Hwaro: Mavimbo Epfungwa Anova Sei Bhiziro

Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unovamba sechinetso mukuda chigadzikiso. Pfungwa yomutemo inogona kumuka mumanyuko akawanda: kunyunyuta kwomutezo, rumbidzo yebasa, kufarira chaiko kweboka, kana kuti kutanga kwomuiti wemitemo. MuUnited States, mutezo upi noupi weCongress unogona kusuma muterudzo muimba yavo yakasiyana (Imba kana kuti Dare), nepo mumitemo yeparamende, zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinobva kubazu revakuru vakuru. Rwendo runobva kune iri rekutanga kuenda kutsika inodzoresa yomufambiro wakareba uye wakanangidzirwa, yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kusanongurirwa nokufara.

Muitiro wemitemo unotanga nomutsetse wepepa. Zano remitemo rinobetsera kuchinja pfungwa yemitemo kuva mutauro wapamutemo. Kana rangotangwa, gwaro rinogoverwa nhamba (g., H. 1 kana kuti S. 123) uye rinonongedzera ku [[FLT:] inteeuty [ noudzo pamusoro penhau. Matare anobatira pamutemo.

Nzira yakafanana mukamuri rechipiri, nomusiyano mumwe wakakomba: kamuri rechipiri ringapfuudza shanduro yaro rimene, ichida dare rokuyananisa kuyananisa misiyano. Iyi kurukurirano yebucameral chiratidzo chokurangarira kwakasimba. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwokupedzisira kunofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana pamberi pokutumirwa kumukuru wehurumende.

Mukuru Mukuru Webasa Anoongorora: Kubvumirwa, Veto, Kana Kuti Kusaita Zvaanotaura

Apo bhiridha rinosvika mukuru mukuru wehurumende ($Kunyange Mutungamiriri weUnited States, gavhuna wehurumende, kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende) muitiro wokuita mutemo unopinda nhanho yawo huru yechipiri. Mutungamiriri ane zvisarudzo zvitatu zvebumbiro remitemo, chimwe nechimwe chine miuyo yakasiana:

  • Kuisa chiratidzo mumutemo: Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wakananga zvikurusa. Mutemo unova chiito chechigaro chemitemo uye unogoverwa nhamba yomutemo wavose. Mutungamiriri anowanzoita mutambo wokusaina kuti aratidze revo yomutemo mutsva.
  • Mutungamiriri anodzosa mutongo kunzvimbo inobva neshoko reveto rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Congress inogona kudzora kuvhota netutatu mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Ichi chiitiko chechienzi.
  • Pocket veto (U.S. akapoteredza wehurumende): Kana Dare richipinzwa mukati mamazuva gumi (Mazuva okurega) okupa mutezo kuPurezidhendi, uye Purezidhendi haaiti chiito, mutemo hausati uchizova mutemo. Purezidhendi anouraya nomutoo ukwu pasina chivako chapamutemo chokuti Congress aigona kudzorwa. Kana Congress ikaramba iri murusando, kusaita mukuita mukupa mutemo wacho muchivakwa kwamazuva gumi.

Simba reveto icherekedzo yakakomba pakunzverwa kwemitemo, asi rinoratidzirawo nheyo yebumbiro remitemo ya kurongwa kwamasimba . Basa romukuru mukuru harisi kumutemo werabha asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti inowirirana nefariro huru dzenyika, mitemo yebumbiro remitemo, uye kusadzoreka. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamusoro pokuumba kwaita mutemo weAmerica, ona Dare renhau redare.

Kubva Pakuumbwa Kusvika Pakudzorwa: Mubati Unodzora

Kana mutemo wangoitwa, basa racho harina kupera. Mitemo mizhinjisa inonyorwa mumitsetse mirefu, ichipa chiremera kumasangano ehurumende kuti azadze udzame kupfurikidza ne kugadzira murairo . Apa ndipo apo kuchinja kubva pamutemo kuenda kukuchengetwa zvirokwazvo. Somuenzaniso, Ceather Air Act inogadza mipimo yetsika yemhepo yamarudzi ose, asi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inofanira kupa mirau yakananga kurondedzera kuti mipimo iyoyo inoyerwa, inodzorwa, inobatwa sei, uye yaitwa.

Muitiro wokuisa mitemo muUnited States unodzorwa ne Administrative Procedure Act (APA) uye zvikurukuru unotevera aya matanho:

  1. [ Kunzvera nokukura: vashandi veAgency vanofunda donzo romutemo, kuunganidza mashoko esayenzi nezvemari, uye kubvunza vabhengi.
  2. chibvumirano chinenge chataurwa: Sangano racho rinobudisa Ziviso yokuitwa kwomutemo (NPRM) mu REBS] REBS[, richikoka tsinhiro yavose nokuda kwenhambo yakatarwa (inowanzo 30-60 mazuva).
  3. Nhambo yetsinhiro: Vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, mapoka ezviwaro, uye mamwe masangano ehurumende anopa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa. Zviteshi zvinofanira kuhwirudzura ndokupindura kutsinhiro dzinokosha mumutemo wokupedzisira.
  4. chirevo chokupedzisira: Sangano rinobudisa murairo wokupedzisira mu [ Féderal Register, pamwe chete nediscuro inotsanangura kuti yakataura sei tsinhiro dzavose. Mutezo unowanzoita mazuva 30 gare gare.
  5. Kubatanidza: Murairo wacho unobatanidzwa muBumbiro reMitemo yeFederal (CFR).

Iyi nhano inogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore uye inobatanidza kutora rutivi kukuru. Chimiro chakakomba chedemocracy chinobvumira avo vanotapurwa nomutemo kuumba kuitwa kwayo. Mitemo.gov partoal[ inogovera kusvika kuzviuru zvemirau iri kumira uye yokupedzisira yaidzorwa mumasangano omubatanidzwa.

Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvine Simba: Ndiani Anomanikidza Chii?

Masangano akasiyana - siyana ane zvirevo zvakasiyana - siyana, zviremera, uye zvishandiso zvokuchengetedza. Kunzwisisa masangano acho chinhu chinokosha kuti unzwisise kuti mutemo unofamba sei kubva papepa kuenda kukuita.

  • [ mitemo yeTax inomanikidzirwa neInternational Revenue Service (IRS), inogona kuongorora kudzorwa, faindi, uye kutanga kurovererwa mhosva.
  • Mitemo yekotsekano yebasa inowira pasi peOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), iyo inonzvera kushanda nenhau dzinotaurwa.
  • [ mirau yetsika inomanikidzirwa neEPA kupfurikidza nemvumo, kunzverwa, uye zvirairo zvokutarisira.
  • Zvokudya nekotsekano yemirimo inzvimbo yeFoood and Drug Administration (FDA), iyo inoitisa kunzverwa kwenzvimbo uye inogona kutora zvinhu zvakashatiswa.

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rinogadzira nhungamiro dzaro rimene dzinotevedzerwa uye zvivako zvemari [, kazhinji kazhinji zvakagadzirirwa kuukombi hwekuputsa uye ukuru hwechakaipa. Iyi nhungamiro inobudiswa uye inofanira kushandiswa nguva dzose kudzivisa kudzikamisa.

Kushanda Nesimba: Kuongorora, Kutsvakurudza, uye Kupiwa Mubhadharo

Kumanikidza inhano inokosha umo mirairo yapamutemo isina kujeka inova miuyo inooneka.

Kuongorora

Kuongorora kunokosha pakudzivisa nokukurumidza kuonekwa. Zvirongwa zvinoshandisa mhatsa yezvishandiso: kuongorora kwenguva dzose, kuzvishuma, mari inodzorwa neriva, kuongorora mashoko, uye kuongorora. Somuenzaniso, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) inoona basa rokutengesa mashandiro emiitiro yokunyumwira ichishandisa zvishandiso zvescretal. Nenzira yakafanana, madhipatimendi ezvoutano anoita kunzverwa kusingatarisika kwemaresitorendi kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti maererano nemitemo yokudzivirira zvokudya.

Nzvero

Apo kunzvera kunozivisa kutyorwa kunobvira, kana kuti apo nyunyuto inoiswa, masangano anotanga nzvero. Vanzveri vanounganidza ufakazi kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro zvechinyorwa, bvunzurudzo, zviputsi, uye pazvinoitika zvakaoma. Muzvinoitika zvakaoma, masangano angabatirana nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, zvakadai seFBI kana kuti magweta makuru ehurumende. Nharidzano ndeyokuvaka chinyorwa chechokwadi chakakwana kusarudza kana kupunza kwakaitika uye kusvikira kutambanuko.

Kubhadharwa Nokugadziriswa Kwacho

Kana kuputsa kwangobvumikiswa bedzi, masangano ane nhevedzano yechisarudzo chokuchengeta. izvozvi zvinogona kubatanidza:

  • [ Zvirango zvokutarisira:[ Bhegi, rezinesi, rega zvirango, kana kuti kubviswa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchengetwa kwechibvumirano: Kuedza kungapa mhaka vapunzi vedare rehurumende kuti vawane mirairo kana kuti kuvadziko yemari.
  • Kupomera mhaka: Nokuda kwokuputsa kwamaune kana kuti kwokusatendeseka, masangano anonongedzera nhau kuBato roRuramisiro nokuda kwepomero dzoutsotsi, idzo dzinogona kutungamirira kukuiswa mutorongo.

Chirango chinoshanda mabasa ose ari maviri okuranga nokudzivisa. pamutemo zvinotaura chirango inheyo huru yapamutemo; masangano anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvirango zvinokodzera kukura kwokuputsa. Nokuda kwokutarira kwokudzikama masangano ehurumende anoverenga zvirango zvemari, ona [ chirango chokugadzirisa tafura [[[FLT]]

Basa Revafundisi: Kududzira uye Kuisa Mitemo Mune Mazano

Dare hariiti kuti mitemo iende kumatare, asi rinotsanangura uye rinoona zvinoitwa nemasangano uye mitemo.

Misangano mikuru yokutonga inosanganisira:

  • Tsananguro yezvokudzora: Apo revo yomutemo inojeka, matare anopedza gakava kupfurikidza nokunzvera rugwaro, nhau yemitemo, uye vavariro. Ikoku kwakakurumbira zvikurukuru apo mapato avanhu kana kuti masangano anodzorwa anodenha zviito zvokuchengeta.
  • Kuhwirudzura kwechibvumirano: Kana mutemo uchidenhwa sekuputsa Bumbiro remitemo (zvikurukuru, kudzongonyedza kutaura kwakasununguka kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana), matare ane simba rokuurova. Uku ndiko kunzvera kwokupedzisira pasimba remitemo.
  • Kuhwirudzura kwoutarisiri: MuAPA, matare anohwirudzura zviito zvesangano nokuita kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti hazvisi zvokuzvidira, zvechipameso, kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Uyu mupimo unocherekedzwa zvikuru, asi unogovera vazhetesi vanokosha mukurwisana nesangano rinonyengera.

Nhau dzakakwirira dzakafanana ne Chavevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. [1992] dzakatanga gadziriro yokuzviisa pasi kwedare kududziro dzemitemo dzinotemwa nenzira isina kujeka dzemitemo(a dzidziso yakaumba kudzika mutemo kwamakumi amakore. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu ] West Virginia v. EPA [202])) yakazivisa chinjo kunzverwa kworumano kwamabasa makuru, ichisimbisa kuti Dare rinofanira kutaura zvakajeka pamapfundo makuru ezveezvero nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kungwarira Vanhu uye Kushandira: Zvinoitwa Nevanhu

Mutemo unoshanda bedzi sokuda kwavanhu namano okuteerera. Ndiko uko kurava nokunyora kwapamutemo uye zvinova zvinotsoropodza. Masangano anomanikidza anoisa mari yakawanda mudzidzo nenhungamiro kubetsera vagari vemo namabhizimisi kunzwisisa misengwa yavo.

Hurumende dzinoshandisa mazano anoverengeka kusimudzira kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira:

  • Tsananguro dzomutauro dzinooneka: Mitemo inobudisa mapepa eidi, FAQs, uye vatungamiriri vanoshandurira chidhindo chepamutemo mumutauro wezuva riri rose.
  • zvinoitika zvokupedzisa: Marobha, mahotera, uye horo dzemataundi zvinobvumira vadzori kutsanangura zvinodikanwa zvitsva nemhinduro mibvunzo.
  • Mumaturusi ari paIndaneti: mahotera, macolculator, uye zvirongwa zvokuongorora kuti zvitevedzerwa zvinobatsira vanhu kuti vaongorore chimiro chavo chepamutemo.
  • Kuparwa kwenzvimbo namasangano enzanga: Mhindu dzisingabetseri, zvikoro, uye masangano ezvokutengeserana zvinogona kubatira senzvimbo dzinovimbwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavagari vemo vasina dziviriro.

Apo kuzivikanwa navanhu kunenge kwakaderera, kunyange gadziriro yakarongwa zvakanaka zvikurusa yokuchengetera mapurisa icharwisana. Somuenzaniso, mabhizimisi maduku akawanda anoputsa mitemo yamabasa asingazivi nemhaka bedzi yokuti haazivi nezvemitemo yazvino uno nemirau yeawa. Kuzivisa nokudaro kunoderedza kudikanwa kwokuchengetwa kwokuranga uye kuvaka chivimbo pakati pavanhu nehurumende.

Matambudziko Mumuchina Wokufambisa Mabhodhi

Nzira inobva pamitemo kuenda kumitemo haiwanzova yakanaka. Zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinopfuurira zvinogona kukanganisa kana kuti kunetesa simba romutemo:

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Masangano anomanikidzira anodzorwa nguva dzose nemitemo yawo. IRS, somuenzaniso, yakawana bhajeti yayo yokushandisa kupfuurira nokudzorwa neinenge 20% mumakore gumi apfuura (yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo), kuchitungamirira kukuderera kukuru kwemitengo inoongororwa. Nenzira yakafanana, OSHA ine vaongorori vakakwana kushanyira nzvimbo imwe neimwe pabasa rimwe nerimwe pasi pesimba rayo kamwe chete makore 130 ari ose. Pasina zvishandiso zvakakwana, masangano anofanira kuisa chiverengero chakakomba zvikurusa, achisiya zvikanganidzo zvizhinji zvisina mhaka.

Matambudziko Epamutemo Nokunyengedzwa

Mitemo inodzorwa kana kuti isina kunaka inokumbira kudzorwa nokunonozeka. Masangano anodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji anodenha dudziro dzamasangano mudare, achibatanidza pfuma kwamakore. Ubati ushe hwepamutemo hunogonawo kuparira zviteshi zvakakotsekana [ zvakakotsekana izvo vatambi vanoshandisa zvisakafanira. Kujeka, mutauro wakarurama unoderedza idzi ngozi, asi kunoda kunyora nokungwarira uye kuchenjera.

Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kuisa zvinhu pakutanga kunogona kuchinja zvikuru nokuchinja kwegadziriro. Purezidhendi mutsva angatungamirira masangano kuti ave nechimiro chokuchengetedza chinoregeredza kana kuti chokudenha. Nepo mwero wakati wenhungamiro yezvamatongerwe enyika wapamutemo, kuchinja kwapakarepo kunogona kuparira kusava nechokwadi uye kusekesa kutevedzerwa kwenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kudzoreka kwekuchengetwa kwemhoteredzo pasi peimwe hurumende kuteverwa nokudzokororwazve pasi pechinotevera kunogona kuvhiringidza mamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa ndokushatisa mutemo.

Kuvimba Nehurumende uye Kururamisira

Kana vagari vemo vakarangarira kuchengetwa sekwakaipa, kusarura, kana kuti ushati, havawanzowirirana nokuzvidira. Zviitiko zvikuru zvemapurisa zvokusazvibata kana kuti kubatwa kwebumbiro remitemo zvinogona kukuvadza kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro dzose dzokuchengeta. Kuvakazve chivimbo kunoda kuonana, kuzvidavirira, uye kushandiswa kwechirango kunowirirana mumapoka ose enzanga.

Mugumo: Chirango Chokururamisira

Nzira yeruramisiro haisi mutsetse wakarurama kubva mukamuri remitemo kuenda kudare. Rwendo rwakasiyana- siyana runobatanidza kurangarira navanogadzira mitemo, kushandurwa navakuru vakuru, kungwarira kunoitwa navamanikidzi, kududzirwa navatongi, uye kugamuchirwa navagari vemo. Chikuva chimwe nechimwe chinopa mikana yokunatswa uye mhinganidzo dzinogona kudzivisa donzo romutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi rwendo runokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mumutemo, muitiro, kana kuti upenyu hwehurumende.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kudzidzisa chikarakadzo chakazara kurovereza, kunobetsera vadzidzi vanoona mutemo kwete segadziriro yakabatana yeganhuriro asi segadziriro mhenyu yakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zvavanhu zvisingaverengeki. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, unozivisa ukoshi hwokutora rutivi: kutsinhira pamirau inokarakadzwa, kuvhota nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo vanoronga misengwa yemitemo, uye kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pemisengwa yomutemo. Mutemo unotsamira pakuvimbisa kushingaira kwechibvumirano chiri chose muiyi nhevedzano.

Sezvo nzanga dzinochinja, miitiro yokuita mitemo nokuchengeta mitemo ichapfuurira kugadziridza. Ruzivo rutsva, rwakadai sematurusi okuteerera anodzorwa neai adzororwa kuti zvinyorerwe, dzinovimbisa kuchengetwa kunyange sezvadzinogadzira mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo. Asi nheyo huru dzinoita kuti pave nenhevedzano, ruramisiro, uye kuzvidavirira.