Mapepa ezvipo zvekunzwa edare reUnited States akanyorwa semamwe emashoko makuru ane chiremera uye anojekesa anowanika kuvadzidzi, vezvenhau, uye vaongorori vemitemo. Aya mashoko epamutemo uye makaseti anorekodhwa zvinobata kurukurirano dzisina kurongwa, uchapupu, uye nharo dzinoitika mumatare eU.S. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yakaumbwa sei, kuti kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunomanikidzirwa sei, uye kuti muitiro wavose unochinja sei nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinyorwa zvinopa Window risina kuenzana mumuitiro wemitemo. Iyi inogovera mapu yakakwana yemugwagwa yokuwana, kunzvera, kunzvera, uye kududza mapepa okuteerera nokuda kwokunzvera kwedzidzo.

Kutongwa Kwemaumbirwo Akaitwa uye Kutongwa Kwemasangano

Kusati kwapinda mumitoo yokunzvera, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kunzwa kwemisangano ndekupi uye zvimiro zvakajeka zvakunoita. Kunzwa ifambiro yetsika inoitwa nedare resangano kana kuti mutumbi muduku kuunganidza mashoko, kunzvera nhau, kana kuti kutarisira bazu guru. Nhoroondo dzacho dzinobatanidza mashoko echiito, kutaura kwakagadzirirwa kwezvapupu, kuratidzwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva kurekodwa kwevhidhiyo. Marudzi mana makuru okunzwa mumwe nomumwe anobatira donzo rakasiana.

Nzeve Dzapamutemo

Mitongo inopiwa kuti iudze vanhu kuti vabvume uye vanzwisise kuti mutemo waifanira kutemwa sei. Kazhinji kacho, nhengo dzedare, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi, uye vaparidzi vemhosva dzinopa maonero avo papepa. Vanzveri vanoshandisa mashoko aya kuongorora zvaitaurwa zvakaumba mutemo wakati, vazive kuti mapoka api ezvidzidzo akanga ane simba, uye vanzwisise kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakatungamirira kushanduro yokupedzisira. Manyorero anowanzobatanidza zvikamu zvakakura zvebhuku racho zvinozivisa kuti ndezvipi zvakanyanya kukwikwidziridza.

Kungwarira Kunzwa

Kunzwa kwokungwarira ikoko musengwa womutoro weCongress wokutarisira bazu guru namasangano ehurumende. Vanohwirudzura kushandiswa kwemitemo, kunzvera kushanda kwepurogiramu, uye kunzvera tsvina inobvira, unyengeri, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Vanzveri vedzidzo, kutongwa kunokosha nokuda kwokuyera muuyo chaiwoiwo wenyika wemitemo. Vanowanzopa ufakazi hwakananga kubva kuvatarisiri vesangano, vapfuridzi veripi, uye vapi vemipimo yapasi pamiuyo.

Kuongorora Kunzwa

Kunzwa kunonzvera zvinoitika zvakati, zvisakafanira, kana kuti zvinetso zvakaoma. Nemhaka yokuti upamhi hwazvo hunowanzova huduku uye hunokosha, zvinokombamira kugadzira mamwe ezvinyorwa zvine udzame zvikurusa nezvinoshamisa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kunzwa kweWatergate, nzeve dzeIran-Contra, kana kuti Dare rechi6 raJanuary. Aya marekodhi namarekodhi evhidhiyo ndiwo manyuko makuru enhevedzano yakakwirira zvikurusa, achitora nhau dzawo amene pasi pemhiko.

Kusimbisa Kunzwa

Apo Purezidhendi anogadza vanhu nokuda kwenzvimbo dzapamusoro kana kuti dzedare, Dare rinopa rumbidzo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinopa nzwisiso muzvikwaniriso, pfungwa, uye chimiro chavamirine. Vanzveri vanozvishandisa kufunda masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika okugadza uye kunzwisisa mipimo inowirirana nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa, vanyori vedare, uye vamiririri.

Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Zvinyorwa Zvenzwi zveCongress

Kuwana mapepa okunzwa kuri nyore nhasi kupfuura nakare kose, nemhaka yemichina inochengetwa nehurumende nevaparidzi vezvokutengeserana. Zvisinei, kuziva chivako chokushandisa kwenguva dzakasiyana- siyana nekombiyuta kunokosha.

Mawebsite eHurumende

Nzvimbo yokutanga yakavimbika zvikurusa ndi. gov, database yemitemo yeU.S. Congress, inochengetwa neBiblic of Congress. Inopa kugona kunzwiwa ne10959595 kuizvino. Vashandisi vanogona kusecha nedare, musi, musoro, kana kuti zita rechapupu. Zvinyorwa zvinowanika sorugwaro runosechwa, uye zvakawanda zvinobatanidza manyuko kurekodha. [[FLT:] Government Public Officet Office (POLT)[FLT][3] [n] , `IFGRAFG] [v.gov.vv]) zvinongova zvinotemwarira zviripopo zvokushandisa zviripoka.

Zvinyorwa Zvebhizimisi

Maraibhurari akawanda eyunivhesiti anobvuma mapepa ezvokutengeserana anopa kunzvera kwakawedzerwa nokufukidzwa kukuru. ProjectQuest Congress ndiyo inopa mifungo yakakwana, inogovera mashoko akazara uye akazara nokuda kwokunzwa kubvira muna 1789 zvichienda mberi, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvedare, mibatanidzwa yemitengo, uye mitemo yemitemo. Hein Online[ inopa “U.S.C.C.Croarycammary Mapepa” raibhukwana ane muunganidzwa wakasimba wekunzwa wakare, uye matururoro azvo anoshandiswa zvakaisvonaka.

Zvikamu Neduramwa

Nokuda kwokunzwa kusina kunyorwa nevhiriyo, (kunyanya aya anobva muzana ramakore rechi19 nekutanga kwerechi20) zvinochengeterwa zvinhu zvinongoshanda. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) ine zvinyorwa zvemadare apakuvamba, kubatanidza mapepa asina kubudiswa nemagwaro anotsigira. Mamwe maraibhurari makuru eyunivhesiti, akadai seYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, kana kuti Yunivhesiti yeTexas, anochengeta miunganidzwa yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvehurumende pamicroscopeche. Kana kuwanikwa kwemichina kukundikana, kuisa mashoko echirungu mumashoko ehurumende kunogona kugovera nhungamiro pachikwereti chemaribhii relibrary kana kuti shanyo dzakananga kudzora.

Matanho Anoshanda Okutsvakurudza Tichishandisa Zvinyorwa Zvokunzwa

Kushandiswa kunobudirira kwezvinyorwa zvokunzwa kunoda mutoo wakarongwa.

Kurondedzera Mubvunzo Wako Wokutsvakurudza

Ko iwe uri kufunda nhau yemitemo yomutemo wakananga, wakadai seDecratic Air Act ya 1990? Uri kunzvera here kuti boka rakati rinofarira, kufanana neAmerican Medical Association, riri kupesvedzera sei muitiro woutano?

Kutsvaka namazino namasero

Paunenge uchishandisa Congress.gov kana kuti shopu yezvokutengeserana, shandisa mubatanidzwa wemashoko nemutauro wemusikirwo. Somuenzaniso, kana ukanzvera Fair Honging Act, tsvaka nokuda kwe “Fair House" (phrase), “kushatisa dzimba,” uye mari yepepa (zvikurukurukurukuru, 1359). Shandisa zvinoshandiswa kuti zvisarudze mikana nedare (g. Serten Banking, Hos, Hollas, na Urban Affairs), defairs, uye rudzi rwokunzwa. Zvikuva zvizhinji zvinokubvumira kuisa kuisa nokushandisa mari yezvapupuriro; hwirusa ndandanda yezvapupu zvinowanzo kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatungamiriri vehurumende, uye nyanzvi dzedzidzo dzedzidzo, dzinopa gira murangariro wakasiyana.

Kuongorora Mazano NeZvapupu

Rava mashoko akagadzirirwa kutanga, sezvo anowanzova akarongeka zvikuru uye ane udzame kupfuura chipupuriro chinotaurwa. Ipapo simbisa pa Q& A chikamu, icho chinowanzozivisa kusawirirana, kusabvumirana, uye mashoko asingakarirwi. Cherekedza kuti mitezo yedare inotungamirira sei mibvunzo yavo; fungidziro dzavo nezvinotanga zviri kuratidzirwa. Ronga fariro huru iri seri kwouchapupu humwe nohumwe: mumiriri weindasi, nyanzvi, mudzori wehurumende, kana kuti mugari wemo. Muchinjikwa-ya waireva kutaura kwakaitwa mukunzwa nemamwe manyuko kuti uone kana kuti ururamise.

Kudzosera Muchinjikwa Namamwe Manyuko

Zvinyorwa zvokunzwa hazvifaniri kushandiswa mukuparadzaniswa. Enzanisa chipupuriro norugwaro rwemutengi sechakazarurwa uye sechakaitwa.Tarira pamushumo wedare unoperekedza mutengi; unowanzopeta nharo dzinonzwiwa mukutonga. Fungisisa nhau dzinonzwika kubva panguva yacho kuti unzwisise mashoko akapoteredza ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya dzemagazini nemabhuku zvinganzverawo kutongwa kumwe cheteko, kugovera kunzvera kwechipiri kunogona kuwedzera mhedziso dzako umene.

Mazano Okuti Zvinyatsoongororwa Uye Kutorwa Mupfungwa

Kushanda namanyuko makuru akadai semashoko akanyorwa esangano kunoda ngwariro yokungwarira kumashoko akapoteredza nemiitiro yokusimbisa yakaoma.

Kushandurazve Kunzwa

Pamberi pokushandisa mashoko kana kuti pfundo remashoko, simbisa mashoko akapoteredza enzwi. Zvakaitika rini? Zvakanga zviri rutivi rwenhevedzano here? Zvii zvakanga zviri zvinoitika zvikuru zvaiitika vhiki iroro(asvomhe disciation, sarudzo, chisarudzo? Conforional Record[ (inowanika paCongress.gov) inogovera zvirongwa zvezuva nezuva uye inogona kubetsera kutenderera muwirirano. Rangarirawo kuva nedare reDhemocratic-jority redare mu 1970s achava nechimiro chakasiana zvikuru kupfuura dare reRepublicalgame-jet mu 2000.

Kuziva Bias Nemifungo Yakasiyana - siyana

Uchapupu huri hwose nenhengo yeCongress zvinopa tsvete. Vanzveri venhau vanofanira kubata zvinyorwa zvokunzwa senharo, kwete zvokwadi. Tarira zvapupu zvinoshora.() Yakakoka mutsoropodzi wetsika yakarongwa? Kana zvisina kudaro, kutonga kungabatsira. Nyatsonganira uchapupu husingasasarudzwa kana kuti zvapupu izvo zvakadanwa paminiti yapera; kuvapo kwazvo kunowanzoratidzira gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika. Shandisa kurangarira kwakawanda pamusoro mumwe chetewo wemaidi anowirirana uye cherekedza nhau dzakatendwa.

Kududza Kutongwa Kwemisangano Yechechi

Kunyora kwakafanira kunokosha nokuda kweperero yedzidzo. Gadziriro dzinosiana nenhungamiro. Mu [[FLT: 0] APA chinyorwa chechi7 , translation yokunzwa inodudzwa se: [
[[[FLT:]]] Commettee Name, House/Senate, Congress No. Komiti Nhamba Nhaka. Kunzwa musoro: Kunzwa pamberi pe [Ndokaroma].[[FLT: 4.] [Manuro]. Hurumende yokubudisa. URL [[FLT: 5]] Muenzaniso: [FLT:] U.S.S. Komiti yemari.2020]

Mu [[FLT: 0] .Nhamba pfumbamwe]. Nhamba, musi. Dare reRefuta, URL. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Mu [FT:5]

Nguva dzose nzvera nhamba chaiyo yokunzwa (muchib., S.Hrg. 113-4) nokuda kwenhamba yakananga zvikurusa, uye batanidza URL nokuda kwenzvimbo dzapakombiyuta.

Matambudziko Anowanzoitika uye Zvaungaita Kuti Uakunde

Kushanda nezvinyorwa zvokunzwa zvesangano rinopa mhinganidzo dzakasiyana, kubva pamashoko akawanda kusvikira kumutauro chaiwo unoshandiswa neCongress.

Vhoriyamu uye Kuwana

Kunzwa kumwe kunogona kushandisa mazana amapeji, uye musoro mukuru wemitemo ungabatanidza kunzwa kwakawanda. Kushandisa uku, basa rokunzvera mukati mePD kana kuti trackript kusvetuka kumashoko akati. Rava mushumo wedare kutanga kusarudza kuti ndeapi anonzwa anokosha zvikurusa. Nokuda kwenzwi, ziva kuti marekodhi ekare angaongororwa semifananidzo, kuita kuti rugwaro rushandiswe bedzi kupfurikidza nokuziva mutambi weoctal (OCRCR). Vara rakasiyana; mamwe mapepa anobva muma 1960 napamberipo angava nezvikanganiso. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, shandisa basa rokunzvera kuwana chikamu chaunoda.

Kunzwisisa Mutauro Wedare Nezvirongwa

Manyoro eCongress akazadzwa neprocedal gon: “kubvumawo,”“ kuratidzira,” “kunyora.” Usati watanga, hwirudzura mashoko edare (Raibhurari yeCongress ine divivis). Dzidzawo kokorodzano dzinonzi: kunzwa kunganzi “kunzwa pa H.R. 1234,” asi nombolo ingachinja mukati mebasa. Kana uchitsvaka, shandisa zvose zviri zviviri nhamba yemashoko nemisoro yakakurumbira. Kana kunzwa kuri rutivi rwezita rekuti idimine. Don’t anofuratira kuwerevererwa kwokunzwa, uko kunobatanidza kufunda, uye mishumo.

Fundo Yenhau: Kushandisa Manyoro Okunzwa Kufunda Nzvimbo Yokudzivirira Mbango Makore Apakuvamba

Kuenzanisira muitiro wacho, rangarira chirongwa chokunzvera kwokufungidzira pamusoro pokuumbwa kweNdengedzo yeNdengedzo yeMonamental Agency (EPA) muna 1970. Munzveri angavamba nokunzvera [[FLT: 0].Gov nokuda kwe “Environmental Protection Agency... uye“1970. Uku kunzvera kunodzora kunzwa kunoverengeka kubva kuDare reDare rePromateins ne House Committee on Governmentments. Kurava mashoko akarongwa ezvapupu zvikuru zvakadai saWilliam Ruckeus (mutungamiriri wokutanga weEPA) uye Mumiririri weEparomea) John Djoll anozivisa zvinetso zvokutanga nokutungamirirazve zvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rePult; QPlance; chikamu chemitemo pamusoro penyika inonzvera pamusoro pemvura nemutemutevendiokedzo.[3]

mhedziso

Zvinyorwa zvekunzwa zveCongress ipfuma inopfuudzwa nokuda kwavanzveri vedzidzo, kugovera ufakazi husingagadziriswi hwenzira iyo hurumende yeU.S. inoronga, uye inotarisira. Kana uri mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza anonyora rondedzero pamusoro pegadziriro youtano, kunzvera kwakaderera kwechipoka cheWatergate, kana kuti chinyorwa chenhau chenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, izvi zvinogovera udzame nechiremera izvo mamwe manyuko mashomanene anogona kuwirirana nazvo. Kupfurikidza nokugona unyanzvi hwokuwana, kunzvera, uye kududza marekodhirowa okunzwa , uye kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa ganhuriro dzazvo, unogona kusimudzira kunzvera kwako uye kupa nzwisiso ine revo kumunda wako. Kushandiswa kwenguva yokudzidza unyanzvi uhwu kunopa mibayiro yebasa ripi nerevo rehurumende yeAmerica nerose.