Zvipupuriro zvevanzwi veCongress zvinobatira samanyuko makuru anokosha anovhenekera mabasa omukati ehurumende yeUnited States. Zvinobata tsinhano dzakananga pakati pavaiti vemitemo, zvapupu, uye nyanzvi panhau dzinovambira pachengeteko yenyika kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu. Kunzvera izvi zvipupuriro kunogonesa vadzidzi, vatsvakurudzi, uye varonze vavagari vemo kuti vapfuure kupfuura mishumo yenhau yenhano yekare uye kuti vakudziridze kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kwemaitiro emitemo, kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvenhau zvinoitwa sei. Zvinyorwa izvi hazvisi zvisi zvisi zvisiwo mashoko chete asi zvakapfumiswa, zvinozivisa zvinhu zvinokosha, kupesana, uye zvinokanganisa zvinorondedzera muitiro wemitemo. Kududzira mapupuriro aya unyanzvi hunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kuita nokungwarira muhurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika.

Kunzwisisa Zviri Mukati

Kuisa uchapupu hwacho mumashoko ahwo akakodzera kunokosha kuti ududzire zvakarurama. Pasina kunzwisisa uku kwenheyo, zviri nyore kuverenga mashoko asina kunyatsojeka kana kuti kupotsa zvinhu zvinonyanya kushanda pakutamba.

Kutsigira Kwenhau Nekwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwa kuri kwose kunoitika munguva yakati munhau. Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenguva ino(hwungava inhambo yehondo, kuderera kwemari, kusagadzikana kwenzanga, kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwemibatanidzwa yezvemari) nenzira yapamutemo inopesvedzera zvose zviri zviviri mibvunzo yakabvunzwa navaiti vemitemo nemhinduro dzinopiwa nezvapupu. Somuenzaniso, uchapupu mukati mokutonga kweWatergate muma 1970 zvakanga zviri mubatanidzwa usingachinjiki nenjodzi yechiremera chehurumende, nepo izvo mukati menhambo yemari ya2008 zvakaumbwa nokutya kuputsika kwemari. Kunzwisisa nhau huru dzenguva inobvunzwa navanorwisana nehondo yeRekostigation, serwisano yeChivi, kana kuti kukwira kweNhamba yemitengo yeInter, zvinogovera magiramuro yezvipupuriro kupfurikidza nerevo zvamarevo.

Chinangwa uye Manzwi

Kutongwa kweCongress hakusi zviitiko zvakafanana. Vanogona kuita zvinangwa zvakasiyana: kugarira nzeve kunovavarira kuwana maidi, kutarira dare rinoona nezvekuitwa kwemitemo iripo, kunzwa kwemitemo kunoungana mubatanidzwa pamabhiri akakarakadzwa, uye kubvumikiswa kuyera magumo edare. Kunzwa pamberi pedare rine simba seDare reDare reMuzinda rinoshanda zvakasiyana nokunzwa pamberi pedare riri pasi pechikamu chehurumende kana kuti dare chairo rakasarudzwa. Kuzivisa donzo rokunzwa kunoyera zvigaro zvenzvimbo zvokutonga. Kurongwa nemiranomira pamberi pedare zvine simba zvinenge zvichiitika.

Kuzvidza Chapupu neDare

Mamiriro ezvinhu uye unyanzvi hwechapupu zvacho ndezvekutsoropodza. Chapupu chacho mukuru mukuru wehurumende, mukuru mukuru wekambani, nyanzvi yedzidzo, mupfuri weriva, kana kuti mugari wemo asingazivikanwi here? Mumwe nomumwe anouya nevavariro dzakasiyana, masangano, uye mwero yokuzvidavirira. Nenzira yakafanana, kunzvera mitezo yedare yavo, mabasa edare, fariro dzeruwa rwepamusha, uye mashoko akare pamusoro penhau yacho.

Kuongorora Zviri Mukati

Izvi hazvingorevi kungopfupikisa zvakataurwa; zvinoda kugadzirisa pfungwa, uchapupu, uye mutauro zvinoda kuongororwa.

Kuziva Kukakavadzana Nezvinotaurwa

Tanga nokuziva mashoko makuru echapupu. Mashoko api makuru avanoedza kupa? Vari kudzivirira muitiro, kutsigira kuchinja, nyevero yetyisidziro, kana kuti kururamisa zviito zvomunguva yakapfuura? Tarira mashoko echidhindo, anowanzopiwa mumashoko okutanga echapupu. Mashoko aya akanyorwa, anowanzopiwa pamberi pokunzwa, akagadzirira zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji ane mashoko akakwana enharo. Muchikamu chakatevera Q&A, cherechedza kuti chapupu chinoita sei mudzvinyiriro yechapupu (hmhinoro inonamatira kumashoko azvo okutanga, chikwaningo, kana kuti kuzivisa mashoko matsva.

Uchapupu Hunopesana uye Hunoratidza Zvinhu

Zvitayera zvinofanira kutsigirwa noufakazi. Kunyora mashoko, fundo, chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye magwaro anonongedzerwa nechapupu. Ufakazi hunobvumwa, nguva pfupi yapfuura, uye hwakafanira here? Ko zvikarakadzo zvemifungo zvakasanonyorwa? Somuenzaniso, kutaura kuti "utsotsi huri panzvimbo dzakaderera dzenhau" kungava kutsausa kwechokwadi asi kungava kunyengera kana uchapupu huri kupupurira pamusoro peguta rakati apo utsotsi huri kukwira. Uyewo, inoyera chimiro chine mufungo chenharo dzamashoko avo. Vari kushandisa kurangarira kune mufungo, kana kuti vari kutsamira panhema senharo dzouswa dzoushati, kana kuti zvikumbiro kuchiremera icho chinofuratira nhau yacho? Uku kunzvera kurava kwapamusoro kubva mukunzvera kune revo.

Kurava Pakati Pemitsetse: Tone, Mutauro Womuviri, uye Zvisarudzo Zvomutauro

Mashoko anoshandiswa muuchapupu ane simba guru. Nzwisisa kunzwika kwemanzwi echapupu, kupesana, kana kuti chivimbo? Tarira mashoko anokosha uye mashoko anoratidza kusarura, zvakadai se "radical," "acipon," "partisan," kana kuti "asina kumboonekwa". Kushandiswa kwenzwi rinoshanda nerouchapupu kunogonawo kuratidza kukanganisa mutoro (g., "Misbates akaitwa"). Indakaita vhidhiyo kana kuti manzwi akanyorwa. Kumira, kumira, kana kuti kutarisa pakamera. Uku kunyora mashoko kunowedzera kujeka.

Kucherechedza Chisipo

Kunokosha zvakafanana sezvinotaurwa zvinosiiwa. Pane mibvunzo iri pachena here iyo chapupu chinodzivisa kupindura? Pane maidi kana kuti mifungo izvo zviri pachena zvisipo muuchapupu hwavo here? Uku kuisa mashoko akapoteredza" kunogona kuva kunoratidzira sezviri mukati. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pamusoro pebetsero dzemushonga mutsva kungarega kukurukura ndyiko yawo yakakwirira kana kuti miuyo yakakomba. Muongorori ane unyanzvi anodudza aya maburi acho uye anobvunza chikonzero nei angavapo.

Kududzira Zvinorehwa

Kuongorora zviri mukati kunongova mavambo chete; kukosha kwechokwadi kunobva mukududzira zvinorehwa nezvarinoreva uye zvazvinoita.

Kuongorora Kukanganiswa Kwomutemo uye Kushandiswa Kwawo

Mumwe wemibato mikuru yedare ndewokuzivisa muitiro wemitemo. Bvunza: Chipupuriro ichi chakapesvedzera zvakananga here mutengi? Chakatungamirira kunzvero itsva here, chinjo mumutemo, kana kuti kurira kwavose? Nzvera zvakaitika pashure pokunzwa. Ko dare racho rabudisa mushumo here? Kutaura kwechapupu kwakasimbiswa pachena kana kuti kutsigirwa nezvinoitika zvapashure? Somuenzaniso, chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vezvoruzivo pamusoro pokupindwa muropa nevezenyungurukidzani zvakatungamirira zvakananga kuzvidimbudzo zvakawanda zvemitemo yakakarakadzwa mumitezo yakasiana - siana. Kunzvera cheketani yedare kubva muchipupuriro kusvikira kuchiito charo kuratidzira simba raro chairoiro renyika.

Simba Risingabudiriri Rinoita Kuti Simba Rive Nesimba uye Rinonyengera Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kunzwa kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika inorongwa nokungwarira. Iwo mabanza avanoronga mitemo kunyora mapfundo ezvematongerwe enyika, kumira kukuru nokuda kwemakamera, kana kuti kunzvera utera muboka rinotonga kana kuti rinoshora. Kududzira zvinoreva kuzivisa simba irori. Imitezoi yedare iri kudzora kubvunzurudza? Ndiani ari kudzivirirwa, uye ndiani ari kurwiswa? Tarira pakugoverwa kwenguva: nguva yakawanda sei nenhengo dzapamusoro dzinoshandiswa kuenzaniswa navamwe?

Kurangarira Murangariro Wavose Newezvinobudisa Nhau

Kunzwa kweCongress zviitiko zvinooneka zvikuru. Zvinofukidzwa sei nezvinobudisa nhau? Ko chinyorwa chinonangidzira ngwariro panzwi chairo, kurwisana kunoshamisa, kana kuti kurukurirano yapamberi penhau here? Nzwisiso yavose youchapupu, yakacherwa munzvimbo inotepfenyura nhau, inogona kusiana zvikuru neredhiyo chaiyoiyo. Muongorori anofanira kurangarira kuti ufakazi hunoiswa ndokupedzwa sei navateereri vakasiana. Nguva yakafuratirwa zvikuru nomumwe mutengi mukuru wenhau ingava musoro wenhau. Kunzwisisa uyu mutambo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzvera pesvedzero yezvipupuriro paruzhinji uye kurukurirano yenyika.

Kufunga Kunonyanya Kukosha Nemano Akakwirira

Kuongorora zvakadzama kunoda unyanzvi hwakakwirira kupfuura hwekarekodhwa.

Kuongorora Kunoenzana Kwakaita Zvapupu

Kunzwa hakuwanzova nechapupu chimwe chete. Kuenzanisa uye kupesana kwezvipupuriro zvakawanda panhau imwe cheteyo ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvemichina. Tsvaka nzvimbo dzebvumirano nepokupokanidzana. Ko nyanzvi dzakasiyana - siyana dzinotsigira here zvinhu zvakafanana? Ko unyanzvi uhwu hunobatsira kuziva pari kubvumirana uye papi panenge pane kupesana. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze kunowanzokanganisa musayendisiti wemamiriro okunze neasina kubvumirana; kuenzanisa uchapupu hwavo, zvipupuriro, uye nzira dzokupindura zvinobatsira zvikuru kurayiridza.

Kuwana Chinonetsa

Rangarira kunzwa kumwe chete sorutivi rwenhauro hurusa ingava yakareba mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore. Chipupuriro chingava mavambo enhau mugadziriro, kana kuti ingava nguva yenhambo yenzvero refu. Rangarira kuti ufakazi hunowirirana sei nenguva yezvinoitika. Uku kunzwa nguva yokutanga apo vanhu vakanzwa ufakazi hwakati, kana kuti kwakanga kuri kusimbiswa kwamashoko akatopiwa kumuchina wokutsikirira? Kunzwisisa mativi enhau nekanhu kenhu, kukakavadzano, uye kugadziridza kujeka kwechimwe chinhu padonzo renzwi nero.

Kuziva Nzira YeZvapupu Nemhosho

Zvapupu zvinopinda mukamuri rinonzwa nenzira yokushandisa nzira. Zvingave zvakagadzira nzvimbo yakamanikana "yakakotsekana" yemibvunzo yazvinoda kupindura, uye zvichaedza kudzivisa kutsauka kunze kwaro. Muongorori ane unyanzvi anocherechedza apo chapupu chiri kubvunza mubvunzo, chichishandisa "hayi mhinduro," kana kuti kukumbira kuramba kwemashoko anoramba achitaurwa se "ndisingagoni kupindura pamusoro pekunzvera kunopfuurira. Zviwanire mashoko aya anonzwika zvikuru kana kuti anokuvadza. Uyewo, tsvaka kusabvumirana mukati mukati mechipupuriro kana kuti pakati pemashoko avo avose.

Kushandisa Kunoshanda Nenzvero Yenyaya

Kushandisa kunzwa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kana kuti kwakakurumbira sefundo yenhau kunogona kuunza gadziriro dzemifungo kuupenyu.

Fundo Yenhau: Chipupuriro Chomupunzi Wevhu

Rangarira chipupuriro 2019 chomupfuri mukuru mukati mokunzvera kwokunzvera kwapafoni kuna Purezidhendi Donald Trump. Kunzvera kwamashoko kwaizocherekedza mugariro wenzvimbo wenguva, sarudzo iri kuuya, uye basa renzanga yenjere. Chikamu chamashoko chaizonangidzira ngwariro papomero dzakananga dzechipokano chepiyano yefoni, ufakazi hwezhetembo, uye zivo yakananga yechapupu. Kutsanangura kwaizonzvera kuti chipupuriro chakapiwa sei nezvinobudisa mashoko zvakasiyana-kasiana uye muuyo wacho pavhoti yenhau yeNhayi yeimba. Iyi nhau yefundo inoisa ngwariro pamifungo yakakwirira nemapoka makuru anogona kuratidzira kunzwa kwedare.

Kuongorora Vanenge Vaitwa: Kutarisira Kunoita Kuti Vanzwe Vasakurumidza Kunzwa

Tarira pamuenzaniso worudzi rwakasiana rwokunzwa, zvakadai sokunzwa kwomuitiro kuhurumende yesangano rehurumende yakadai seFederal Reserve kana kuti Environmental Protection Agency. Pano, mashoko akapoteredza anobatanidza nharo huru dzemiitiro younyanzvi. Nzvero dzinganangidzira ngwariro pamishumo inopiwa nejeko remari, nhamba dzevatsigiri, kana kuti bhajeti. Kududzira kunganzvera kana sangano riri kuzadzika donzo raro serinoitirwa neCongress uye kuti zviratidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinochinja sei mukuita kana kuti murairo. Rudzi urwu rwokunzwa harusi chinhu chinoshamisa zvikuru asi runopesvedzera zvakananga pakuitwa kwemiitiro yemitemo kupfuura kunzvera kukuru.

Kukudziridza Chishandiso Chako Umene Chokushandisa

Kuva nyanzvi, tanga nenzvero yakarongeka. Tanga nerokunzvera: Hofisi yokunzwa nedare, uchapupu hwenhau dzakaitika, kutaura kukuru noufakazi, zvakacherekedza manzwi nemirangariro, nguva dzokunzvenga, uye pfupi yokududzira kwako. Shandisa maturusi akafanana ne GovInfo inobva kuU. Office yokubudisa mashoko kuti usvike munhepfenyuro yakazara kubva muna 103rd Congress kupfuurira. Rondera, unzwe kwenguva pfupi, ipapo ushande kusvikira kuzviitiko zvakawanda nezvikamu zvizhinji. Munguva ino, muitiro uyu uchava worudzi rwechipiri, uye uchakwanisa kubudisa kunzvera kunopfuura zvikuru.

Zviwanikwa Zvokutsvakurudzazve

Kuvaka paunyanzvi hwataurwa pano kunoda kuwana manyuko akanaka uye muitiro unopfuurira.

Raibhurari yeCongress inogovera muunganidzwa mukuru wezvinyorwa zvenhau zvokunzwa nezvinyorwa zvakafanana. Mitemo yavo yemitauro inonzverwa nenhau, dare, uye musi. Nokuda kwenzwi renguva ino, C ... inopa chisaririra chevhidhiyo chinokosha, icho chinokosha mukunzvera mashoko nomutauro womuviri parutivi peshoko rakanyorwa. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka gadziriro yedzidzo yakawanda, maraibhurari akawanda eyunivhesiti anopa nhungamiro dzenzvero paidzoro yemitemo; [[FLTL:]] National Regitional Archivesbooks [FLDurces [FOLD]] ichimwe chinhu chakakomba. Kuwedzera, mabhirimendiro kana kuti mabhuku anoumba mapepa, semiitiro arookeroro, serookerooktooktookto yemite yemitekisi yeChinyorwa cheGrati yeGrati yeChirungu.

Kupfurikidza nokupfuurira kubatanidzwa namanyuko makuru nokushandisa aya masangano emitoo yokudzidza, unyanzvi hwokunzvera uchapupu hwokunzwa hwesangano rinochinja kubva mukurovedza kwakapfava kuva chimiro chine simba chokugona kurava nokunyora chehurumende. Kunoshongedzera vanhu kwete bedzi kunzwisisa zvakaitika mukamuri rokunzwa asiwo kunzwisisa tapuro yako inogara pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kudzora. Kukwanisa kurava pakati pemitsetse, fungidziro dzinodenha, uye kubatanidza uchapupu humwe kumativi makuru esimba nemitemo muitiro muitiro unoratidzira chikwaniriso chebasa uye mugari wemo anobudirira.