro emitemo, ruchichinja manyorerwe anoitwa zvikwereti, kuti mashoko anogoverwa sei, kuti vaiti vemitemo vanokurukura sei nevamiririri vehurumende, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kuongorora nokutora rutivi mukugadzira mitemo.

Software yokunyora pamutemo uye makombiyuta akakuita kuti kuve nyore kunyora mabhii, kugadziridzwa kwemakwara, uye kuva nechokwadi chetsinhirano nomutemo uripo. Gadziriro dzokuvhota dzemagetsi dzinobvumira vhoti dzinokurumidza kunyorwa uye urefu hwapakarepo. Vhidhiyo inoisirwa neruzivo rwokutora zvinhu rwokutora zvinhu, zvinowedzerwa nedenda reCOVID19, zvakagonesa kunzwa kwedare nemisangano kuti zvipfuurire kunyange apo mitezo isingagoni kuungana mumuviri.

Indaneti yawedzera kujeka zvikuru, nenzvimbo dzepaIndaneti dzinogovera kuwanikwa kwemagwaro epepa, mishumo yedare, marekodhi okunzwa, uye mapepa okuvhota. Vagari vanogona kunyora mutemo munguva chaiyo, kurava mabhiri nokukurumidza pavanonge vatanga, uye kutarira matare pauriri uye kutemwa kwemavhidhiyo. Uku kujeka kunobvumira kuti vatori venhau vanyatsoongororwa uye kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuva nemapoka evatori venhau, uye kukumbira vagari vemo kuongorora basa redare.

Masangano anokurukurirana paIndaneti akachinja kuti vatsigiri vemitemo vataure uye kuti maonero evanhu anotaurwa uye anoyerwa sei. Mitezo yeCongress inoshandisa Twitter, Facebook, uye mamwe mapuraneti kutsanangura zvavanoita, kutsoropodza, uye kuvakira kutsigira zvavanoisa pakutanga.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runewo zvinetso. Kukurumidza kwekukurukurirana kwemazuva ano kunogona kuita kuti vanhu vakurumidze kuita zvinhu zvinonetsa vasingafungidziri kuti zvingaitwa sei kana vaita chimwe chinhu.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomubatanidzwa Nomugari Wemo

Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanogona sei kuita basa remitemo yehurumende kunoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kutsigira zvavanoda uye kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vanzi vatevedzere mitemo yehurumende.

Kuonana navaiti vemitemo ndeimwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa idzo vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera nadzo muitiro wemitemo. Shanyo dzerunhare, maemail, tsamba, uye misangano inobvumira vamiriri kutaura mirangariro yavo pamusoro pomutemo unomirira ndokukurudzira vamiriri vavo kuvhota nzira dzakati. Nepo vawirirani voga vangaratidzika kuva vasingakoshi, vaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo vanopa ngwariro kukurukurirano dzemitemo, zvikurukuru apo vanhu vazhinji vanosvika hofisi pamusoro penhau imwe cheteyo.

Matare anowanzokoka uchapupu hwepachena pazvikwereti zvinokosha, uye vagari vemo vanogona kukumbira mikana yokupupurira kana kunyora mashoko akanyorwa nokuda kwenhau dzemitemo uye anogona kudzora mafungiro anoita vaiti vemitemo panyaya idzi.

Kutora rutivi munhimbe dzokuvamba kwouswa hunorongwa namapoka ezvimuko namasangano okushandisa zvirongwa zvokunyengera kunobvumira vagari vemo kukumbanira nhamburiko dzakabatana kupesvedzera mutemo. iyi nhimbe dzinobatanidza nzanga, kuronga misangano neratidziro, uye kuunganidza vavhoti panhau dzakati. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachinetseka pamusoro pepesvedzero yefariro dzakarongwa, kushambadzira kwouswa kunogona kukudza manzwi evagari vemo ndokuratidzira ukuru hwetsigiro kana kuti kushora mutemo.

Kupa basa musarudzo kunoramba kuri chimiro chikurusa chokutora rutivi mugadziriro yomutemo. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vamiriri vanogoverana mipimo yavo nezvakatangira, vagari vemo vanoumba kuumbwa kweCongress nepesvedzero izvo nhau dzinogamuchira ngwariro uye nzira iyo dzinotaurwa nayo. Kuisa mitemo kuzvidavirira kunogovera chekero inokosha pahurumende inomirira uye kuvimbisa kuti vaiti vemitemo vanofanira pakupedzisira kupindura kumativi avo.

Kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro penhau dzemitemo uye nzvimbo dzavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muudzori hwehurumende.Kurava nhau, kutevera zviitiko zvemisangano, kuhwirudzura mapepa okuvhota, uye kuva nemirangariro yakasiyana panhau dzemitemo zvose zvinoparira kukwanisa kwevagari vemo vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kuita zvisarudzo zvakanaka pamusoro pemitemo navaiti vemitemo.

Kupedzisa: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunoramba Kuripo Kwokuita Mitemo

Muitiro uyo mutengo unova mutemo unoratidzira nheyo dzinokosha dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica: kumirira, kurangarira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuyera nokudzikama. Muitiro wakaoma, wezvikuva zvakawanda unovimbisa kuti mutemo unorangarirwa zvikuru mumirangariro mizhinji usati wava mutemo. Nepo uyu mutoo wechisarudzo chokuchenjera unogona kuva unokangaidza apo chiito chokukurumidzira chinoratidzika kuva chiri madikanwa, unobatira madonzo anokosha mukudzivisa zvisarudzo zvokukurumidzira, kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti fariro dzakasiana - siana dzine mikana yokunzwa.

Gadziriro yemitemo inopfuurira kuita chimwe chinhu mukuchinja kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, magadzirirwo eruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye denho dzinobuda. Nharo pamusoro pemirau yevana, miitiro yedare, zvinodikanwa zvokuoneka, uye basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika dzinoratidzira nhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzedzikamisa kusanoita nokurangarira, ruzhinji ruchitonga nekodzero shoma, uye kukwanisa kudzora nounyanzvi. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wacho unoshanda sei nhasi, nepo uchinzwisisa kufambira mberi kwawo kwenhau uye kuchinja kungabvira, zvinokosha kumunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende yeAmerica kana kuti kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muupenyu hwevagari vemo.

Kuvanhu, kunzwisisa muitiro wemitemo hakusi kungovawo zvako kurovedza kwedzidzo asi kudikanwa kunoshanda kwokutora rutivi runobudirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Kuziva kuti zvikwereti zvinova sei mitemo inozivisa kuti ndepapi uye kuti ingava nesimba rakadini, kuti zviito zvipi zvingabatsira sei kuti pave nemigumisiro yakabatana. Zvingava kutsigira mutemo wakananga, kuita kuti vamiririri vazvimiriri vazvidavire, kana kuti kungoramba vachiziva nezvezviito zvehurumende, vagari vemo vanonzwisisa muitiro wemitemo vanokwanisa zviri nani kuita mabasa avo mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende.

Nzira yegweta rakabva kupfungwa yokutanga yokugadza mutemo haiwanzova nyore kana kuti yakananga. Inobatanidza zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvevatambi vakawanda, zvinoratidzira fariro dzinokwikwidzana netsika, uye zvinoda nhamburiko dzinopfuurira nounyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika kuti zvishande nenzira inobudirira. Bva uyu muitiro wakaoma wakabudisa mitemo iyo inoumba nzanga yeAmerica, yakananga denho dzenyika, uye inoumba upenyu hwamamirioni avanhu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, tinowana nzwisiso mumashandire edemocracy uye mashandire atinogona kuita kuti ishande zviri nani.

Mamwe Mari Yokudzidza Zvakawanda

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro womutemo nanotevera mubato wesangano, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. Mawebsite epamutemo e Imba yeVamiririri ( www.house.gov] ) uye [[FLT]] SATE www.senate.

Office yeHofisi yeHwenze reProjekiti inobudisa mishumo ine udzame panhau dzemitemo nemiitiro yemitemo, mizhinji yayo inowanika kupfurikidza neCongress.gov kana kuti mamwe manyuko avose. Office yeHofisi yeZuva reNjenganiso yeZvoruzhinji [ inobudisa zvikarakadzo zvendyiko nenzvero dzemari izvo zvinojekesa miraudzo. Masangano akasiana-nza asingatendi mibato yemitengo uye anofunga kuti anodzorosaidzo inogovera, tsinhiro, uye kudzokororwa kunowirirana nenhau dzakananga.

Masangano enhau anobatanidza Congress anogovera kushuma kwezuva nezuva pamusoro pezviitiko zvemitemo, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye nharo dzemiitiro.Kutevera kubatanidzwa kwesangano kunobetsera vagari vemo kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pebasa remitemo razvino uno ndokunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza zvamatongerwe enyika akapoteredza zvikwereti zvikuru. Kubatanidzwa namanyuko akasiana - siana enhau uye mirangariro kunopa chiono chakakwana zvikuru chenhau dzemitemo uye nharo pamativi akasiana - siana.

Kupfurikidza nokushandisa izvi zvinhu nokubatanidzwa nokushingaira nomuitiro wemitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kufambira mberi kupfuura kucherekedza kwokusangwarira kuti vave vatori rutivi vanoziva muudzori hwehurumende yehurumende.